Santa Barbara, looking west-northwest from the County Courthouse tower, with Mission Santa Barbara and San Marcos Pass in the distance File:1993 santa barbara mission.ogg Video of the Mission in Santa Barbara (1 minute, 29 sec.) Surfers in Santa Barbara See also[edit] Portal icon California portal Chumash Painted Cave State Historic Park Labor relations at the Santa Barbara News-Press List of cities and towns in California List of people from Santa Barbara, California Santa Barbara City Fire Department Passengers % Chg. 2012/11 1 John F. Kennedy International Airport New York, New York JFK 24,665,911 Increase5.8% List of the busiest airports in California In Calendar year 2014 (preliminary FAA data) by passenger boardings. While large airports dominant traffic and small airports struggle to retain carriers, there are a few growing medium-sized airports. Only 13 airports had 200,000 boardings or more. Tijuana airport is being equipped to allow boarding from the California side via the Cross Border Xpress, set to open at the end of 2015, figures for this airport are in italics. Rank (2014 (preliminary data)) Airports (large hubs) IATA Code City State 2014[1] 2013[2] 2012[3] 2011[4] 2010[5] 2009[6] 2008[6] 2007[7] 2006[8] 2005[9] 1 Los Angeles International Airport LAX Los Angeles CA 34,314,197 32,425,892 31,326,268 30,528,737 28,857,755 27,439,897 28,861,477 30,113,985 29,357,327 29,372,272 2 San Francisco International Airport SFO San Francisco CA 22,756,008 21,704,626 21,284,224 20,038,679 19,359,003 18,467,908 18,135,827 17,280,328 16,236,592 16,070,133 3 San Diego International Airport SAN San Diego CA 9,333,152 8,878,772 8,686,592 8,465,683 8,430,509 8,453,854 9,007,617 9,138,116 8,724,442 8,628,648 4 Oakland International Airport OAK Oakland CA 5,069,257 4,770,716 4,926,683 4,550,526 5 San Jose International Airport SJC San Jose CA 4,621,003 4,315,839 4,077,654 4,108,006 6 John Wayne International Airport SNA Santa Ana CA 4,584,147 4,540,628 4,381,172 4,247,802 Tijuana International Airport TIJ Tijuana and San Diego Mexico, CA 4,387,865 7 Sacramento International Airport SMF Sacramento CA 4,384,616 4,255,145 4,357,899 4,370,895 8 LA/Ontario International Airport ONT Ontario CA 2,037,346

1,970,538 2,142,393 2,271,458 9 Bob Hope Airport BUR Burbank CA 1,928,491 1,918,011 2,027,203 2,144,915 10 Long Beach Airport LBG Long Beach CA 1,368,923 1,438,756 1,554,846 1,512,212 11 Palm Springs Airport PSP Palm Springs CA 953,607 875,699 867,720 759,910 12 Fresno International Airport FAT Fresno CA 710,353 684,849 640,250 615,320 13 Santa Barbara Airport SBA Santa Barbara CA 355,049 364,360 370,600 367,328 2 Miami International Airport Miami, Florida MIA 18,533,134 Increase5.5% 3 Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles, California LAX 16,842,638 Increase3.5% 4 Newark Liberty International Airport Newark, New Jersey EWR 11,145,410 Decrease2.1% 5 O'Hare International Airport Chicago, Illinois ORD 10,202,658 Decrease1.7% 6 Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport Atlanta, Georgia ATL 9,556,913 Increase2.2% 7 San Francisco International Airport San Mateo County, California SFO 9,151,620 Increase5.6% 8 George Bush Intercontinental Airport Houston, Texas IAH 8,510,279 Increase0.6% 9 Washington Dulles International Airport Dulles, Virginia IAD 6,502,055 Increase2.3% 10 Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex, Texas DFW 5,812,744 Increase11.4% 10 busiest airports in the US by total cargo throughput (2014)[edit] Listed according to data compiled by the Federal Aviation Administration for the United States, and ranked according to total cargo throughput in pounds during 2014. [13] Rank Airport Name Location IATA Code Cargo Ibs. % Chg. 2015/14 1 Memphis International Airport Memphis, Tennessee MEM 21,891,425,638 Increase4.33% 2 Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport Anchorage, Alaska ANC 15,982,410,652 Decrease-3.27% 3 Louisville International Airport Louisville, Kentucky SDF 11,264,596,650 Increase1.52% 4 O'Hare International Airport Chicago, Illinois ORD 6,864,249,348 Increase50.69% 5 Miami International Airport Miami, Florida MIA 6,847,177,300 Decrease-4.21% 6 Indianapolis International Airport Indianapolis IND 5,268,916,355 Increase6.66% 7 Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles, California LAX 4,199,375,809 Decrease-0.13% 8 Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport Cincinnati, Ohio CVG 3,422,731,214 Increase7.35% 9 John F. Kennedy International Airport New York, New York JFK 3,372,770,377 Decrease-3.49% 10 Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport Fort Worth, Texas DFW 3,062,528,160 Decrease-0.81% Jackson JAC JAC KJAC Jackson Hole Airport P-N 305,566 Laramie LAR LAR KLAR Laramie Regional Airport P-N 10,371 Riverton RIW RIW KRIW Riverton Regional Airport P-N 17,035 Rock Springs RKS RKS KRKS Rock Springs – Sweetwater County Airport P-N 25,541 Sheridan SHR SHR KSHR Sheridan County Airport P-N 17,710 AMERICAN SAMOA Pago Pago, Tutuila PPG PPG NSTU Pago Pago International Airport P-N 49,479 GUAM Agana / Tamuning GUM GUM PGUM Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport P-S 1,488,187 NORTHERN MARIANAS Obyan, Saipan Island GSN SPN PGSN Saipan International Airport (Francisco C. Ada) P-S 448,177 Rota Island GRO ROP PGRO Rota International Airport P-N 10,092 PUERTO RICO Aguadilla BQN BQN TJBQ Rafael Hernández International Airport P-N 240,270 Ponce PSE PSE TJPS Mercedita International Airport P-N 110,159 San Juan / Carolina SJU SJU TJSJ Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport P-M 4,635,798 San Juan / Miramar SIG SIG TJIG Fernando Luis Ribas Dominicci Airport (Isla Grande Airport) P-N [nb 8] 13,837 Vieques VQS VQS TJVQ Antonio Rivera Rodríguez Airport P-N 21,517 List of California Urban Areas – Below is a list of urban areas in the California as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau, ordered according to their 2010 estimated Census populations. In the table, UA refers to "urbanized area" (urban areas with population over 50,000) and UC refers to "urban cluster" (urban areas with population less than 50,000). The list includes urban areas with a population of at least 10,000. Rows in green indicate that part of the area lies outside of California. Rows without a rank indicate that the center of the area is outside of California. 1 - Los Angeles 2 - San Francisco 3 - San Diego 4 - Riverside-San Bernardino 5 - Sacramento 6 - San Jose 7 - Fresno 8 - Concord 9 - Mission Viejo 10 - Bakersfield Rank Name[Note 1] Type (UA/UC) Population (2010 census est.)[1] 1 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana UA 12,150,996 2 San Francisco-Oakland UA 3,281,212 3 San Diego UA 2,956,746 4 Riverside-San Bernardino UA 1,932,666 5 Sacramento UA 1,723,634 6 San Jose UA 1,664,496 7 Fresno UA 654,628 8 Concord UA 615,968 9 Mission Viejo-Lake Forest-San Clemente UA 583,681 10 Bakersfield UA 523,994 11 Murrieta-Temecula-Menifee UA 441,546 - Reno, NV-CA UA 392,141 12 Stockton UA 370,583 13 Oxnard UA 367,260 14 Modesto UA 358,172 15 Indio-Cathedral City UA 345,580 16 Lancaster-Palmdale UA 341,219 17 Victorville-Hesperia UA 328,454 18 Santa Rosa UA 308,231 19 Antioch UA 277,634 20 Santa Clarita UA 258,653 21 Visalia UA 219,454 22 Thousand Oaks UA 214,811 23 Santa Barbara UA 195,861 24 Salinas UA 184,809 25 Vallejo UA 165,074 26 Santa Cruz UA 163,703 27 Hemet UA 163,379 28 Merced UA 136,969 - Yuma, AZ-CA UA 135,267 29 Fairfield UA 133,683 30 Santa Maria UA 130,447 31 Simi Valley UA 125,206 32 Redding UA 117,731 33 Yuba City UA 116,719 34 Seaside-Monterey UA 114,237 35 Porterville UA 111,804 36 El Centro-Calexico UA 107,672 37 Turlock UA 99,904 38 Gilroy-Morgan Hill UA 98,413 39 Chico UA 98,176 40 Vacaville UA 93,141 41 Hanford UA 87,941 42 Tracy UA 87,569 43 Napa UA 83,913 44 Manteca UA 83,578 45 Livermore UA 81,624 46 Madera UA 78,413 47 Watsonville UA 73,534 48 Davis UA 72,794 49 Camarillo UA 71,772 50 Lodi UA 68,738 51 Paso Robles-Atascadero UA 65,088 52 Petaluma UA 64,078 53 San Luis Obispo UA 59,219 54 Woodland UA 55,513 55 Delano UA 54,372 56 Arroyo Grande--Grover Beach UA 52,000 57 Lompoc UA 51,509 58 Reedley--Dinuba UC 46,247 59 Eureka UC 45,034 60 Hollister UC 42,002 61 Selma UC 41,810 62 Desert Hot Springs UC 39,445 63 Oroville UC 37,122 64 Los Banos UC 35,917 65 Paradise UC 34,725 66 Grass Valley UC 34,308 67 Auburn-North Auburn UC 33,157 68 Sonoma UC 32,678 69 Arcata-McKinleyville UC 32,364 70 Ridgecrest UC 31,155 71 Santa Paula UC 29,742 72 Ukiah UC 29,709 73 Placerville-Diamond Springs UC 29,700 74 South Lake Tahoe, CA-NV UC 29,107 75 Barstow UC 28,973 76 Sonora-Jamestown-Phoenix Lake UC 28,255 77 Morro Bay-Los Osos UC 26,772 78 Sanger UC 26,604 79 Soledad UC 25,943 80 Ramona UC 25,913 81 Corcoran UC 25,516 82 Wasco UC 25,489 83 Brawley UC 25,032 84 Galt UC 24,912 85 Yucca Valley UC 23,805 86 Lake Arrowhead-Crestline UC 22,175 87 Patterson UC 20,781 88 Half Moon Bay UC 20,713 89 Arvin UC 19,573 90 Crescent City UC 18,976 91 Dixon UC 18,445 92 Red Bluff UC 18,434 93 Shafter UC 18,098 94 Lakeport UC 16,583 95 Tehachapi-Golden Hills UC 16,540 96 Greenfield UC 16,451 97 Rosamond UC 16,000 98 Clearlake UC 15,944 99 Nipomo UC 15,882 100 Big Bear City UC 15,873 101 Avenal UC 15,486 102 Orosi UC 15,150 103 Fillmore UC 15,081 104 Taft UC 14,985 105 Solvang-Buellton-Santa Ynez UC 14,862 106 Lindsay UC 14,610 107 King City UC 14,529 108 Parlier UC 14,490 109 Discovery Bay UC 14,044 Newman is a city in Stanislaus County, California, United States. The population was 10,224 at the 2010 census, up from 7,093 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Modesto Metropolitan Statistical Area. Founded by Simon Newman in 1888, the City of Newman is part of the West Side of California's central valley. Known for its annual Fall Festival and small town charm, the City of Newman retains its rural flavor while keeping up with larger more-urbanized communities.[3] The city is under a mandate from the county’s Local Agency Formation Commission to adopt an agricultural land preservation strategy. The city could approve an urban growth limit policy that would establish the sphere of influence boundary lasting for 25 years.[4] Contents [hide] 1 Geography 2 Demographics 2.1 2010 2.2 2000 3 Government 4 References 5 External links Geography[edit] Newman Plaza Newman is located at 37°18'54?N 121°1'21?W (37.315038, -121.022476)[5] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.1 square miles (5.4 km2), all of it land. Newman currently has over 10,000 people. Newman is located on California State Route 33 between the towns of Gustine and Crows Landing. Interstate 5 is located a few miles to the west of the city. Demographics[edit] Historical population Census Pop. %± 1890 621 — 1910 892 — 1920 1,251 40.2% 1930 1,269 1.4% 1940 1,214 -4.3% 1950 1,815 49.5% The United States of America (USA), commonly referred to as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic[18][19] composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major territories and various possessions.[fn 1][fn 2] The 48 contiguous states and Washington, D.C., are in central North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwestern part of North America and the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. At 3.8 million square miles (9.842 million km2)[17] and with over 320 million people, the country is the world's third or fourth-largest by total area[fn 3] and the third most populous. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries.[25] The geography and climate of the United States are also extremely diverse, and the country is home to a wide variety of wildlife.[26] Paleo-Indians migrated from Eurasia to what is now the U.S. mainland at least 15,000 years ago,[27] with European colonization beginning in the 16th century. The United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolution. On July 4, 1776, as the colonies were fighting Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War, delegates from the 13 colonies unanimously adopted the Declaration of Independence. The war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by the Kingdom of Great Britain, and was the first successful war of independence against a European colonial empire.[28] The country's constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787, and ratified by the states in 1788. The first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. Driven by the doctrine of Manifest Destiny, the United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century.[29] This involved displacing American Indian tribes, acquiring new territories, and gradually admitting new states, until by 1848 the nation spanned the continent.[29] During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War ended legal slavery in the country.[30][31] By the end of that century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean,[32] and its economy, driven in large part by the Industrial Revolution, began to soar.[33] The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the country's status as a global military power. The United States emerged from World War II as a global superpower, the first country to develop nuclear weapons, the only country to use them in war, and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world's sole superpower.[34] The United States is a developed country and has the world's largest national economy by nominal and real GDP, benefiting from an abundance of natural resources and high worker productivity.[35] While the U.S. economy is considered post-industrial, the country continues to be one of the world's largest manufacturers.[36] Accounting for 34% of global military spending[37] and 23% of world GDP,[38] it is the world's foremost military and economic power, a prominent political and cultural force, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations.[39] Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Indigenous and European contact 2.2 Settlements 2.3 Independence and expansion (1776–1865) 2.4 Civil War and Reconstruction Era 2.5 Industrialization 2.6 World War I, Great Depression, and World War II 2.7 Cold War and civil rights era 2.8 Contemporary history 3 Geography, climate, and environment 3.1 Wildlife 4 Demographics 4.1 Population 4.2 Language 4.3 Religion 4.4 Family structure 5 Government and politics 5.1 Political divisions 5.2 Parties and elections 5.3 Foreign relations 5.4 Government finance 5.4.1 National debt 5.5 Military 6 Law enforcement and crime 7 Economy 7.1 Income, poverty and wealth 8 Education 9 Culture 9.1 Food 9.2 Literature, philosophy, and the arts 9.3 Music 9.4 Cinema 9.5 Sports 10 Infrastructure 10.1 Transportation 10.2 Energy 10.3 Water supply and sanitation 11 Science and technology 12 Health 13 Media 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 Bibliography and further reading 17.1 Website sources 18 External links Etymology See also: Names for United States citizens and Names of the United States In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a world map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere "America" after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci (Latin: Americus Vespucius).[40] The first documentary evidence of the phrase "United States of America" is from a letter dated January 2, 1776, written by Stephen Moylan, Esq., George Washington's aide-de-camp and Muster-Master General of the Continental Army. Addressed to Lt. Col. Joseph Reed, Moylan expressed his wish to carry the "full and ample powers of the United States of America" to Spain to assist in the revolutionary war effort.[41] The first known publication of the phrase "United States of America" was in an anonymous essay in The Virginia Gazette newspaper in Williamsburg, Virginia, on April 6, 1776.[42][43] In June 1776, Thomas Jefferson wrote the phrase "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" in all capitalized letters in the headline of his "original Rough draught" of the Declaration of Independence.[44][45] In the final Fourth of July version of the Declaration, the title was changed to read, "The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America".[46] In 1777 the Articles of Confederation announced, "The Stile of this Confederacy shall be 'The United States of America'".[47] The preamble of the Constitution states "...establish this Constitution for the United States of America." The short form "United States" is also standard. Other common forms are the "U.S.", the "USA", and "America". Colloquial names are the "U.S. of A." and, internationally, the "States". "Columbia", a name popular in poetry and songs of the late 1700s, derives its origin from Christopher Columbus; it appears in the name "District of Columbia".[48] In non-English languages, the name is frequently the translation of either the "United States" or "United States of America", and colloquially as "America". In addition, an abbreviation (e.g. USA) is sometimes used.[49] The phrase "United States" was originally plural, a description of a collection of independent states—e.g., "the United States are"—including in the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1865. The singular form—e.g., "the United States is"— became popular after the end of the American Civil War. The singular form is now standard; the plural form is retained in the idiom "these United States".[50] The difference is more Ibn Khallikan Ibn Qutaybah Idris Bitlisi Jalile Jalil Jamal Nebez Karim Yassen Kendal Nezan Khalil Rashow Mahmud Bayazidi Maruf Khaznadar Massoud Azarnoush Mehrdad Izady Muhamed Amin Zaki Mulla Effendi Nadir Nadirov Nur Ali Elahi Ordîxanê Celîl Qanate Kurdo Rostam K Saeed Saad Eskander Said Nursî Shamil Asgarov Sharafkhan Bidlisi Sheikh Ghiathadeen Naqshabandi Tofy Mussivand Yektan Turkyilmaz Yona Sabar Zaradachet Hajo Zeynelabidin Zinar Ziryab Musicians edit Adnan Karim Ahmet Kaya Ali Akbar Moradi Ali Merdan Ali Serhat Baran Ardavan Kamkar Ardeshir Kamkar Arjang Kamkar Arsalan Kamkar Aynur Dogan Ayse San Azad Blend Saleh Burhan G Chopy Fatah Ciwan Haco Darin Zanyar Dashni Murad Dilbahar Demirbag Dilshad Said Fazil Khalid Gani Mirzo Ghader Abdollahzadeh Ghashang Kamkar Haftbefehl Hassan Zirak Hooshang Kamkar Hozan Canê Ibrahim Al Mausili Ibrahim Tatlises Issa Hassan The Kamkars Kayhan Kalhor Koma Dengê Azadî Kurd Maverick Mazhar Khaleqi Merziye Feriqi Mohammad Mamle Mojtaba Mirzadeh Nasser Razazi Nizamettin Ariç Pashang Kamkar Qale Mere Rojan Rojda Aykoç Rojhan Beken Saeed Farajpouri Sehrîbana Kurdî Seyed Khalil Alinezhad Shahram Nazeri Sivan Perwer Sohrab Pournazeri Tahir Tewfiq Tara Jaff Xalîd Resîd Yildiz Tilbe Zakaria Abdulla Zara Zara Mgoyan Religious figures edit Ahmad Moftizadeh Asenath Barzani Firuz Shah Zarrin Kolah Hadhrat Mawlânâ Khâlid i Baghdâdî Hajj Nematollah Jaban Sahabi Safi ad din Ardabili Zahed Gilani Sheikh Ghiathadeen Naqshabandi Politicians and leaders edit See also Category Kurdish rulers Abderrahman Sadik Karim Abdolqader Zahedi Abdul Karim Qassim Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou Abdul Rahman Haji Ahmadi Abdul Rahman Mustafa Abdulbaset Sieda Abdullah Beg Benari Abdullah Demirbas Abdullah Öcalan Ahmad Moftizadeh Ahmed Barzani Ahmed Uthman Ahmet Dagtekin Ahmet Türk Akin Birdal Al Adil I Al Adil II Al Afdal Muhammad Al Afdal ibn Salah ad Din Al Ashraf Al Fadhl ibn Muhammad Al Kamil Ali Askari Ali Bapir Ali Mardan Khan Amineh Kakabaveh Amir Khan Lepzerin An Nasir Yusuf Bahaedin Adab Bahoz Erdal Bakhtiar Amin Barham Salih Bedirhan Bey Bedr Khan Beg Bengi Yildiz Celadet Ali Bedirxan Cemil Bayik Daham Miro Daisam Dana Ahmed Majid Dayfa Khatun Derwich Ferho Efat Ghazi Ehsan Fattahian Farzad Kamangar Fatma Kurtulan Feleknas Uca Ferzende Foad Mostafa Soltani Gulan Avci Haji Baba Sheikh Haji Mala Saeed Kirkukli Zada Halis Öztürk Han Mahmud Hatip Dicle Hazim Beg Hero Ibrahim Ahmed Herro Mustafa Hikmet Fidan Houzan Mahmoud Howar Ziad Hushang Hamidi Husni al Za im Hüseyin Velioglu Ibrahim Heski Idris Barzani Ihsan Nuri Imad Ahmad Sayfour Ismail I Ismet Inönü Jalal Dabagh Jalal Jalalizadeh Jalal Talabani Kamal Jumblatt Kamran Hedayati Karim Khan Zand Karim Mohammedzadeh Karim Sanjabi Khalid Bakdash Latif Rashid Leyla Güven Leyla Qasim Leyla Zana Mahmoud Othman Mahmud Barzanji Mahsum Korkmaz Majid Kavian Mashaal Tammo Massoud Barzani Medet Serhat Mehdi Zana Mela Baxtiar Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf Mohammad Seddigh Kaboudvand Mohammad Tofiq Rahim Morteza Zarringol Moshe Barazani Muhammed Emin Zeki Bey Mustafa Barzani Mustafa Karasu Mustafa Yamulki Murat Karayilan Nadhim Zahawi Nado Makhmudov Najm ad Din Ayyub Najmadin Shukr Rauf Najmiddin Karim Nalin Pekgul Narmin Othman Nawshirwan Mustafa Nechervan Idris Barzani Nizamettin Tas Nursel Aydogan Nusrat Bhutto Orhan Dogan Orhan Miroglu Osman Baydemir Osman Öcalan Özlem Cekic Pervin Buldan Qazi Muhammad Rassul Mamand Rowsch Shaways Riya Qahtan Roya Toloui Sadegh Sharafkandi Sadet Karabulut Saladin Saleh Yousefi Salih Muslim Muhammad Sedigh Kamangar Selim Sadak Sevahir Bayindir Shahab Sheikh Nuri Sharaf Khan Bidlisi Shaikh Mahmood Barzenji Sheikh Ubeydullah Shibal Ibrahim Shirkuh Simko Shikak Soraya Serajeddini Sulaiman Shah Tamar Fattah Ramadhan Kuchar Taha Muhie eldin Marouf Taha Yassin Ramadan Theophobos Walid Jumblatt Widad Akrawi Yitzhak Mordechai Zübeyir Aydar Film directors and actors edit Bahman Ghobadi Behrouz Gharibpour Dilsa Demirbag Sten Dilshad Meriwani Ghotbeddin Sadeghi Hisham Zaman Huner Saleem Jamil Rostami Jano Rosebiani Kadir Talabani Mahmoud el Meliguy Mano Khalil Nisti Stêrk Shahram Alidi Shero Rauf Yilmaz Güney Yilmaz Erdogan Yüksel Yavuz Zeynel Dogan Hulya Avsar Rojda Demirer Belçim Bilgin Sport edit Aziz Yildirim Ahmad Al Salih Ahmad Karzan Amar Suloev Aram Khalili Avar Raza Aziz Shavershian Bovar Karim Celal Ibrahim Dara Mohammed Deniz Naki Ahmad Meshari Al Adwani Dr Abdul Razzak Al Adwani Thuraya Al Baqsami Abdullah Al Buloushi Jaber Al Ahmad Al Jaber Al Sabah Abdulaziz Al Anberi Fahad AlSharekh Abdul Rahman Al Sumait Faisal Al Dakhil Fehaid Al Deehani Mohammed al Ghareeb Wael Sulaiman Al Habashi Zaid Al Harb Jassem Al Houwaidi Ibrahim Khraibut Faiza Al Kharafi Jassem Al Kharafi Nasser Al Kharafi Abdullah III Al Salim Al Sabah Ahmad Al Jaber Al Sabah Nasser Al Mohammed Al Ahmed Al Sabah Bader Al Nashi Nawaf Al Ahmad Al Jaber Al Sabah Saad Al Abdullah Al Salim Al Sabah Sabah Al Ahmad Al Jaber Al Sabah Abdallah Saleh Ali Al Ajmi Jamal Mubarak Ibrahim Al Mudhaf Bader Al Mutwa Abu Obeida Tawari al Obeidi Abdullah Abdul Latif Al Othman Abdullah Al Refai Ahmed al Rubei Sabah III Al Salim Al Sabah Salem Al Ali A Sabah Salem Sabah Al Salem Al Sabah Salim Al Mubarak Al Sabah Nawaf Al Mutairi Fahad Al Rashidi Ahmed Al Sadoun Fawzi Al Shammari Anouvong Boua Bounkhong Bouasone Bouphavanh Laasaenthai Bouvanaat General Cheng Fa Khai Fa Ngum Fay Na Huy of Champasak Sisavath Keobounphanh Kham Nai Kham Souk of Champasak Kham Oun I Khamphoui Khamtum Khun Lo Lan Kham Deng Somsavat Lengsavad Manoi Meunsai Nang Keo Phimpha Nark of Champasak No Muong Nokasad Ong Keo Ong Kommandam Chamleunesouk Ao Oudomphonh Boun Oum Oun Kham Mam Manivan Phanivong Phia Sing Phommathat Kaysone Phomvihane Photisarath Souvanna Phouma Nouhak Phoumsavanh Phetsarath Rattanavongsa Ouane Rattikone Ratsadanay Samsenethai Thayavong Savang Vong Savang A edit Augusts Vilis Abakuks – – a leader of the British Latvian community in exile Valerians Abakovskis – – inventor of a propeller powered railcar the aerowagon Rutanya Alda Rutanya Alda Skrastina born – actress Mommy Dearest Deer Hunter Viktors Alksnis born – Soviet military officer and Russian communist politician known as "the Black Colonel" Juris Alunans writer and philologist Ingrida Andrina – actress Iveta Apkalna born – organist Fricis Apšenieks – – chess player Vija Artmane – – actress Aspazija pen name of Elza Pliekšane poet and playwright Gunars Astra – – dissident fighter for human rights Auseklis see Mikelis Krogzems B edit Ainars Bagatskis born – basketball player Helmuts Balderis born – ice hockey player forward Janis Balodis – – army officer and politician Janis Balodis born – Latvian Australian playwright Karlis Balodis – – notable economist financist statistician and demographist Krišjanis Barons – – "the father of Latvian folk songs" who compiled and edited the first publication of Latvian folk song texts "Latvju Dainas" – Mihails Barišnikovs born – ballet dancer Karlis Baumanis – – composer author of the national anthem of the Republic of Latvia "Dievs sveti Latviju " God bless Latvia Vizma Belševica – – author candidate for Nobel Prize in Literature Eduards Berklavs – – politician leader of Latvian national communists Krišjanis Berkis – – general Dairis Bertans born – basketball player Isaiah Berlin Jesaja Berlins – – philosopher Eduards Berzinš – – soldier in the Red Army later Head of Dalstroy the Kolyma forced labour camps in North Eastern Siberia Kaspars Berzinš born – basketball player Karlis Betinš – – chess player Andris Biedrinš born – basketball player Gunars Birkerts born – architect Miervaldis Birze – – writer Ernests Blanks – – Latvian publicist writer historian the first to publicly advocate for Latvia s independence Rudolfs Blaumanis – – writer and playwright Himans Blums – – painter Janis Blums born – basketball player Arons Bogolubovs born – Olympic medalist judoka Baiba Broka born – actress Inguna Butane – fashion model C edit Valters Caps – – designed first Minox x photocameras Aleksandrs Cauna born – footballer Gustavs Celminš – – fascist politician leader of Perkonkrusts movement Vija Celmins born – American painter born in Latvia C edit Maris Caklais – poet Aleksandrs Caks – – poet Janis Cakste – – first Latvian president Tanhum Cohen Mintz Latvian born Israeli basketball player D edit Roberts Dambitis – – general and politician Janis Dalinš – – athlete race walker Emils Darzinš – – composer Kaspars Daugavinš born – ice hockey player Jacob Davis – – inventor of denim Johans Aleksandrs Heinrihs Klapje de Kolongs – – naval engineer Eliass Eliezers Desslers – – Orthodox rabbi Talmudic scholar and Jewish philosopher Leor Dimant born – the DJ for the rap metal group Limp Bizkit Anatols Dinbergs – – diplomat Aleksis Dreimanis born – geologist Inga Drozdova born – model and actress Olgerts Dunkers – – actor and film director E edit Mihails Eizenšteins – – architect Sergejs Eizenšteins – – film director Modris Eksteins born – Canadian historian and writer Andrievs Ezergailis born – historian of the Holocaust F edit Movša Feigins – – chess player Gregors Fitelbergs – – conductor composer and violinist Vesels fon Freitags Loringhofens – – colonel and member of the German resistance against German dictator Adolf Hitler Laila Freivalds born – former Swedish Minister of Foreign Affairs G edit Inese Galante born – opera singer soprano Gints Gabrans born – artist Elina Garanca born – opera singer mezzo soprano Karlis Goppers – – general founder of Latvian Boy Scouts Andrejs Grants born – photographer Ernests Gulbis born – tennis player Natalija Gulbis born – Latvian descent LPGA golfer G edit Uldis Germanis – – historian under the alias of Ulafs Jansons a social commentator Aivars Gipslis – – chess player H edit Moriss Halle born – linguist Filips Halsmans – – Latvian American photographer Juris Hartmanis born – computer scientist Turing Award winner Uvis Helmanis – basketball player I edit Arturs Irbe born – ice hockey player goalkeeper Karlis Irbitis – – aviation inventor engineer designer J edit Gatis Jahovics – basketball player Mariss Jansons born – conductor Inese Jaunzeme born – athlete Rashida Jones born Latvian American actress K edit Aivars Kalejs born organist composer Sandra Kalniete born – politician diplomat former Latvia s EU commissioner Bruno Kalninš – – Saeima member Red Army General Imants Kalninš born – composer politician Oskars Kalpaks – – colonel first Commander of Latvian National Armed Forces Kaspars Kambala born – basketball player Martinš Karsums born – ice hockey player Reinis Kaudzite writer and journalist Renars Kaupers – musician Jekabs Ketlers – – Duke of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia Gustavs Klucis – – painter and graphic designer Aleksandrs Koblencs – – chess player Abrams Izaks Kuks – – chief rabbi Jewish thinker statesman diplomat mediator and a renowned scholar Aleksandrs Kovalevskis – – zoologist Gidons Kremers born – violinist and conductor Mikelis Krogzems – – poet author and translator of German poets Juris Kronbergs born – poet writer free lance journalist translator Atis Kronvalds – – teacher and journalist reformed the Latvian language organized the first Latvian Song and Dance Festival Dainis Kula born – athlete Olympic gold medal in javelin Alberts Kviesis – – president of Latvia L edit Aleksandrs Laime – – explorer Vilis Lacis – – author and politician Ginta Lapina born – fashion model Natalija Lašenova – gymnastics Olympic champion team Ed Leedskalnin Edvards Liedskalninš – – builder of Coral Castle in Florida claimed to have discovered the ancient magnetic levitation secrets used to construct the Egyptian pyramids Jekabs Mihaels Reinholds Lencs – – author Marija Leiko – – actress Aleksandrs Liepa – – inventor artist Maris Liepa – – ballet dancer Maksims Lihacovs born – professional football player Peggy Lipton born Latvian American actress Nikolajs Loskis – – philosopher Janis Lusis born – athlete Olympic champion L edit Jevgenija Lisicina born – organist M edit Maris Martinsons born film director producer screenwriter and film editor Hermanis Matisons – – chess player Zenta Maurina – – writer literary scholar culture philosopher Juris Maters – – author lawyer and journalist translated laws to Latvian and created the foundation for Latvian law Janis Medenis poet Arnis Mednis singer Zigfrids Anna Meierovics – – first Latvian Minister of Foreign Affairs Leo Mihelsons – – artist Arnolds Mikelsons – – artist Jevgenijs Millers – – czarist Russian general Karlis Milenbahs – – linguist N edit Arkadijs Naidics born – chess player now resident in Germany Andris Nelsons born – conductor of The Boston Symphony Orchestra Andrievs Niedra – – pastor writer prime minister of German puppet government Arons Nimcovics – – influential chess player Reinis Nitišs born World Rallycross driver Fred Norris born – Radio personality The Howard Stern Show O edit Stanislavs Olijars born – athlete European champion in m Hurdles Vilhelms Ostvalds – – received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in for his work on catalysis chemical equilibria and reaction velocities Elvira Ozolina born – athlete Olympic gold medal in javelin Sandis Ozolinš born – ice hockey player defense Valdemars Ozolinš – – composer conductor P edit Artis Pabriks born – Minister of Foreign Affairs – Karlis Padegs – – Graphic artist painter Marians Pahars born – soccer player Raimonds Pauls born – popular composer widely known in Russia Lucija Peka – – Artist of the Latvian Diaspora Jekabs Peterss – – revolutionary and Soviet Cheka leader Brita Petersone – American model Kaspars Petrovs born – serial killer Vladimirs Petrovs – – chess player Oskars Perro – Latvian soldier and writer Andris Piebalgs born – politician diplomat European Commissioner for Energy Janis Pliekšans – – distinguished Latvian writer author of a number of poetry collections Juris Podnieks – – film director producer Nikolajs Polakovs – – Coco the Clown Janis Poruks writer Rosa von Praunheim born – film director author painter and gay rights activist Sandis Prusis born – athlete bobsleigh Uldis Pucitis actor director Janis Pujats born – Roman Catholic cardinal Andrejs Pumpurs – – poet author of Latvian national epic Lacplesis R edit Rainis pseudonym of Janis Pliekšans poet and playwright Dans Rapoports American financier and philanthropist Lauris Reiniks – singer songwriter actor and TV personality Einars Repše born – politician Lolita Ritmanis born – orchestrator composer Ilja Ripss born inventor of the Bible Code Fricis Rokpelnis – – author Marks Rotko – – abstract expressionist painter Elza Rozenberga – – poet playwright married to Janis Pliekšans Juris Rubenis born – famous Lutheran pastor Martinš Rubenis born – athlete bronze medalist at the Winter Olympics in Turin Brunis Rubess born – businessman Inta Ruka born – photographer Tana Rusova born – pornographic actress S edit Rudolfs Saule born ballet master performer with the Latvian National Ballet Uljana Semjonova born – basketball player Haralds Silovs – short track and long track speed skater Karlis Skalbe – – poet Karlis Skrastinš – – ice hockey player Baiba Skride born – violinist Konstantins Sokolskis – – romance and tango singer Ksenia Solo born Latvian Canadian actress Serge Sorokko born art dealer and publisher Raimonds Staprans born – Latvian American painter Janis Šteinhauers – – Latvian industrialist entrepreneur and civil rights activist Gotthard Friedrich Stender – the first Latvian grammarian Lina Šterna – – biologist and social activist Roze Stiebra born animator Henrijs Stolovs – – stamp dealer Janis Streics born – film director screenwriter actor Janis Strelnieks born – basketball player Peteris Stucka – – author translator editor jurist and educator Janis Sudrabkalns poet and journalist Jevgenijs Svešnikovs born – prominent chess player Stanislavs Svjanevics – – economist and historian Š edit Viktors Šcerbatihs born – athlete weightlifter Pauls Šimanis – – Baltic German journalist politician activist defending and preserving European minority cultures Vestards Šimkus born – pianist Aleksejs Širovs born – chess player Andris Škele born – politician Prime Minister of Latvia Armands Škele – basketball player Ksenia Solo born – actress Ernests Štalbergs – – architect ensemble of the Freedom Monument Izaks Nahmans Šteinbergs – – politician lawyer and author Maris Štrombergs – BMX cyclist gold medal winner at and Olympics T edit Esther Takeuchi born – materials scientist and chemical engineer Mihails Tals – – the th World Chess Champion Janis Roberts Tilbergs – – painter sculptor U edit Guntis Ulmanis born – president of Latvia Karlis Ulmanis – – prime minister and president of Latvia


abby-lane abby-rode abigail-clayton ada-tauler addie-juniper addison-cain adele-wiesenthal adeline-lange adeline-pollicina adriana-amante adrianna-laurenti adrianna-russo agnes agnes-ardant agnes-zalontai aimee-addison aisha-sun aja aleena-ferari alessandra-schiavo aletta-ocean alexandra-nice alexandria-cass alexa-parks alex-dane alex-foxe alexia-knight alexis-devell alexis-firestone alexis-greco alexis-payne alexis-x alex-storm alex-white aliana-love alice-springs alicia-alighatti alicia-monet alicia-rio alicyn-sterling alighiera-olena ali-moore aline-santos alissa-ashley allysin-chaynes alysin-embers alyssa-love alyssa-reece amanda-addams amanda-blake amanda-blue amanda-jane-adams amanda-rae amanda-stone amanda-tyler amber-hunt amberlina-lynn amber-lynn amber-michaels amber-peach amber-wild amber-woods ambrosia-fox amia-miley ami-rodgers amy-allison amy-brooke amy-rose amy-starz anastasia-christ anastasia-sands andrea-adams andrea-brittian andrea-lange andrea-true andy angel angela-baron angela-summers angel-barrett angel-cash angel-cruz angel-cummings angel-ducharme angelica-sin angelika-reschner angelina-brasini angelina-korrs angelina-valentine angel-kelly angel-long angel-west angie-knight anita-andic anita-blond anita-cannibal anita-dark anna-belle anna-malle anna-nikova anna-pierce anna-ventura anna-veruska anne-bie-warburg anne-libert anne-magle anne-sand annette-haven annie-sprinkle ann-kiray ann-marie-michelle antonia-dorian april-flowers april-may april-west arcadia-lake ariana-bali ariana-jollee arlana-blue ashley-anne ashley-brooks ashley-coda ashley-fires ashley-lauren ashley-long ashley-marie ashley-nicole ashley-perk ashley-renee ashley-robbins ashley-welles ashley-wells ashley-winger ashlyn-gere astrid-bone athena-star aubrey-nichols aurora aurora-snow autumn-bliss autumn-rayne ava-devine ava-lauren avalon ava-marteens avy-lee-roth bailey-monroe bambi-allen barbara-bourbon barbara-boutet barbara-dare barbara-doll barbara-moose barbarella barbie-angel barbie-doll barett-moore bea-fiedler beata beatrice-poggi beatrice-valle becky-savage becky-sunshine belinda-butterfield bella-donna bethany-sweet beverly-bliss beverly-glen biggi-stenzhorn bionca black-widow blond-cat blondi blue-angel bobbi-bliss bobbi-dean bobbie-burns bonnie-holiday brandee brandi-edwards brandy-alexandre brandy-dean brandy-lee brandy-smile brandy-wine bree-anthony breezy-lane brenda-basse briana-blair bridgette-belle bridgette-monet bridgette-monroe bridget-waters brigitte-lahaie brigitte-monnin brigitte-verbecq brittany brittany-stryker britt-corvin britt-morgan bronze brooke-bennett brooke-fields brooke-haven brooke-west brook-van-buuren buffy-davis bunnie-blake bunny-bleu bunny-hatton busty-belle cali-caramel calisyn-heart cameo cameron-love camila-sampaio camilla-rhodes camille-morgan camrie-foxxx candace-daley candi candida-royalle candie-evens candi-summers candy-apples candy-barr candy-hill candy-samples candy-stanton cara-lott caressa-savage carmel-nougat carmen-blonde carmen-de-la-torre carmen-moore carmen-rose carol-connors carol-cross carol-cummings carole-dubois carole-gire carole-pierac carol-titian carolyn-connoly carolyn-monroe carrie-cruise cassandra-leigh cassidy cassie-courtland cataline-bullock catherine-count catherine-crystal catherine-ringer catherine-tailleferre cathy-delorme cathy-menard cathy-stewart celeste-fox celine-gallone chanel-preston chanel-price chantal-virapin chanta-rose chantelle-stevens charisma charisma-cole charlie-latour charlie-waters charlotte-de-castille charmane-star chasey-lain chayse-manhattan chaz-vincent chelsea-sinclaire chennin-blanc cheri-janvier cheri-taylor cherry-hill chessie-moore cheyenne-hunter cheyenne-silver china-lee china-leigh china-moon chloe-cruize chloe-dior chloe-kez chloe-stevens chris-collins chris-jordan chris-petersen chrissie-beauchamp christa-abel christa-ludwig christie-ford christi-lake christina-berg christina-blond christina-evol christina-skye christine-black christine-chavert christine-neona christine-rigoler christy-canyon cicciolina cindi-stephens cindy-carver cindy-crawford cindy-more cindy-shepard cindy-wong cinthya-marinho clair-dia claire-robbins claude-janna claudia-jackson claudia-jamsson claudia-mehringer claudia-nero claudia-van-statt claudia-zante claudine-beccarie clea-carson cleo-nichole cleo-patra cody-lane cody-love cody-nicole coffee-brown colleen-brennan connie-bennett connie-peterson constance-money copper-penny coreena corey-everson corinne-lemoine corneliah cory-everson cory-wolf courtney courtney-cummz courtney-james cris-cassidy crissy-moran cris-taliana crystal-breeze crystal-dawn crystal-holland crystal-knight crystal-lake crystal-lovin crystal-sync csilla-kalnay cuban-bee cynara-fox cyndee-summers cynthia-black cynthia-brooks cynthia-hammers cynthia-lavigne dagmar-lost daisy-layne dallas-miko dana-dylan dana-lynn danica-rhea daniela-nanou daniela-schiffer daniele-troeger daniella daniella-schiffer danielle danielle-foxxx danielle-rodgers danny-ricci danyel-cheeks daphne daphne-rosen darby-lloyd-rains darla-crane darla-delovely davia-ardell dayton-rain debbie-northrup debbie-revenge debbie-van-gils debi-diamond debi-jointed debra-lynn deidra-hopkins deidre-holland delania-raffino delia-moore delphine-thail delta-force delta-white demi-moor denice-klarskov denise-derringer denise-dior denise-sloan desiree-cousteau desiree-foxx desiree-lane desiree-west deva-station devin-devasquez devinn-lane devon-shire dia diana-holt diana-kisabonyi diana-siefert diana-stevenson diane-dubois diane-richards diane-sloan diane-suresne dido-angel dillan-lauren dina-deville dina-jewel dina-pearl ditty-blue diva divinity-love djiana dolly-darkley dominique dominique-dewitt dominique-saint-claire donna-hart donna-marie dorle-buchner dorothy-lemay dorothy-onan drea drimla dru-berrymore dusty-rose dyanna-lauren ebony-ayes edina-blond edita-ungerova edwige-faillel eileen-wells elaine-southern elena-berkova elena-maria-ricci eleonore-melzer elisabeth-bure elis-black elise elise-di-medici elle-devyne elle-rio elodie-delage elsa-maroussia elza-brown emili-doll emily-evermoore emily-george emily-jewel emmanuelle-pareze envy-mi erica-boyer erica-eaton erica-havens erica-idol erica-lauren erika-bella erika-cool erika-heaven erika-lockett esme-monroe eva-allen eva-angel eva-dionisio eva-gross eva-kleber eva-lux eva-uettori eve-laurence evelyne-lang evie-delatosso fabiana-venturi faith-stevens fallon fanny-garreau fanny-steel faye-runaway flame flick-shagwell flore-soller flower france-lomay france-quenie francoise frankie-leigh gabriella gabriella-mirelba gabriella-vincze gail-force gail-palmer gail-sterling georgette-saunders georgia-peach georgina-spelvin gia-givanna gianna-lynn gili-sky gina-carrera gina-gianetti gina-janssen gina-lee gina-martell gina-valentino ginger-jay ginger-lee ginger-lynn ginny-noack giovanna gisela-schwarz giselle-monet gladys-laroche gloria-leonard gloria-todd golden-jade greta-carlson greta-milos guia-lauri-filzi gwenda-farnel hare-krane harley-raine hayley-jade hazel-young heather-deeley heather-ellis heather-hart heather-lere heather-lyn heather-manfield heather-thomas heather-torrance heather-wayne heather-young helen-madigan helen-thomas helga-sven helga-wild hillary-summers holly-hollywood holly-joy holly-page holly-ryder honey-winter hottie-hollie hyapatia-lee ida-fabry ildiko-smits illana-moor ines-ridere ingrid-choray isabella-dior isabella-soprano isabelle-allay isabelle-brell isabelle-marchall isobel-wren iveta ivette-blanche jackie-right jacqueline-lorians jacy-allen jada-stevens jade-east jade-hsu jade-marcela jade-summers jade-wong jahn-gold jamie-brooks jamie-james jamie-summers jana-irrova jana-mrazkova jane-baker jane-darling jane-iwanoff jane-lindsay jane-lixx janet-jacme janey-robbins jasmine-delatori jayden-simone jaylyn-rose jayna-woods jazella-moore jazmin-luna-gold jean-afrique jeanette-littledove jeanie-marie-sullivan jean-jennings jeanna-fine jeannie-pepper jenna-jameson jenna-jane jenna-presley jenna-wells jennifer-haussmann jennifer-janes jennifer-jordan jennifer-morante jennifer-noxt jennifer-stewart jennifer-welles jennifer-west jenny jenny-feeling jenny-fields jenny-wings jersey-jaxin jesie-st-james jesse-capelli jessica-bangkok jessica-bogart jessica-darlin jessica-fiorentino jessica-gabriel jessica-laine jessica-may jessica-road jessica-wylde jessi-foster jill-ferari jill-kelly joana-redgrave joan-devlon joanna-storm joanna-sweet jody-maxwell joelle-lequement joelle-petinot johnni-black jordana-james jordan-green jordan-nevaeh jordan-star josephine-carrington joslyn-james julia-chanel julia-dal-fuoco juliana-grandi julia-paes julia-parton julia-perrin julia-swen julia-thomas julie-meadows julie-rage julie-simone juliet-anderson juliet-graham juliette-carelton kacey-jordan kagney-linn-karter kaitlyn-ashley kalena-rios kami-andrews kamila-smith kandee-licks kandi-barbour kapri-styles kara-nox karen-summer kari-foxx karine-gambier karin-schubert karli-sweet karmen-kennedy karol-castro kascha kassi-nova kat kate-frost kate-jones kathia-nobili kathleen-gentry kathleen-white kathy-divan kathy-harcourt kathy-heart kathy-kash katie-cummings katja-love kat-langer katrina-isis katrina-kraven katy-borman katy-caro kaycee-dean kayla-kupcakes kay-parker k-c-valentine keama-kim keira-moon keisha keli-richards kelli-tyler kelly-adams kelly-blue kelly-broox kelly-hearn kelly-kay kelly-kline kelly-nichols kelly-royce kelly-skyline kendra-kay kenzi-marie keri-windsor ketthy-divan kianna-dior kiley-heart kim-alexis kimber-blake kimberly-carson kimberly-kane kimberly-kyle kim-de-place kim-holland kimi-gee kimkim-de kim-kitaine kimmie-lee kimmy-nipples kina-kara kira-eggers kira-red kirsty-waay kitty-langdon kitty-lynxxx kitty-marie kitty-shayne kitty-yung kora-cummings kris-lara krista-lane krista-maze kristara-barrington kristarah-knight kristi-klenot kristina-blonde kristina-king kristina-klevits kristina-soderszk kristine-heller kristin-steen krisztina-ventura krystal-de-boor krystal-steal kylee-karr kylee-nash kylie-brooks kylie-channel kylie-haze kylie-wylde kym-wilde kyoto-sun lachelle-marie lacy-rose lady-amanda-wyldefyre lady-stephanie laetitia-bisset lana-burner lana-cox lana-wood lara-amour lara-roxx lara-stevens lataya-roxx latoya laura-clair laura-lazare laura-lion laura-may laura-orsolya laura-paouck laura-zanzibar lauren-black laurence-boutin lauren-montgomery laurien-dominique laurien-wilde laurie-smith lauryl-canyon lauryn-may leah-wilde lea-magic lea-martini leanna-foxxx lee-caroll leigh-livingston leilani lenora-bruce leslie-winston lesllie-bovee letizia-bruni lexi-lane lexi-matthews lezley-zen lia-fire liliane-gray liliane-lemieuvre lili-marlene lily-gilder lily-labeau lily-rodgers lily-valentine linda-shaw linda-vale linda-wong linnea-quigley lisa-bright lisa-de-leeuw lisa-k-loring lisa-lake lisa-melendez lisa-sue-corey lise-pinson little-oral-annie liza-dwyer liza-harper lizzy-borden logan-labrent lois-ayres lola-cait long-jean-silver loni-bunny loni-sanders loona-luxx lorelei-lee lorelei-rand lorena-sanchez lori-alexia lori-blue lorrie-lovett luci-diamond lucie-doll lucie-theodorova lucy-van-dam lydia-baum lynn-franciss lynn-lemay lynn-ray lynn-stevens lynx-canon lysa-thatcher madelina-ray madison-parker magdalena-lynn maggie-randall mai-lin mandi-wine mandy-bright mandy-malone mandy-may mandy-mistery mandy-starr marcia-minor maren margit-ojetz margitta-hofer margo-stevens margot-mahler mariah-cherry marianne-aubert maria-tortuga marie-anne marie-christine-chireix marie-christine-veroda marie-claude-moreau marie-dominique-cabannes marie-france-morel marie-luise-lusewitz marie-sharp marilyn-chambers marilyne-leroy marilyn-gee marilyn-jess marilyn-martyn marilyn-star marina-hedman marion-webb marita-ekberg marita-kemper marlena marlene-willoughby marry-queen martine-grimaud martine-schultz maryanne-fisher mary-hubay mary-ramunno mary-stuart mascha-mouton maud-kennedy mauvais-denoir maxine-tyler maya-black maya-france megan-leigh megan-martinez megan-reece mei-ling melanie-hotlips melanie-scott melba-cruz melinda-russell melissa-bonsardo melissa-del-prado melissa-golden melissa-martinez melissa-melendez melissa-monet mercedes-dragon mercedes-lynn merle-michaels mesha-lynn mia-beck mia-lina mia-smiles michele-raven michelle-aston michelle-ferrari michelle-greco michelle-maren michelle-maylene michelle-monroe micki-lynn mika-barthel mika-tan mikki-taylor mimi-morgan mindy-rae ming-toy miranda-stevens miss-bunny miss-meadow miss-pomodoro missy missy-graham missy-stone missy-vega misti-jane mistress-candice misty-anderson misty-dawn misty-rain misty-regan mona-lisa mona-page moni monica-baal monica-swinn monika-peta monika-sandmayr monika-unco monique-bruno monique-cardin monique-charell monique-demoan monique-gabrielle monique-la-belle morgan-fairlane morrigan-hel moxxie-maddron mulani-rivera mysti-may nadege-arnaud nadia-styles nadine-bronx nadine-proutnal nadine-roussial nadi-phuket nanci-suiter nancy-hoffman nancy-vee natacha-delyro natalia-wood natalli-diangelo natascha-throat natasha-skyler naudia-nyce nessa-devil nessy-grant nesty nicki-hunter nicky-reed nicole-berg nicole-bernard nicole-black nicole-grey nicole-london nicole-parks nicole-scott nicole-taylor nicolette-fauludi nicole-west nika-blond nika-mamic niki-cole nikita-love nikita-rush nikki-charm nikki-grand nikki-king nikki-knight nikki-randall nikki-rhodes nikki-santana nikki-steele nikki-wilde niko nina-cherry nina-deponca nina-hartley nina-preta oana-efria obaya-roberts olesja-derevko olga-cabaeva olga-conti olga-pechova olga-petrova olivia-alize olivia-del-rio olivia-flores olivia-la-roche olivia-outre ophelia-tozzi orchidea-keresztes orsolya-blonde paige-turner paisley-hunter pamela-bocchi pamela-jennings pamela-mann pamela-stanford pamela-stealt pandora paola-albini pascale-vital pat-manning pat-rhea patricia-dale patricia-diamond patricia-kennedy patricia-rhomberg patrizia-predan patti-cakes patti-petite paula-brasile paula-harlow paula-morton paula-price paula-winters pauline-teutscher penelope-pumpkins penelope-valentin petra-hermanova petra-lamas peyton-lafferty phaedra-grant pia-snow piper-fawn pipi-anderson porsche-lynn porsha-carrera precious-silver priscillia-lenn purple-passion queeny-love rachel-ashley rachel-love rachel-luv rachel-roxxx rachel-ryan rachel-ryder racquel-darrian rane-revere raven reagan-maddux rebecca-bardoux regan-anthony regine-bardot regula-mertens reina-leone reka-gabor renae-cruz renee-foxx renee-lovins renee-morgan renee-perez renee-summers renee-tiffany rhonda-jo-petty rikki-blake riley-ray rio-mariah rita-ricardo roberta-gemma roberta-pedon robin-byrd robin-cannes robin-everett robin-sane rochell-starr rosa-lee-kimball rosemarie roxanne-blaze roxanne-hall roxanne-rollan ruby-richards sabina-k sabre sabrina-chimaera sabrina-dawn sabrina-jade sabrina-johnson sabrina-love-cox sabrina-mastrolorenzi sabrina-rose sabrina-scott sabrina-summers sacha-davril sahara sahara-sands sai-tai-tiger samantha-fox samantha-ryan samantha-sterlyng samantha-strong samueline-de-la-rosa sandra-cardinale sandra-de-marco sandra-kalermen sandra-russo sandy-lee sandy-pinney sandy-reed sandy-samuel sandy-style sandy-summers sara-brandy-canyon sara-faye sarah-bernard sarah-cabrera sarah-hevyn sarah-mills sarah-shine sara-sloane sasha sasha-hollander sasha-ligaya sasha-rose satine-phoenix satin-summer savannah-stern savanna-jane scarlet-scarleau scarlet-windsor seka selena serena serena-south severine-amoux shana-evans shanna-mccullough shannon-kelly shannon-rush shantell-day sharon-da-vale sharon-kane sharon-mitchell shaun-michelle shawna-sexton shawnee-cates shay-hendrix shayne-ryder sheena-horne sheer-delight shelby-star shelby-stevens shelly-berlin shelly-lyons sheri-st-clair sheyla-cats shonna-lynn shyla-foxxx shy-love sierra-sinn sierra-skye sigrun-theil silver-starr silvia-bella silvia-saint silvie-de-lux silvy-taylor simone-west sindee-coxx sindy-lange sindy-shy siobhan-hunter skylar-knight skylar-price skyler-dupree smokie-flame smoking-mary-jane solange-shannon sonya-summers sophia-santi sophie-call sophie-duflot sophie-evans sophie-guers stacey-donovan stacy-lords stacy-moran stacy-nichols stacy-silver stacy-thorn starla-fox starr-wood stefania-bruni stella-virgin stephanie-duvalle stephanie-rage stephanie-renee stevie-taylor summer-knight summer-rose sunny-day sunset-thomas sunshine-seiber susan-hart susanne-brend susan-nero susi-hotkiss suzanne-mcbain suzan-nielsen suzie-bartlett suzie-carina suzi-sparks sweet-nice sweety-pie sybille-rossani sylvia-benedict sylvia-bourdon sylvia-brand sylvia-engelmann syreeta-taylor syren-de-mer syvette szabina-black szilvia-lauren tai-ellis taija-rae taisa-banx talia-james tamara-lee tamara-longley tamara-n-joy tamara-west tami-white tammy tammy-lee tammy-reynolds tania-lorenzo tantala-ray tanya-danielle tanya-fox tanya-foxx tanya-lawson tanya-valis tara-aire tasha-voux tatjana-belousova tatjana-skomorokhova tawnee-lee tawny-pearl tayla-rox taylor-wane teddi-austin teddi-barrett tera-bond tera-heart tera-joy teresa-may teresa-orlowski teri-diver teri-weigel terri-dolan terri-hall tess-ferre tess-newheart thais-vieira tia-cherry tianna tiara tiffany-blake tiffany-clark tiffany-duponte tiffany-rayne tiffany-rousso tiffany-storm tiffany-towers tiffany-tyler tiger-lily tigr timea-vagvoelgyi tina-blair tina-burner tina-evil tina-gabriel tina-loren tina-marie tina-russell tish-ambrose tommi-rose tonisha-mills topsy-curvey tori-secrets tori-sinclair tori-welles tracey-adams traci-lords traci-topps traci-winn tracy-duzit tracy-love tracy-williams tricia-devereaux tricia-yen trinity-loren trisha-rey trista-post trixie-tyler ultramax ursula-gaussmann ursula-moore uschi-karnat valentina valerie-leveau valery-hilton vanessa-chase vanessa-del-rio vanessa-michaels vanessa-ozdanic vanilla-deville velvet-summers veri-knotty veronica-dol veronica-hart veronica-hill veronica-rayne veronica-sage veronika-vanoza via-paxton vicky-lindsay vicky-vicci victoria-evans victoria-gold victoria-knight victoria-luna victoria-paris victoria-slick victoria-zdrok viper virginie-caprice vivian-valentine vivien-martines wendi-white wendy-divine whitney-banks whitney-fears whitney-wonders wonder-tracey wow-nikki xanthia-berstein yasmine-fitzgerald yelena-shieffer yvonne-green zara-whites zsanett-egerhazi zuzie-boobies

declined by 57% since 1991.[265] In 2013, the highest teenage birth rate was in Alabama, and the lowest in Wyoming.[265][266] Abortion is legal throughout the U.S., owing to Roe v. Wade, a 1973 landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. While the abortion rate is falling, the abortion ratio of 241 per 1,000 live births and abortion rate of 15 per 1,000 women aged 15–44 remain higher than those of most Western nations.[267] In 2013, the average age at first birth was 26 and 40.6% of births were to unmarried women.[268] The total fertility rate (TFR) was estimated for 2013 at 1.86 births per woman.[269] Adoption in the United States is common and relatively easy from a legal point of view (compared to other Western countries).[270] In 2001, with over 127,000 adoptions, the U.S. accounted for nearly half of the total number of adoptions worldwide.[271] It is legal for same-sex couples to adopt. Polygamy is illegal throughout the U.S.[272] Government and politics Main articles: Federal government of the United States, State governments of the United States, Local government in the United States and Elections in the United States The United States Capitol, where Congress meets: the Senate, left; the House, right The White House, home of the U.S. President Supreme Court Building, where the nation's highest court sits The United States is the world's oldest surviving federation. It is a constitutional republic and representative democracy, "in which majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law".[273] The government is regulated by a system of checks and balances defined by the U.S. Constitution, which serves as the country's supreme legal document.[274] For 2014, the U.S. ranked 19th on the Democracy Index[275] and 17th on the Corruption Perceptions Index.[276] In the American federalist system, citizens are usually subject to three levels of government: federal, state, and local. The local government's duties are commonly split between county and municipal governments. In almost all cases, executive and legislative officials are elected by a plurality vote of citizens by district. There is no proportional representation at the federal level, and it is rare at lower levels.[277] The political system of the United States The federal government is composed of three branches: Legislative: The bicameral Congress, made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives, makes federal law, declares war, approves treaties, has the power of the purse,[278] and has the power of impeachment, by which it can remove sitting members of the government.[279] Executive: The President is the commander-in-chief of the military, can veto legislative bills before they become law (subject to Congressional override), and appoints the members of the Cabinet (subject to Senate approval) and other officers, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.[280] Judicial: The Supreme Court and lower federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the President with Senate approval, interpret laws and overturn those they find unconstitutional.[281] The House of Representatives has 435 voting members, each representing a congressional district for a two-year term. House seats are apportioned among the states by population every tenth year. At the 2010 census, seven states had the minimum of one representative, while California, the most populous state, had 53.[282] The Senate has 100 members with each state having two senators, elected at-large to six-year terms; one third of Senate seats are up for election every other year. The President serves a four-year term and may be elected to the office no more than twice. The President is not elected by direct vote, but by an indirect electoral college system in which the determining votes are apportioned to the states and the District of Columbia.[283] The Supreme Court, led by the Chief Justice of the United States, has nine members, who serve for life.[284] The state governments are structured in roughly similar fashion; Nebraska uniquely has a unicameral legislature.[285] The governor (chief executive) of each state is directly elected. Some state judges and cabinet officers are appointed by the governors of the respective states, while others are elected by popular vote. The original text of the Constitution establishes the structure and responsibilities of the federal government and its relationship with the individual states. Article One protects the right to the "great writ" of habeas corpus. The Constitution has been amended 27 times;[286] the first ten amendments, which make up the Bill of Rights, and the Fourteenth Amendment form the central basis of Americans' individual rights. All laws and governmental procedures are subject to judicial review and any law ruled by the courts to be in violation of the Constitution is voided. The principle of judicial review, not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution, was established by the Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison (1803)[287] in a decision handed down by Chief Justice John Marshall.[288] Political divisions Main articles: Political divisions of the United States, U.S. state, Territories of the United States, List of states and territories of the United States and Indian reservation Further information: Territorial evolution of the United States and United States territorial acquisitions Map of U.S. Economic Exclusion Zone,[289] highlighting states, territories and possessions U.S. population density in 2000, showing mainland counties and county equivalents The United States is a federal republic of 50 states, a federal district, five territories and eleven uninhabited island possessions.[290] The states and territories are the principal administrative districts in the country. These are divided into subdivisions of counties and independent cities. The District of Columbia is a federal district which contains the capital of the United States, Washington DC.[291] The states and the District of Columbia choose the President of the United States. Each state has presidential electors equal to the number of their Representatives and Senators in Congress, the District of Columbia has three.[292] Congressional Districts are reapportioned among the states following each decennial Census of Population. Each state then draws single member districts to conform with the census apportionment. The total number of Representatives is 435, and delegate Members of Congress represent the District of Columbia and the five major US territories.[293] The United States also observes tribal sovereignty of the Native American nations. Though reservations are within state borders, the reservation is a sovereign entity. While the United States recognizes this sovereignty, other countries may not.[294] Parties and elections Main articles: Politics of the United States and Political ideologies in the United States President Obama meets with congressional leadership in 2011. The United States has operated under a two-party system for most of its history.[295] For elective offices at most levels, state-administered primary elections choose the major party nominees for subsequent general elections. Since the general election of 1856, the major parties have been the Democratic Party, founded in 1824, and the Republican Party, founded in 1854. Since the Civil War, only one third-party presidential candidate—former president Theodore Roosevelt, running as a Progressive in 1912—has won as much as 20% of the popular vote. The third-largest political party is the Libertarian Party. The President and Vice-president are elected through the Electoral College system.[296] Within American political culture, the Republican Party is considered "conservative" and the Democratic Party is considered "liberal".[297][disputed – discuss] The states of the Northeast and West Coast and some of the Great Lakes states, known as "blue states", are relatively liberal. The "red states" of the South and parts of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains are relatively conservative. The winner of the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections, Democrat Barack Obama, is the 44th, and current, U.S. president. Current leadership in the Senate includes Democratic Vice President Joseph Biden, Republican President Pro Tempore (Pro Tem) Orrin Hatch, Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, and Minority Leader Harry Reid.[298] Leadership in the House includes Speaker of the House Paul Ryan, Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy, and Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi.[299] In the 114th United States Congress, both the House of Representatives and the Senate are controlled by the Republican Party. The Senate currently consists of 54 Republicans, and 44 Democrats with two independents who caucus with the Democrats; the House consists of 246 Republicans and 188 Democrats, with one vacancy.[300] In state governorships, there are 31 Republicans, 18 Democrats and one independent.[301] Among the DC mayor and the 5 territorial governors, there are 2 Republicans, 2 Democrats (one is also in the PPD), and 2 Independents.[302] Foreign relations Main articles: Foreign relations of the United States and Foreign policy of the United States The United Nations Headquarters has been in Midtown Manhattan since 1952. The United States has an established structure of foreign relations. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, and New York City is home to the United Nations Headquarters. It is a member of the G7,[303] G20, and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Almost all countries have embassies in Washington, D.C., and many have consulates around the country. Likewise, nearly all nations host American diplomatic missions. However, Iran, North Korea, Bhutan, and the Republic of China (Taiwan) do not have formal diplomatic relations with the United States (although the U.S. still maintains relations with Taiwan and supplies it with military equipment).[304] The United States has a "special relationship" with the United Kingdom[305] and strong ties with Canada,[306] Australia,[307] New Zealand,[308] the Philippines,[309] Japan,[310] South Korea,[311] Israel,[312] and several European Union countries, including France, Italy, Germany, and Spain. It works closely with fellow NATO members on military and security issues and with its neighbors through the Organization of American States and free trade agreements such as the trilateral North American Free Trade Agreement with Canada and Mexico. In 2008, the United States spent a net $25.4 billion on official development assistance, the most in the world. As a share of America's large gross national income (GNI), however, the U.S. contribution of 0.18% ranked last among 22 donor states. By contrast, private overseas giving by Americans is relatively generous.[313] The U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility for three sovereign nations through Compact of Free Association with Micronesia, the Marshall Islands and Palau, all of which are Pacific island nations which were part of the U.S.-administered Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands beginning after World War II, and gained independence in subsequent years.[314] Government finance See also: Taxation in the United States and United States federal budget Taxes are levied in the United States at the federal, state and local government level. These include taxes on income, payroll, property, sales, imports, estates and gifts, as well as various fees. In 2010 taxes collected by federal, state and municipal governments amounted to 24.8% of GDP.[315] During FY2012, the federal government collected approximately $2.45 trillion in tax revenue, up $147 billion or 6% versus FY2011 revenues of $2.30 trillion. Primary receipt categories included individual income taxes ($1,132B or 47%), Social Security/Social Insurance taxes ($845B or 35%), and corporate taxes ($242B or 10%).[316] Based on CBO Estimates,[317] under 2013 tax law the top 1% will be paying the highest average tax rates since 1979, while other income groups will remain at historic lows.[318] U.S. taxation is generally progressive, especially the federal income taxes, and is among the most progressive in the developed world.[319][320][321][322][323] The highest 10% of income earners pay a majority of federal taxes,[324] and about half of all taxes.[325] Payroll taxes for Social Security are a flat regressive tax, with no tax charged on income above $113,700 and no tax at all paid on unearned income from things such as stocks and capital gains.[326][327] The historic reasoning for the regressive nature of the payroll tax is that entitlement programs have not been viewed as welfare transfers.[328][329] However, according to the Congressional Budget Office the net effect of Social Security is that the benefit to tax ratio ranges from roughly 70% for the top earnings quintile to about 170% for the lowest earning quintile, making the system progressive.[330] The top 10% paid 51.8% of total federal taxes in 2009, and the top 1%, with 13.4% of pre-tax national income, paid 22.3% of federal taxes.[331] In 2013 the Tax Policy Center projected total federal effective tax rates of 35.5% for the top 1%, 27.2% for the top quintile, 13.8% for the middle quintile, and -2.7% for the bottom quintile.[332][333] The incidence of corporate income tax has been a matter of considerable ongoing controversy for decades.[322][334] State and local taxes vary widely, but are generally less progressive than federal taxes as they rely heavily on broadly borne regressive sales and property taxes that yield less volatile revenue streams, though their consideration does not eliminate the progressive nature of overall taxation.[322][335] During FY 2012, the federal government spent $3.54 trillion on a budget or cash basis, down $60 billion or 1.7% vs. FY 2011 spending of $3.60 trillion. Major categories of FY 2012 spending included: Medicare & Medicaid ($802B or 23% of spending), Social Security ($768B or 22%), Defense Department ($670B or 19%), non-defense discretionary ($615B or 17%), other mandatory ($461B or 13%) and interest ($223B or 6%).[316] National debt Main article: National debt of the United States US federal debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP, from 1790 to 2013 The total national debt in the United States was $18.527 trillion (106% of the GDP), according to an estimate for 2014 by the International Monetary Fund.[336] In January 2015, U.S. federal government debt held by the public was approximately $13 trillion, or about 72% of U.S. GDP. Intra-governmental holdings stood at $5 trillion, giving a combined total debt of $18.080 trillion.[337][338] By 2012, total federal debt had surpassed 100% of U.S. GDP.[339] The U.S. has a credit rating of AA+ from Standard & Poor's, AAA from Fitch, and AAA from Moody's.[340] Historically, the U.S. public debt as a share of GDP increased during wars and recessions, and subsequently declined. For example, debt held by the public as a share of GDP peaked just after World War II (113% of GDP in 1945), but then fell over the following 30 years. In recent decades, large budget deficits and the resulting increases in debt have led to concern about the long-term sustainability of the federal government's fiscal policies.[341] However, these concerns are not universally shared.[342] Military Main article: United States Armed Forces The carrier strike groups of the Kitty Hawk, Ronald Reagan, and Abraham Lincoln with aircraft from the Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force. The Davis-Monthan Air Force Base in Tucson, Arizona on February 4, 2004. The President holds the title of commander-in-chief of the nation's armed forces and appoints its leaders, the Secretary of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The United States Department of Defense administers the armed forces, including the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force. The Coast Guard is run by the Department of Homeland Security in peacetime and by the Department of the Navy during times of war. In 2008, the armed forces had 1.4 million personnel on active duty. The Reserves and National Guard brought the total number of troops to 2.3 million. The Department of Defense also employed about 700,000 civilians, not including contractors.[343] Military service is voluntary, though conscription may occur in wartime through the Selective Service System.[344] American forces can be rapidly deployed by the Air Force's large fleet of transport aircraft, the Navy's 10 active aircraft carriers, and Marine expeditionary units at sea with the Navy's Atlantic and Pacific fleets. The military operates 865 bases and facilities abroad,[345] and maintains deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel in 25 foreign countries.[346] The military budget of the United States in 2011 was more than $700 billion, 41% of global military spending and equal to the next 14 largest national military expenditures combined. At 4.7% of GDP, the rate was the second-highest among the top 15 military spenders, after Saudi Arabia.[347] U.S. defense spending as a percentage of GDP ranked 23rd globally in 2012 according to the CIA.[348] Defense's share of U.S. spending has generally declined in recent decades, from Cold War peaks of 14.2% of GDP in 1953 and 69.5% of federal outlays in 1954 to 4.7% of GDP and 18.8% of federal outlays in 2011.[349] The proposed base Department of Defense budget for 2012, $553 billion, was a 4.2% increase over 2011; an additional $118 billion was proposed for the military campaigns in Iraq and Afghanistan.[350] The last American troops serving in Iraq departed in December 2011;[351] 4,484 service members were killed during the Iraq War.[352] Approximately 90,000 U.S. troops were serving in Afghanistan in April 2012;[353] by November 8, 2013 2,285 had been killed during the War in Afghanistan.[354] Law enforcement and crime Main articles: Law enforcement in the United States and Crime in the United States See also: Law of the United States, Second Amendment to the United States Constitution, Human rights in the United States § Justice system, Incarceration in the United States and Capital punishment in the United States Law enforcement in the U.S. is maintained primarily by local police departments.[355] Law enforcement in the United States is primarily the responsibility of local police and sheriff's departments, with state police providing broader services. The New York City Police Department (NYPD) is the largest in the country. Federal agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the U.S. Marshals Service have specialized duties, including protecting civil rights, national security and enforcing U.S. federal courts' rulings and federal laws.[356] At the federal level and in almost every state, a legal system operates on a common law. State courts conduct most criminal trials; federal courts handle certain designated crimes as well as certain appeals from the state criminal courts. Plea bargaining in the United States is very common; the vast majority of criminal cases in the country are settled by plea bargain rather than jury trial.[357] In 2012 there were 4.7 murders per 100,000 persons in the United States, a 54% decline from the modern peak of 10.2 in 1980.[358] In 2001–2, the United States had above-average levels of violent crime and particularly high levels of gun violence compared to other developed nations.[359] A cross-sectional analysis of the World Health Organization Mortality Database from 2003 showed that United States "homicide rates were 6.9 times higher than rates in the other high-income countries, driven by firearm homicide rates that were 19.5 times higher."[360][dated info] Gun ownership rights continue to be the subject of contentious political debate. From 1980 through 2008 males represented 77% of homicide victims and 90% of offenders. Blacks committed 52.5% of all homicides during that span, at a rate almost eight times that of whites ("whites" includes most Hispanics), and were victimized at a rate six times that of whites. Most homicides were intraracial, with 93% of black victims killed by blacks and 84% of white victims killed by whites.[361] In 2012, Louisiana had the highest rate of murder and non-negligent manslaughter in the U.S., and New Hampshire the lowest.[362] The FBI's Uniform Crime Reports estimates that there were 3,246 violent and property crimes per 100,000 residents in 2012, for a total of over 9 million total crimes.[363] Capital punishment is sanctioned in the United States for certain federal and military crimes, and used in 31 states.[364][365] No executions took place from 1967 to 1977, owing in part to a U.S. Supreme Court ruling striking down arbitrary imposition of the death penalty. In 1976, that Court ruled that, under appropriate circumstances, capital punishment may constitutionally be imposed. Since the decision there have been more than 1,300 executions, a majority of these taking place in three states: Texas, Virginia, and Oklahoma.[366] Meanwhile, several states have either abolished or struck down death penalty laws. In 2014, the country had the fifth highest number of executions in the world, following China, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq.[367] The United States has the highest documented incarceration rate and total prison population in the world.[368] At the start of 2008, more than 2.3 million people were incarcerated, more than one in every 100 adults.[369] At year end 2012, the combined U.S. adult correctional systems supervised about 6,937,600 offenders. About 1 in every 35 adult residents in the United States was under some form of correctional supervision at yearend 2012, the lowest rate observed since 1997.[370] The prison population has quadrupled since 1980.[371] However, the imprisonment rate for all prisoners sentenced to more than a year in state or federal facilities is 478 per 100,000 in 2013[372] and the rate for pre-trial/remand prisoners is 153 per 100,000 residents in 2012.[373] The country's high rate of incarceration is largely due to changes in sentencing guidelines and drug policies.[374] According to the Federal Bureau of Prisons, the majority of inmates held in federal prisons are convicted of drug offenses.[375] The privatization of prisons and prison services which began in the 1980s has been a subject of debate.[376][377] In 2008, Louisiana had the highest incarceration rate,[378] and Maine the lowest.[379] Economy Main article: Economy of the United States See also: Economic history of the United States Economic indicators Nominal GDP $17.914 trillion (Q2 2015) [380] Real GDP growth 3.6% (Q2 2015, annualized) 2.4% (2014) [381] CPI inflation 1.3% (August 2015) [382] Employment-to-population ratio 59.4% (August 2015) [383] Unemployment 5.1% (August 2015) [384] Labor force participation rate 62.6% (August 2015) [385] Total public debt $18.1 trillion (Q3 2015) [386] Household net worth $85.7 trillion (Q2 2015) [387] United States export treemap (2011): The U.S. is the world's second-largest exporter. The United States has a capitalist mixed economy which is fueled by abundant natural resources and high productivity.[388] According to the International Monetary Fund, the U.S. GDP of $16.8 trillion constitutes 24% of the gross world product at market exchange rates and over 19% of the gross world product at purchasing power parity (PPP).[389] The US's nominal GDP is estimated to be $17.528 trillion as of 2014[390] From 1983 to 2008, U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth was 3.3%, compared to a 2.3% weighted average for the rest of the G7.[391] The country ranks ninth in the world in nominal GDP per capita and sixth in GDP per capita at PPP.[389] The U.S. dollar is the world's primary reserve currency.[392] The United States is the largest importer of goods and second largest exporter, though exports per capita are relatively low. In 2010, the total U.S. trade deficit was $635 billion.[393] Canada, China, Mexico, Japan, and Germany are its top trading partners.[394] In 2010, oil was the largest import commodity, while transportation equipment was the country's largest export.[393] Japan is the largest foreign holder of U.S. public debt.[395] The largest holder of the U.S. debt are American entities, including federal government accounts and the Federal Reserve, who hold the majority of the debt.[396][397][398][399] The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, SIPRI, found that the United States' arms industry was the world's biggest exporter of major weapons from 2005–2009,[400] and remained the largest exporter of major weapons during a period between 2010–2014, followed by Russia, China (PRC), and Germany.[401] In 2009, the private sector was estimated to constitute 86.4% of the economy, with federal government activity accounting for 4.3% and state and local government activity (including federal transfers) the remaining 9.3%.[402] The number of employees at all levels of government outnumber those in manufacturing by 1.7 to 1.[403] While its economy has reached a postindustrial level of development and its service sector constitutes 67.8% of GDP, the United States remains an industrial power.[404] The leading business field by gross business receipts is wholesale and retail trade; by net income it is manufacturing.[405] In the franchising business model, McDonald's and Subway are the two most recognized brands in the world. Coca-Cola is the most recognized soft drink company in the world.[406] Chemical products are the leading manufacturing field.[407] The United States is the largest producer of oil in the world, as well as its second largest importer.[408] It is the world's number one producer of electrical and nuclear energy, as well as liquid natural gas, sulfur, phosphates, and salt. The National Mining Association provides data pertaining to coal and minerals that include beryllium, copper, lead, magnesium, zinc, titanium and others.[409][410] Agriculture accounts for just under 1% of GDP,[404] yet the United States is the world's top producer of corn[411] and soybeans.[412] The National Agricultural Statistics Service maintains agricultural statistics for products that include peanuts, oats, rye, wheat, rice, cotton, corn, barley, hay, sunflowers, and oilseeds. In addition, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provides livestock statistics regarding beef, poultry, pork, and dairy products. The country is the primary developer and grower of genetically modified food, representing half of the world's biotech crops.[413] Consumer spending comprises 68% of the U.S. economy in 2015.[414] In August 2010, the American labor force consisted of 154.1 million people. With 21.2 million people, government is the leading field of employment. The largest private employment sector is health care and social assistance, with 16.4 million people. About 12% of workers are unionized, compared to 30% in Western Europe.[415] The World Bank ranks the United States first in the ease of hiring and firing workers.[416] The United States is ranked among the top three in the Global Competitiveness Report as well. It has a smaller welfare state and redistributes less income through government action than European nations tend to.[417] The United States is the only advanced economy that does not guarantee its workers paid vacation[418] and is one of just a few countries in the world without paid family leave as a legal right, with the others being Papua New Guinea, Suriname and Liberia.[419] However, 74% of full-time American workers get paid sick leave, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, although only 24% of part-time workers get the same benefits.[420] While federal law currently does not require sick leave, it's a common benefit for government workers and full-time employees at corporations.[420] In 2009, the United States had the third highest workforce productivity per person in the world, behind Luxembourg and Norway. It was fourth in productivity per hour, behind those two countries and the Netherlands.[421] The 2008–2012 global recession had a significant impact on the United States, with output still below potential according to the Congressional Budget Office.[422] It brought high unemployment (which has been decreasing but remains above pre-recession levels), along with low consumer confidence, the continuing decline in home values and increase in foreclosures and personal bankruptcies, an escalating federal debt crisis, inflation, and rising petroleum and food prices. There remains a record proportion of long-term unemployed, continued decreasing household income, and tax and federal budget increases.[423][424][425] Income, poverty and wealth Unbalanced scales.svg This section may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints. Please improve the article by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (April 2015) A tract housing development in San Jose, California. Further information: Income in the United States, Poverty in the United States, Affluence in the United States, United States counties by per capita income and Income inequality in the United States Americans have the highest average household and employee income among OECD nations, and in 2007 had the second highest median household income.[426][427] According to the Census Bureau real median household income was $50,502 in 2011, down from $51,144 in 2010.[428] The Global Food Security Index ranked the U.S. number one for food affordability and overall food security in March 2013.[429] Americans on average have over twice as much living space per dwelling and per person as European Union residents, and more than every EU nation.[430] For 2013 the United Nations Development Programme ranked the United States 5th among 187 countries in its Human Development Index and 28th in its inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI).[431] There has been a widening gap between productivity and median incomes since the 1970s.[432] However, the gap between total compensation and productivity is not as wide because of increased employee benefits such as health insurance.[433] While inflation-adjusted ("real") household income had been increasing almost every year from 1947 to 1999, it has since been flat on balance and has even decreased recently.[434] According to Congressional Research Service, during this same period, immigration to the United States increased, while the lower 90% of tax filers incomes became stagnant, and eventually decreasing since 2000.[435] The rise in the share of total annual income received by the top 1 percent, which has more than doubled from 9 percent in 1976 to 20 percent in 2011, has had a significant impact on income inequality,[436] leaving the United States with one of the widest income distributions among OECD nations.[437] The post-recession income gains have been very uneven, with the top 1 percent capturing 95 percent of the income gains from 2009 to 2012.[438] The extent and relevance of income inequality is a matter of debate.[439][disputed – discuss][440] Wealth, like income and taxes, is highly concentrated; the richest 10% of the adult population possess 72% of the country's household wealth, while the bottom half claim only 2%.[441] Between June 2007 and November 2008 the global recession led to falling asset prices around the world. Assets owned by Americans lost about a quarter of their value.[442] Since peaking in the second quarter of 2007, household wealth was down $14 trillion, but has since increased $14 trillion over 2006 levels.[443][444] At the end of 2014, household debt amounted to $11.8 trillion,[445] down from $13.8 trillion at the end of 2008.[446] There were about 578,424 sheltered and unsheltered homeless persons in the U.S. in January 2014, with almost two-thirds staying in an emergency shelter or transitional housing program.[447] In 2011 16.7 million children lived in food-insecure households, about 35% more than 2007 levels, though only 1.1% of U.S. children, or 845,000, saw reduced food intake or disrupted eating patterns at some point during the year, and most cases were not chronic.[448] According to a 2014 report by the Census Bureau, one in five young adults lives in poverty today, up from one in seven in 1980.[449] Education Main article: Education in the United States The University of Virginia, founded by Thomas Jefferson in 1819, is one of the many public universities in the United States. American public education is operated by state and local governments, regulated by the United States Department of Education through restrictions on federal grants. In most states, children are required to attend school from the age of six or seven (generally, kindergarten or first grade) until they turn 18 (generally bringing them through twelfth grade, the end of high school); some states allow students to leave school at 16 or 17.[450] About 12% of children are enrolled in parochial or nonsectarian private schools. Just over 2% of children are homeschooled.[451] The U.S. spends more on education per student than any nation in the world, spending more than $11,000 per elementary student in 2010 and more than $12,000 per high school student.[452] Some 80% of U.S. college students attend public universities.[453] The United States has many competitive private and public institutions of higher education. The majority of world's top universities listed by different ranking organizations are in the US.[454][455][456] There are also local community colleges with generally more open admission policies, shorter academic programs, and lower tuition. Of Americans 25 and older, 84.6% graduated from high school, 52.6% attended some college, 27.2% earned a bachelor's degree, and 9.6% earned graduate degrees.[457] The basic literacy rate is approximately 99%.[4][458] The United Nations assigns the United States an Education Index of 0.97, tying it for 12th in the world.[459] As for public expenditures on higher education, the U.S. trails some other OECD nations but spends more per student than the OECD average, and more than all nations in combined public and private spending.[452][460] As of 2012, student loan debt exceeded one trillion dollars, more than Americans owe on credit cards.[461] Culture Main article: Culture of the United States See also: Alaska Natives § Cultures, Native American cultures in the United States, Culture of the Native Hawaiians, Social class in the United States, Public holidays in the United States and Tourism in the United States The United States is home to many cultures and a wide variety of ethnic groups, traditions, and values.[25][462] Aside from the Native American, Native Hawaiian, and Native Alaskan populations, nearly all Americans or their ancestors settled or immigrated within the past five centuries.[463] Mainstream American culture is a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of European immigrants with influences from many other sources, such as traditions brought by slaves from Africa.[25][464] More recent immigration from Asia and especially Latin America has added to a cultural mix that has been described as both a homogenizing melting pot, and a heterogeneous salad bowl in which immigrants and their descendants retain distinctive cultural characteristics.[25] Core American culture was established by Protestant British colonists and shaped by the frontier settlement process, with the traits derived passed down to descendants and transmitted to immigrants through assimilation. Americans have traditionally been characterized by a strong work ethic, competitiveness, and individualism, as well as a unifying belief in an "American creed" emphasizing liberty, equality, private property, democracy, rule of law, and a preference for limited government.[465] Americans are extremely charitable by global standards. According to a 2006 British study, Americans gave 1.67% of GDP to charity, more than any other nation studied, more than twice the second place British figure of 0.73%, and around twelve times the French figure of 0.14%.[466][467] The American Dream, or the perception that Americans enjoy high social mobility, plays a key role in attracting immigrants.[468] Whether this perception is realistic has been a topic of debate.[469][470][471][472][391][473] While mainstream culture holds that the United States is a classless society,[474] scholars identify significant differences between the country's social classes, affecting socialization, language, and values.[475] Americans' self-images, social viewpoints, and cultural expectations are associated with their occupations to an unusually close degree.[476] While Americans tend greatly to value socioeconomic achievement, being ordinary or average is generally seen as a positive attribute.[477] Food Main article: Cuisine of the United States Apple pie is a food commonly associated with American cuisine. Mainstream American cuisine is similar to that in other Western countries. Wheat is the primary cereal grain with about three-quarters of grain products made of wheat flour[478] and many dishes use indigenous ingredients, such as turkey, venison, potatoes, sweet potatoes, corn, squash, and maple syrup which were consumed by Native Americans and early European settlers.[479] These home grown foods are part of a shared national menu on one of America's most popular holidays; Thanksgiving, when some Americans make traditional foods to celebrate the occasion.[480] Roasted turkey is a traditional menu item of an American Thanksgiving dinner.[481] Characteristic dishes such as apple pie, fried chicken, pizza, hamburgers, and hot dogs derive from the recipes of various immigrants. French fries, Mexican dishes such as burritos and tacos, and pasta dishes freely adapted from Italian sources are widely consumed.[482] Americans drink three times as much coffee as tea.[483] Marketing by U.S. industries is largely responsible for making orange juice and milk ubiquitous breakfast beverages.[484][485] American eating habits owe a great deal to that of their British culinary roots with some variations. Although American lands could grow newer vegetables England could not, most colonists would not eat these new foods until accepted by Europeans.[486] Over time American foods changed to a point that food critic, John L. Hess stated in 1972: "Our founding fathers were as far superior to our present political leaders in the quality of their food as they were in the quality of their prose and intelligence".[487] The American fast food industry, the world's largest,[488] pioneered the drive-through format in the 1940s.[489] Fast food consumption has sparked health concerns. During the 1980s and 1990s, Americans' caloric intake rose 24%;[482] frequent dining at fast food outlets is associated with what public health officials call the American "obesity epidemic".[490] Highly sweetened soft drinks are widely popular, and sugared beverages account for nine percent of American caloric intake.[491] Literature, philosophy, and the arts Main articles: American literature, American philosophy, Visual art of the United States and American classical music Mark Twain, American author and humorist. In the 18th and early 19th centuries, American art and literature took most of its cues from Europe. Writers such as Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, and Henry David Thoreau established a distinctive American literary voice by the middle of the 19th century. Mark Twain and poet Walt Whitman were major figures in the century's second half; Emily Dickinson, virtually unknown during her lifetime, is now recognized as an essential American poet.[492] A work seen as capturing fundamental aspects of the national experience and character—such as Herman Melville's Moby-Dick (1851), Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby (1925) and Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird (1960)— may be dubbed the "Great American Novel".[493] Eleven U.S. citizens have won the Nobel Prize in Literature, most recently Toni Morrison in 1993. William Faulkner, Ernest Hemingway and John Steinbeck are often named among the most influential writers of the 20th century.[494] Popular literary genres such as the Western and hardboiled crime fiction developed in the United States. The Beat Generation writers opened up new literary approaches, as have postmodernist authors such as John Barth, Thomas Pynchon, and Don DeLillo.[495] The transcendentalists, led by Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson, established the first major American philosophical movement. After the Civil War, Jehovah's Witnesses 0.8 Eastern Orthodox 0.5 Other Christian 0.4 Non-Christian faiths 5.9 Jewish 1.9 Muslim 0.9 Buddhist 0.7 Hindu 0.7 Other Non-Christian faiths 1.8 Irreligious 22.8 Nothing in particular 15.8 Agnostic 4.0 Atheist 3.1 Don't know/refused answer 0.6 Total 100 Main article: Religion in the United States See also: History of religion in the United States, Freedom of religion in the United States, Separation of church and state in the United States and List of religious movements that began in the United States The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution guarantees the free exercise of religion and forbids Congress from passing laws respecting its establishment. Christianity is by far the most common religion practiced in the U.S., but other religions are followed, too. In a 2013 survey, 56% of Americans said that religion played a "very important role in their lives", a far higher figure than that of any other wealthy nation.[248] In a 2009 Gallup poll 42% of Americans said that they attended church weekly or almost weekly; the figures ranged from a low of 23% in Vermont to a high of 63% in Mississippi.[249] As with other Western countries, the U.S. is becoming less religious. Irreligion is growing rapidly among Americans under 30.[250] Polls show that overall American confidence in organized religion is declining,[251] and that younger Americans in particular are becoming increasingly irreligious.[247][252] According to a 2012 study, Protestant share of U.S. population dropped to 48%, thus ending its status as religious category of the majority for the first time.[253][254][255] Americans with no religion have 1.7 children compared to 2.2 among Christians. The unaffiliated are less likely to get married with 37% marrying compared to 52% of Christians.[256] According to a 2014 survey, 70.6% of adults identified themselves as Christian,[257] Protestant denominations accounted for 46.5%, while Roman Catholicism, at 20.8%, was the largest individual denomination.[258] The total reporting non-Christian religions in 2014 was 5.9%.[258] Other religions include Judaism (1.9%), Islam (0.9%), Buddhism (0.7%), Hinduism (0.7%).[258] The survey also reported that 22.8% of Americans described themselves as agnostic, atheist or simply having no religion, up from 8.2% in 1990.[258][259][260] There are also Unitarian Universalist, Baha'i, Sikh, Jain, Shinto, Confucian, Taoist, Druid, Native American, Wiccan, humanist and deist communities.[261] Protestantism is the largest Christian religious grouping in the United States. Baptists collectively form the largest branch of Protestantism, and the Southern Baptist Convention is the largest individual Protestant denomination. About 26% of Americans identify as Evangelical Protestants, while 15% are Mainline and 7% belong to a traditionally Black church. Roman Catholicism in the United States has its origin in the Spanish and French colonization of the Americas, and later grew because of Irish, Italian, Polish, German and Hispanic immigration. Rhode Island is the only state where a majority of the population is Catholic. Lutheranism in the U.S. has its origin in immigration from Northern Europe and Germany. North and South Dakota are the only states in which a plurality of the population is Lutheran. Presbyterianism was introduced in North America by Scottish and Ulster Scots immigrants. Although it has spread across the United States, it is heavily concentrated on the East Coast. Dutch Reformed congregations were founded first in New Amsterdam (New York City) before spreading westward. Utah is the only state where Mormonism is the religion of the majority of the population. The Mormon Corridor also extends to parts of Idaho, Nevada and Wyoming.[262] The Bible Belt is an informal term for a region in the Southern United States in which socially conservative Evangelical Protestantism is a significant part of the culture and Christian church attendance across the denominations is generally higher than the nation's average. By contrast, religion plays the least important role in New England and in the Western United States.[249] Family structure Main article: Family structure in the United States See also: Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States, Same-sex marriage in the United States and Cousin marriage law in the United States by state As of 2007, 58% of Americans age 18 and over were married, 6% were widowed, 10% were divorced, and 25% had never been married.[263] Women now work mostly outside the home and receive a majority of bachelor's degrees.[264] The U.S. teenage pregnancy rate is 26.5 per 1,000 women. The rate has Jadallah Azzuz at Talhi Foreign minister Hassan Tatanaki Foreign minister Defence ministers edit Omar Faiek Shennib Minister of Defence death Prime ministers edit Abdul Ati al Obeidi Abdul Qadir al Badri Prime minister of Libya from July to October Abdul Hamid al Bakkoush Mustafa Ben Halim Abuzed Omar Dorda Mohieddin Fikini Abdessalam Jalloud Mahmud Sulayman al Maghribi Hussein Maziq Muhammad Ahmad al Mangoush Mahmud al Muntasir Umar Mustafa al Muntasir Abdul Majid al Qa'ud Wanis al Qaddafi Muhammad az Zaruq Rajab Muhammad Osman Said Muhammad Sakizli Embarek shamekh Imbarek Shamekh Jadallah Azzuz at Talhi Baghdadi Mahmudi Mahmoud Jibril Physicians edit Ehtuish Ehtuish Religious figures edit Abd As Salam Al Asmar Ahmad Zarruq Simon of Cyrene Sharif El Gariani Resistance leaders edit Sulaiman al Barouni – resistance leader against Italian colonization Omar al Mukhtar – Libyan hero and resistance leader under against Italian colonization Sayyid Ahmed Sharif es Senussi Libyan resistance leader and chief of the Senussi order Royalty edit Idris I of Libya King of Libya to and the Chief of the Senussi Muslim order Sayyid Ahmed Sharif es Senussi Chief of the Senussi Muslim order Queen Fatima – Former queen of Libya Sayyid Hassan ar Rida Muhammad as Senussi born Sayyid Muhammad bin Ali as Senussi Omar Faiek Shennib Head of the Royal Diwan Royal Court Rulers edit Idris I of Libya – King of Libya – Muammar Gaddafi – Libyan leader – Ahmed Karamanli – Pasha ruler of Tripolitania – Yusuf Karamanli died Pasha ruler of Tripolitania – Shoshenq I Libyan king of Egypt c – c BCE and founder of the Twenty second Egyptian dynasty Septimius Severus – Roman Emperor – born in Libya Battaros legendary Libyan king Zentani Muhammad az Zentani Umar Mihayshi died Libyan army officer Mustafa Abdul Jalil born Anti Gaddafi resistance leader Former Minister of Justice and President of the National Transitional Council Present Scientists and mathematicians edit Eratosthenes BC – BC Hellenistic mathematician geographer and astronomer born in Libya Adam Nass Has a Master s degree Sportspeople edit Basketball edit Suleiman Ali Nashnush died Footballers edit Samir Aboud Osama Al Hamady Muhammed Alsnany Akram Ayyad Mansour Al Borki Ehab Al Bousefi Omar Daoud Luis de Agustini Ahmed Faraj El Masli Tarik El Taib Meftah Ghazalla Khaled Hussein Abdesalam Kames Nader Kara Abdusalam Khames Mohmoud Maklouf Shafter Princely family edit Franz Joseph II Prince of Liechtenstein longest reigning monarch – in Europe from to Prince Hans Adam II current Head of State one of the world s richest royals Prince Alois of Liechtenstein regent since Sophie Hereditary Princess of Liechtenstein See also List of Princes of Liechtenstein Princely Family of Liechtenstein Politicians edit Otmar Hasler is the former Prime Minister Mario Frick was in the Guinness Book of Records as the world s youngest Prime Minister when he was elected Ernst Joseph Walch former Secretary of State Klaus Tschütscher is the current Prime Minister See also List of Liechtenstein Heads of Government Category Liechtenstein politicians Sports edit Skiers Marco Büchel born Paul Frommelt born Willi Frommelt born Ursula Konzett born Tina Weirather born Andreas Wenzel born won one bronze and one silver Olympic medal and respectively for Alpine skiing Hanni Wenzel born won two gold medals and one silver medal in the Winter Olympics and a bronze one for Alpine skiing Football players Mario Frick born not to be confused with the politician Peter Jehle born Arts edit Josef Rheinberger composer Other edit Wolfgang Haas born Archbishop of Vaduz former Bishop of Chur Peter Kaiser October February Historian statesman John Latenser Sr Architect Waled Mhadeb Rabe Al Msellati Jehad Muntasser Arafa Nakuaa Walid Ali Osman Ali Rahuma Marei Al Ramly Arts edit Architecture and sculpture edit Laurynas Gucevicius considered to be the first professional Lithuanian architectMain article List of Lithuanian architects Robertas Antinis Jr – sculptor and artist Gediminas Baravykas – one of the best known Soviet architects Vytautas Bredikis – lt Vytautas Bredikis planner of Antakalnis and Lazdynai microdistricts in Vilnius Algimantas Bublys lt Algimantas Bublys well known for his modern architecture both in Lithuania and the U S Vincas Grybas – one of the influential early monumental sculptors Laurynas Gucevicius – architect of Vilnius Cathedral Juozas Kalinauskas professional sculptor and medalist Gintaras Karosas – sculptor founder of Europos Parkas Vytautas Landsbergis Žemkalnis – lt Vytautas Landsbergis Žemkalnis one of the famous architects in the interwar Lithuania Juozas Mikenas – lt Juozas Mikenas sculptor Algimantas Nasvytis – architect Minister of Construction and Urbanism Kestutis Pempe – lt Kestutis Pempe architect chairman of the Architects Association of Lithuania Bronius Pundzius – lt Bronius Pundzius sculptor citation needed Petras Rimša – one of the first professional sculptors in Lithuania Juozas Zikaras – sculptor and designer the interwar years Lithuanian litas Literature edit First Lithuanian book The Simple Words of Catechism published in by Martynas Mažvydas Portrait of Salomeja Neris one of the best known Lithuanian female writersMain article List of Lithuanian authors Jurgis Baltrušaitis – poet and diplomat the first Symbolist poet Antanas Baranauskas – priest and poet author of The Pine Groove of Anykšciai Lithuanian Anykšciu šilelis Kazys Binkis – poet and playwright leader of Lithuanian Futurism movement Bernardas Brazdžionis – influential romantic poet Petras Cvirka – short story writer and active supporter of communism Kristijonas Donelaitis – Lithuanian Lutheran pastor and poet author of The Seasons Lithuanian Metai Juozas Glinskis – writer playwright pioneer of Lithuanian "theatre of cruelty" Leah Goldberg – Israeli poet Romualdas Granauskas – writer about the identity crisis during the Soviet times Juozas Grušas – one of the most productive writers and playwrights under the Soviet rule Jurga Ivanauskaite – the best known modern female writer Vincas Kudirka – writer and poet author of the national anthem of Lithuania Vytautas V Landsbergis – lt Vytautas V Landsbergis writer published many children s books Maironis real name Jonas Maciulis – priest and poet best known patriotic poet Justinas Marcinkevicius – one of the most prominent poets during the Soviet rule Marcelijus Martinaitis – lt Marcelijus Martinaitis writer famous for The Ballads of Kukutis a mock epic Martynas Mažvydas – author of the first book in Lithuanian language Icchokas Meras – Lithuanian Jewish writer about the Holocaust Vincas Kreve Mickevicius – writer and playwright author of major interwar plays Oskaras Milašius – French Lithuanian writer and diplomat Czeslaw Milosz – recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature was born in Šeteniai Imperial Russia now Lithuania Vincas Mykolaitis Putinas – writer and poet one of the best known Symbolist poets author of the novel In the Shadows of the Altars Lithuanian Altoriu šešely Salomeja Neris real name Salomeja Bacinskaite Buciene – the best known female poet during the interwar period Alfonsas Nyka Niliunas – lt Alfonsas Nyka Niliunas poet living in the United States Henrikas Radauskas – poet one of the major figures of Lithuanian literature in exile Šatrijos Ragana real name Marija Peckauskaite – female writer Balys Sruoga – writer poet playwright author of the novel The Forest of Gods Lithuanian Dievu miškas about his experience in the Stutthof concentration camp Antanas Strazdas – priest and poet signed in Polish as Antoni Drozdowski the best known work was Pulkim ant Keliu Let Us Fall On Our Knees and the poem The Thrush Antanas Škema – writer in exile author of surrealistic novel The White Cloth Lithuanian Balta drobule Yemima Tchernovitz Avidar – Israeli author Judita Vaiciunaite – lt Judita Vaiciunaite modern female poet exploring urban settings Juozas Tumas Vaižgantas real name Juozas Tumas – writer Indre Valantinaite born poet Tomas Venclova – poet political activist Antanas Vienuolis real name Žukauskas – writer a major figure in Lithuanian prose Vydunas real name Vilius Storostas – Lithuanian writer and philosopher leader of Lithuanian cultural movement in the Lithuania Minor at the beginning of the th century Žemaite real name Julija Beniuševiciute Žymantiene – one of the best known female writers Theater and cinema edit See also List of Lithuanian actors Regimantas Adomaitis – theatre and film actor successful both in Lithuania and Russia Donatas Banionis – actor and star of Tarkovsky s Solaris Arturas Barysas – "counter culture" actor singer photographer and filmmaker known as the father of modern Lithuanian avant garde Šarunas Bartas – modern film director Ingeborga Dapkunaite – internationally successful actress Gediminas Girdvainis – lt Gediminas Girdvainis prolific theatre and movie actor Rolandas Kazlas – well known comedy actor Oskaras Koršunovas – best known modern theater director Jurgis Maciunas – initiator of Fluxus movement Vaiva Mainelyte – lt Vaiva Mainelyte popular actress remembered for the leading role in Bride of the Devil Lithuanian Velnio nuotaka Arunas Matelis – acclaimed documentary director Adolfas Mekas film director writer editor actor educator Jonas Mekas – filmmaker the godfather of American avant garde cinema Aurelija Mikušauskaite – television and theatre actress Juozas Miltinis – theater director from Panevežys Nijole Narmontaite – lt Nijole Narmontaite actress Eimuntas Nekrošius – theater director Algimantas Puipa – lt Algimantas Puipa film director Kostas Smoriginas – lt Kostas Smoriginas popular actor and singer Jonas Vaitkus – theater director director of Utterly Alone Adolfas Vecerskis – theatre and film actor director of theatre Arunas Žebriunas – lt Arunas Žebriunas one of the most prominent film directors during the Soviet rule Vytautas Šapranauskas – lt Vytautas Šapranauskas theater and film actor television presenter humorist Žilvinas Tratas actor and model Džiugas Siaurusaitis lt Džiugas Siaurusaitis actor television presenter humorist Sakalas Uždavinys lt Sakalas Uždavinys theater and film actor director Marius Jampolskis actor and TV host Ballet and Dance edit Egle Špokaite soloist of Lithuanian National Opera and Ballet Theatre – Actress art director Edita Daniute Professional Ballroom Dancer and World DanceSport Champion Iveta Lukosiute Professional Ballroom Dancer and World Dance Champion Music edit Soprano vocalist Violeta Urmanaviciute Urmana Pop singer Violeta RiaubiškyteSee also List of Lithuanian singers Linas Adomaitis – pop singer participant in the Eurovision Song Contest Ilja Aksionovas lt Ilja Aksionovas pop and opera singer boy soprano Osvaldas Balakauskas – ambassador and classical composer Alanas Chošnau – singer member of former music group Naktines Personos Egidijus Dragunas – lt Egidijus Dragunas leader of Sel one of the first hip hop bands in Lithuania Justas Dvarionas – lt Justas Dvarionas pianist educator Mikalojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis – painter and composer Balys Dvarionas – composer conductor pianist professor Gintare Jautakaite pop artist signed with EMI and Sony Music Entertainment in Gintaras Januševicius internationally acclaimed pianist Algirdas Kaušpedas architect and lead singer of Antis Nomeda Kazlauskaite Kazlaus opera singer dramatic soprano appearing internationally Vytautas Kernagis – one of the most popular bards Algis Kizys – long time bass player of post punk no wave band Swans Andrius Mamontovas – rock singer co founder of Foje and LT United Marijonas Mikutavicius – singer author of Trys Milijonai the unofficial sports anthem in Lithuania Vincas Niekus – lt Vincas Niekus composer Virgilijus Noreika – one of the most successful opera singers tenor Mykolas Kleopas Oginskis – one of the best composer of the late th century Kipras Petrauskas – lt Kipras Petrauskas popular early opera singer tenor Stasys Povilaitis – one of the popular singers during the Soviet period Violeta Riaubiškyte – pop singer TV show host Mindaugas Rojus opera singer tenor baritone Ceslovas Sasnauskas – composer Rasa Serra – lt Rasa Serra real name Rasa Veretenceviene singer Traditional folk A cappella jazz POP Audrone Simonaityte Gaižiuniene – lt Audrone Gaižiuniene Simonaityte one of the more popular female opera singers soprano Virgis Stakenas – lt Virgis Stakenas singer of country folk music Antanas Šabaniauskas – lt Antanas Šabaniauskas singer tenor Jurga Šeduikyte – art rock musician won the Best Female Act and the Best Album of in the Lithuanian Bravo Awards and the Best Baltic Act at the MTV Europe Music Awards Jonas Švedas – composer Michael Tchaban composer singer and songwriter Violeta Urmanaviciute Urmana opera singer soprano mezzosoprano appearing internationally Painters and graphic artists edit See also List of Lithuanian artists Robertas Antinis – sculptor Vytautas Ciplijauskas lt Vytautas Ciplijauskas painter Jonas Ceponis – lt Jonas Ceponis painter Mikalojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis – painter and composer Asteroid Ciurlionis is named for him Kostas Dereškevicius lt Kostas Dereškevicius painter Vladimiras Dubeneckis painter architect Stasys Eidrigevicius graphic artist Pranas Gailius lt Pranas Gailius painter Paulius Galaune Petronele Gerlikiene – self taught Lithuanian American artist Algirdas Griškevicius lt Algirdas Griškevicius Vincas Grybas – sculptor Leonardas Gutauskas lt Leonardas Gutauskas painter writer Vytautas Kairiukštis – lt Vytautas Kairiukštis painter art critic Vytautas Kasiulis – lt Vytautas Kasiulis painter graphic artist stage designer Petras Kalpokas painter Rimtas Kalpokas – lt Rimtas Kalpokas painter graphic artist Leonas Katinas – lt Leonas Katinas painter Povilas Kaupas – lt Povilas Kaupas Algimantas Kezys Lithuanian American photographer Vincas Kisarauskas – lt Vincas Kisarauskas painter graphic artist stage designer Saulute Stanislava Kisarauskiene – lt Saulute Stanislava Kisarauskiene graphic artist painter Stasys Krasauskas – lt Stasys Krasauskas graphic artist Stanislovas Kuzma – lt Stanislovas Kuzma sculptor Antanas Martinaitis – lt Antanas Martinaitis painter Jonas Rimša – lt Jonas Rimša painter Jan Rustem painter Antanas Samuolis – lt Antanas Samuolis painter Šarunas Sauka painter Boris Schatz – sculptor and founder of the Bezalel Academy Irena Sibley née Pauliukonis – Children s book author and illustrator Algis Skackauskas – painter Antanas Žmuidzinavicius – painter Franciszek Smuglewicz – painter Yehezkel Streichman Israeli painter Kazys Šimonis – painter Algimantas Švegžda – lt Algimantas Švegžda painter Otis Tamašauskas Lithographer Print Maker Graphic Artist Adolfas Valeška – painter and graphic artist Adomas Varnas – painter Kazys Varnelis – artist Vladas Vildžiunas lt Vladas Vildžiunas sculptor Mikalojus Povilas Vilutis lt Mikalojus Povilas Vilutis graphic artist Viktoras Vizgirda – painter William Zorach – Modern artist who died in Bath Maine Antanas Žmuidzinavicius – painter Kazimieras Leonardas Žoromskis – painter Politics edit President Valdas Adamkus right chatting with Vice President Dick Cheney left See also List of Lithuanian rulers Mindaugas – the first and only King of Lithuania – Gediminas – the ruler of Lithuania – Algirdas – the ruler together with Kestutis of Lithuania – Kestutis – the ruler together with Algirdas of Lithuania – Vytautas – the ruler of Lithuania – together with Jogaila Jogaila – the ruler of Lithuania – from to together with Vytautas the king of Poland – Jonušas Radvila – the field hetman of Grand Duchy of Lithuania – Dalia Grybauskaite – current President of Lithuania since Valdas Adamkus – President of Lithuania till Jonas Basanavicius – "father" of the Act of Independence of Algirdas Brazauskas – the former First secretary of Central Committee of Communist Party of Lithuanian SSR the former president of Lithuania after and former Prime Minister of Lithuania Joe Fine – mayor of Marquette Michigan – Kazys Grinius – politician third President of Lithuania Mykolas Krupavicius – priest behind the land reform in interwar Lithuania Vytautas Landsbergis – politician professor leader of Sajudis the independence movement former speaker of Seimas member of European Parliament Stasys Lozoraitis – diplomat and leader of Lithuanian government in exile – Stasys Lozoraitis junior – politician diplomat succeeded his father as leader of Lithuanian government in exile – Antanas Merkys – the last Prime Minister of interwar Lithuania Rolandas Paksas – former President removed from the office after impeachment Justas Paleckis – journalist and politician puppet Prime Minister after Soviet occupation Kazimiera Prunskiene – the first female Prime Minister Mykolas Sleževicius – three times Prime Minister organized

Lithuanian Armed Forces Antanas Smetona – the first President and authoritarian leader – Antanas Snieckus – First Secretary of the Lithuanian Communist Party – Aleksandras Stulginskis – President of Lithuania in the interwar period Antanas Terleckas – lt Antanas Terleckas political activist Juozas Urbšys – the last Foreign Minister of interwar Lithuania Gediminas Vagnorius – the Prime Minister behind vagnorkes the temporary currency Augustinas Voldemaras – the Prime Minister to Antanas Smetona Arturas Zuokas – controversial mayor of Vilnius city municipality Military edit Jan Karol Chodkiewicz Grand Hetman of Lithuania Antanas Gustaitis – – Lithuanian Air Force commander in chief general engineer military aircraft designer ANBO series Romualdas Marcinkus – the only Lithuanian pilot to serve in the Royal Air Force RAF during the Second World War Rimantas Stankevicius – – Lithuanian cosmonaut who test flew Soviet space shuttle Buran and its test vehicles Jonas Žemaitis – Lithuanian Partisan leader during second Soviet occupation recognized as a fourth president of Lithuania Science edit Marija Gimbutiene an archeologistKazys Almenas – physicist writer and essayist Antanas Andrijauskas habilitated doctor Algirdas Avižienis – lt Algirdas Antanas Avižienis extensive research in fault tolerance Jurgis Baltrušaitis junior – art historian expert of medieval art Povilas Brazdžiunas – – lt Povilas Brazdžiunas science of modern physics organisator in Lithuania Kazimieras Buga renowned linguist Ivan Chersky geographer and revolutionary Simonas Daukantas – renowned Lithuanian historian who wrote first book on history of Lithuania in Lithuanian language Jurgis Dobkevicius – Aircraft designer Birute Galdikas – anthropologist Marija Gimbutiene – archeologist Vytautas Andrius Graiciunas – management theorist Algirdas Julius Greimas – linguist who contributed to the theory of semiotics and also researched Lithuanian mythology Aleksandras Griškevicius – – lt Aleksandras Griškevicius pioneer of aviation in Lithuania Jonas Jablonskis – Lithuanian practical linguist founder of Standard Lithuanian Adolfas Jucys – physicist pioneer of theory of many electron atoms in Lithuania Aaron Klug – physicist and chemist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry Algis Petras Piskarskas – lt Algis Petras Piskarskas pioneer of laser physics and nonlinear optics in Lithuania Juras Požela – lt Juras Požela pioneer of plasma physics and semiconductor physics schools in Lithuania Konstantinas Sirvydas – first Lithuanian lexicographer Kazimieras Simonavicius – artillery and rocket scientist Vytautas Straižys – astronomer Mathematics edit Jonas KubiliusAldona Aleškeviciene Statuleviciene – Probability theory and stochastic processes Raimundas Bentkus – Probability theory and stochastic processes Vidmantas Bentkus – Probability theory functional analysis number theory Algimantas Jonas Bikelis – Probability theory and stochastic processes Vaclovas Bliznikas – Differential geometry Antanas Kestutis Bulota – Number theory Bronius Grigelionis – Probability theory and stochastic processes Kleopas Grincevicius – Differential geometry Feliksas Ivanauskas – Numerical analysis Jonas Kubilius – Number theory recipient of Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas University rector Antanas Laurincikas – Number theory Eugenijus Manstavicius – Number theory Hermann Minkowski Number theory mathematical physics and the theory of relativity Vygantas I Paulauskas – Probability theory and stochastic processes Vytautas Statulevicius – Probability theory and stochastic processes Donatas Surgailis – Probability theory and stochastic processes Economy edit Juozas Kazickas Nerijus Numavicius Bronislovas Lubys Darius Mockus Hubertas Grušnys Sports edit Virgilijus Alekna is the most successful Lithuanian discus throwerMain article List of Lithuanian sportspeople Basketball players edit Žydrunas IlgauskasDainius Adomaitis Ramunas Butautas Valdemaras Chomicius Gintaras Einikis Vladas Garastas Žydrunas Ilgauskas – Former NBA player most famous for his long tenure with the Cleveland Cavaliers Paulius Jankunas Šarunas Jasikevicius – time Euroleague champion EuroBasket champion Robertas Javtokas Arturas Karnišovas Rimantas Kaukenas Jonas Kazlauskas – Lithuanian professional basketball coach and former professional basketball player Kestutis Kemzura Linas Kleiza – Former NBA player with the Toronto Raptors Gintaras Krapikas Rimas Kurtinaitis Darjuš Lavrinovic Kšyštof Lavrinovic Darius Lukminas Arvydas Macijauskas Jonas Maciulis Šarunas Marciulionis – One of the first Europeans to play in the NBA and also largely responsible for resurrecting the Lithuania men s national team after the re establishment of the country s independence Member of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Donatas Motiejunas Current NBA player with the Houston Rockets Tomas Pacesas Modestas Paulauskas time European Champion time World Champion and Olympic Champion times awarded as Lithuanian Sportsman of the Year Marijonas Petravicius Virginijus Praškevicius Arvydas Sabonis – Former NBA player with the Portland Trail Blazers also represented both the USSR and post Soviet Lithuania internationally Member of the Naismith Memorial and FIBA Halls of Fame Domantas Sabonis – Son of Arvydas currently playing U S college basketball at Gonzaga Mantas Kalnietis Antanas Sireika Darius Songaila Ramunas Šiškauskas – EuroLeague star nicknamed Lithuanian Scottie Pippen Saulius Štombergas One of the most successful players in Lithuania Mindaugas Timinskas Jonas Valanciunas – Current NBA player with the Toronto Raptors Rytis Vaišvila Eurelijus Žukauskas Mindaugas Žukauskas Hockey players edit Dainius Zubrus – NHL player with the New Jersey Devils Darius Kasparaitis – Former NHL player Aleksey Nikiforov – Professional coach and mentor Pijus Rulevicius – Current USHL player with Chicago Steel Cyclists edit Ramunas Navardauskas Ignatas Konovalovas Jolanta Polikeviciute Rasa Polikeviciute Edita Pucinskaite Raimondas Rumšas Gintautas Umaras Zita Urbonaite Tomas Vaitkus Diana Žiliute Football players edit Giedrius Arlauskis Virginijus Baltušnikas Deividas Cesnauskis Edgaras Cesnauskis Tomas Danilevicius Ignas Dedura Arturas Fomenka Robertas Fridrikas Valdas Ivanauskas Edgaras Jankauskas Mindaugas Kalonas Žydrunas Karcemarskas Darius Maciulevicius Egidijus Majus Saulius Mikoliunas Igoris Morinas Arminas Narbekovas Robertas Poškus Aidas Preikšaitis Tomas Ražanauskas Aurelijus Skarbalius Andrius Skerla Marius Stankevicius Gintaras Stauce Deividas Šemberas Vaidotas Šlekys Tomas Tamošauskas Andrejus Tereškinas Valdas Trakys Andrius Velicka Marius Žaliukas Tomas Žvirgždauskas Various edit Virgilijus Alekna – time Olympic time World and time European champion in discus throwing Margarita Drobiazko – Ice dancer bronze medal at the European Championships and at World Championships Vaidotas Datenis – Esports Champion currently under the team OpTic Gaming Vitas Gerulaitis – Tennis player member of the Lithuanian diaspora in the United States Daina Gudzineviciute – Olympic gold medalist in shooting Markas Luckis – Chess player Lina Gineityte Professional rower time Lithuanian champion Vladas Mikenas – Chess player Ruta Meilutyte Olympic gold medalist at the Olympic Games in the Women s m Breaststroke Remigijus Morkevicius – Muay Thai Kickboxer and MMA fighter Živile Raudoniene professional fitness competitor winner of IFBB Arnolds Classic and Professional wrestler Eugenijus Riabovas – Head coach of Hearts FC Žydrunas Savickas – time winner of the "Arnold s Strongest Man" st Place Austra Skujyte – Olympic medalist at women s heptathlon Povilas Vanagas – Figure skater & ice dancer – bronze medal at the European Championships and at World Championships Kazimieras Vasiliauskas – first driver competing at international open wheel racing level Marius Žaromskis – MMA fighter and Dream tournament winner Natas Kaupas Professional skateboarder known as one of the first innovators of street style skateboarding in the s Vaiva Adamonyte Educational Development Food Critic Religion edit Roman Catholicism edit Father Alfonsas Svarinskas spent over years in Soviet prison campsAudrys Backis Šv Kazimieras Archbishop Blessed Jurgis Matulaitis Matulevicius Archbishop Mecislovas Reinys Alfonsas Svarinskas lt Alfonsas Svarinskas Motiejus Valancius – bishop of Samogitia historian and writer Kazimieras Vasiliauskas – lt Kazimieras Vasiliauskas priest Judaism edit Vilna Gaon Chaim Volozhin Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler Avraham Yeshayahu Karelitz Nissim Karelitz Eastern Orthodoxy edit Anthony John and Eustathios died in courtiers under Algirdas martyrs Charitina of Lithuania died in noblewoman turned ascetic and abbess Daumantas of Pskov died in Lithuanian noble became prince of Pskov and defender against the Teutonic Knights Athanasius of Brest Litovsk died in born into a Lithuanian noble family became a monk and martyr Other edit Tadas Blinda – Lithuanian Robin Hood Steponas Darius pilot Ignotas Domeika – Chilean geologist mineralogist and educator Stasys Girenas – pilot Josifas Grigulevicius also known as ?????????? ????? ???????????? – – famous Soviet intelligence agent in West Europe and Latin America later historian of Catholic Church and Latin America corresponding member of Academy of Sciences of USSR Juste Juozapaityte model and pageant title holder Jurgis Kairys – aerobatic pilot FAI World Grand Prix of Aviation FAIWGPA champion famous of flight under bridges in Vilnius He also flew inverted under a bridge in Kaunas Romas Kalanta – a high school student known for his public self immolation protesting Soviet regime in Lithuania Abba Kovner – poet writer and partisan leader Benediktas Mikulis – Lithuanian freedom fighter Vytautas Putna also known as ru ????? ?????? ??????????? – – comcor general lieutenant of Red Army Soviet military diplomat Darius Radzius Television news reporter at News Long Island Radio news reporter at WINS in New York City Jokubas Smuškevicius also known as Yakov Smushkevich ????????? ???? ???????????? – – general lieutenant of Soviet Army Commander in Chief of Soviet Air Force twice Hero of Soviet Union Aleksandras Štromas also referred as Alexander Shtromas – – professor of Bradford University dissident Tony G real name Antanas Guoga World poker star born in Kaunas Jeronimas Uborevicius also known as ru ???????? ??????? ???????? or Ieronim Uborevich – – comandarm st rank General of the Army of the Red Army commander of Armament of Red Army later commander of military district Feliksas Vaitkus – Sixth pilot to fly solo across the Atlantic Edita Vilkeviciute – model Gintautas Dumcius – Editor of the Dorchester MA Reporter Fictional edit Hannibal Lecter – fictional cannibalistic genius appearing in four novels by author Thomas Harris and their film adaptations Marko Ramius nicknamed the Vilnius Schoolmaster – fictional captain of the submarine Red October in the novel The Hunt for Red October by Tom Clancy Portrayed by Sean Connery in the film version Jurgis Rudkus – the protagonist of Upton Sinclair s novel The Jungle Notable international people of Lithuanian descent edit Tim Abromaitis NCAA basketball player Giorgio Amendola – Italian prominent politician Mother was Lithuanian Saul Anuzis – Chairman of the Michigan Republican State Committee –present Rick Barry – Hall of Fame basketball player Aras Baskauskas – is the winner of Survivor Panama He is of Lithuanian descent holding Lithuanian and American citizenship Bernard Berenson American art historian specializing in the Renaissance born in Butrimonys Alytus district Lithuania Kevin Bieksa – Canadian hockey player Sydney Brenner – biologist winner of Nobel Prize in Physiology Robert Briscoe – Lord Mayor of Dublin – The original family name in Lithuania is believed have been Cherrick Charles Bronson actor born to Lithuanian emigrants Matt Busby Scottish football manager Dick Butkus – NFL Hall of Fame linebacker Abraham Cahan – Lithuanian born American socialist activist editor and journalist of socialist and Jewish periodicals including The Jewish Daily Forward and author of a number of fiction pieces concerning Yiddish life in New York Romain Gary Roman Kacew – Lithuanian born naturalized French diplomat novelist film director World War II aviator He is the only author to have won the Prix Goncourt twice under his own name and under a pseudonym Leonard Cohen – singer songwriter poet novelist and Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductee Dick Durbin – Illinois senator mother was Lithuanian Bob Dylan – American folk rock musician Brian Epstein – a former Beatles manager Paternal grandparents are Lithuanian Jews Brandon Flowers – vocalist and keyboardist of the Las Vegas based rock band The Killers Is under both Scottish and Lithuanian ancestry Genie Francis – American actress Mother is of Lithuanian descent Philip Glass born composer grandchild of Lithuanian Jewish migrants Emma Goldman – anarchist feminist activist aka Red Emma Lithuania born anarchist known for her writings and speeches Nadine Gordimer – novelist and writer winner of the Nobel Prize in literature and Booker Prize Albin Gurklis – Lithuanian American priest mathematician Laurence Harvey – Lithuanian born actor who achieved fame in British and American films Jascha Heifetz – – Lithuanian born famous violinist Ann Jillian – American television actress and breast cancer activist born to immigrant parents Phill Jupitus British comedian family emigrated from Lithuania in Joe Jurevicius – American football NFL wide receiver Natas Kaupas professional Skateboarder Anthony Kiedis – frontman and vocalist of the Red Hot Chili Peppers paternal grandfather of Lithuanian descent John Kiedis – also known as Spider or Blackie Dammett father of Lithuanian descent father of Anthony Kiedis Stanley Kunitz – a noted American poet mother was Lithuanian James Laurinaitis NFL linebacker for the St Louis Rams David Lee – physicist winner of Nobel Prize in for physics Ruta Lee born Ruta Kilmonis Kilmonyte Canadian and American cinema and television actress Emmanuel Levinas – Lithuanian born French philosopher and Talmudic commentator Jacques Lipchitz – Lithuanian born cubist sculptor Billy McNeill – Scottish soccer legend Lithuanian mother Hermann Minkowski – Lithuanian born German mathematician one of Einstein s teachers Antanas Mockus – Colombian mathematician philosopher and politician Former mayor of Bogotá Simonas Morkunas – – priest Lithuanian American humanitarian Alecia Beth Moore Pink performer Ed Palubinskas – former basketball player Sean Penn – American actor Father was of mixed Russian and Lithuanian descent Vlado Perlemuter – French pianist born in Kaunas Maury Povich – Paternal grandparents emigrated from Lithuania Johnny Ramensky Legendary Scottish criminal and folk hero Leo Rautins – Canadian basketball player national team coach broadcaster John C Reilly – American actor Mother is of Lithuanian descent Phil Rudd real name Phillip Hugh Norman Witschke Rudzevecuis drummer of band AC DC Vyto Ruginis American actor son of Lithuanian immigrants Joanna Shimkus – actress born in Canada to Lithuanian emigres John Shimkus – Illinois politician Jerry Siegel – – co creator of Superman Son of Lithuanian Jewish immigrants Antanas Sileika – Canadian author Elijah ben Solomon known as the Vilna Gaon – Lithuanian born talmudist halachist kabbalist and the foremost leader of non hasidic Jewry of the past few centuriesthe Annis Stukus – Canadian sports personality Jason Sudeikis – US actor and comedian member of Saturday Night Live cast paternal grandfather of Lithuanian descent Olegas Truchanas – – Lithuanian born Australian conservationist and nature photographer Johnny Unitas – Football player with the Baltimore Colts member of NFL Hall of Fame parents were Lithuanian Louis Vezelis Lithuanian American sedevacantist Franciscan bishop Eddie Waitkus – Baseball player Uriel Weinreich – Lithuanian born linguist at Columbia University Mariel Zagunis – Olympic USA sabre fencing champion gold medals in and Robert Zemeckis – American film director Annette Zilinskas original bassist with the early Bangles William Zorach – Lithuanian born American sculptor painter printmaker and writer Robert Z Dar – American actor Salem Ibrahim Al Rewani Alejandro Ruben Hesham Shaban Younes Al Shibani Politics edit See also Grand Duke of Luxembourg List of Prime Ministers of Luxembourg Jean of Luxembourg born former Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg born current Grand Duke Victor Bodson – justice minister Righteous Among the Nations Jean Claude Juncker born Luxembourg prime minister Jacques Santer born Luxembourg prime minister EC president Robert Schuman – French prime minister EU co founder Gaston Thorn Luxembourg politician EC president Pierre Werner – Luxembourg prime minister EEC figure Arts and culture edit Pol Albrecht – composer Louis Beicht – composer Charles Bernhoeft – photographer Emile Boeres – composer Pierre Brandebourg – painter and photographer Josy Braun born writer Sandrine Cantoreggi born violinist Claus Cito – sculptor Jim Clemes born architect Michel Engels – illustrator painter Tatiana Fabeck born architect Batty Fischer – amateur photographer Jean Baptiste Fresez – artist Patrick Galbats born photographer Hugo Gernsback – writer editor publisher Gust Graas born artist and businessman Françoise Groben born cellist Ernie Hammes born trumpeter Georges Hausemer born writer Guy Helminger born writer Nico Helminger born writer Max Jacoby born filmmaker Pierre Joris born poet Gustave Kahnt – composer Jean Pierre Kemmer – composer conductor choir master Mariette Kemmer born opera singer Théo Kerg – artist Camille Kerger born composer opera singer Will Kesseler – painter Emile Kirscht – painter Nico Klopp – painter Anise Koltz born poet Jean Krier born poet Leon Krier born architect Edouard Kutter – photographer Edouard Kutter born photographer Joseph Kutter – painter Paul Kutter – photographer Yvon Lambert born photographer Dominique Lang – painter Claude Lenners born composer Georges Lentz born composer Michel Lentz – poet Nicolas Liez – lithographer painter Marianne Majerus born photographer Michel Majerus born – artist Laurent Menager – composer Antoine Meyer – poet and mathematician Bady Minck born artist & filmmaker Alexander Mullenbach born composer Jean Muller born pianist Joseph Alexandre Müller – composer Désirée Nosbusch born actress Joseph Probst – artist Harry Rabinger – painter Pierre Joseph Redouté – painter Michel Reis born jazz pianist Business edit George Atanasoski John Bitove John Bitove Sr Andy Peykoff Mike Ilitch Founder of Little Caesars and owner of Detroit Red Wings and Detroit Tigers Mike Zafirovski President and C E O of Nortel Networks Steve Stavro Sport edit Soccer players edit Zoran Baldovaliev ????? ??????????? Boško Gjurovski ????? ???????? Mario Gjurovski ????? ???????? Milko Gjurovski ????? ???????? Dragi Setinov ????? ??????? ?or?i Hristov ????? ??????? Cedomir Janevski ??????? ???????? Marek Jankulovski ????? ??????????? Jovan Kirovski Goran Maznov ????? ?????? Igor Mitreski ???? ???????? Ilco Naumoski ???? ???????? Oka Nikolov ??? ??????? Jane Nikolovski J??? ?????????? Darko Pancev ????? ?????? Goran Pandev ????? ?????? Saško P?ndev ????? ?????? Robert Petrov ?????? ?????? Goran Popov ????? ????? Robert Popov ?????? ????? Stevica Ristic ??????? ?????? Goce Sedloski ???? ???????? Goran Slavkovski ????? ?????????? Vujadin Stanojkovic ??????? ??????????? Mile Šterjovski ???? ?????????? Velice Šumulikoski ?????? ??????????? Goce Toleski ???? ??????? Vanco Trajanov ????? ???????? Jovica Trajcev ?????? ??????? Ivan Trickovski ???? ?????????? Aleksandar Vasoski ?????????? ??????? Blagoja Vidinic ??????? ??????? Peter Daicos Handball edit Kiril Lazarov ????? ??????? Swimming edit Atina Bojadži Hockey edit Steve Staios Ed Jovanovski Dan Jancevski Steven Stamkos José Théodore Christopher Tanev Boxing edit Ace Rusevski ??? ???????? Redžep Redžepovski ????? ?????????? Basketball edit Petar Naumoski ????? ???????? Todor Gecevski ????? ???????? Vrbica Stefanov ?????? ???????? Vlado Ilievski ????? ???????? Pero Antic ???? ????? Baseball edit Kevin Kouzmanoff Football edit Pete Stoyanovich Art edit Architects edit Miroslav Grcev ???????? ????? Painters edit Dimitar Avramovski–Pandilov ??????? ?????????? ???????? Nikola Martinovski ?????? ??????????? Dimitar Kondovski ??????? ????????? Lazar Licenoski ????? ????????? Petar Mazev ????? ????? Tomo Vladimirski ???? ??????????? Vangel Kodžoman ?????? ??????? Rahim Blak Gavril Atanasov ?????? ???????? Maja Hill Sculptors edit Gligor Stefanov ?????? ???????? Film edit Actors edit Touriya Haoud Meto Jovanovski ???? ?????????? Labina Mitevska ?????? ???????? Tony Naumovski ???? ????????? Naum Panovski ???? ???????? Igor Džambazov ???? ???????? Petre Prlicko ????? ??????? Vlado Jovanovski ????? ?????????? ?or?i Kolozov ????? ??????? Toni Mihajlovski ???? ??????????? Editors edit Filmmakers edit Petar Gligorovski ????? ??????????? Milco Mancevski ????? ????????? Apostol Trpeski ??????? ??????? Stole Popov ????? ????? Showbiz edit Ziya Tong television producer TV host Academia edit Scientists edit Georgi Efremov ?????? ??????? Ratko Janev ????? ????? Zoran T Popovski ????? ? ???????? Social academics edit Dimitrija Cupovski ????????? ???????? Gjorgji Pulevski ????? ???????? Mihail Petruševski ?????? ??????????? State edit Politicians edit Metodija Andonov Cento ???????? ??????? ????? Stojan Andov ?????? ????? Strašo Angelovski ?????? ?????????? Ljupco Arsov ????? ????? Ljube Boškoski ???? ???????? Vlado Buckovski ????? ????????? Branko Crvenkovski ?????? ??????????? Ljubco Georgievski ????? ??????????? Kiro Gligorov ???? ???????? Nikola Gruevski ?????? ???????? Gjorge Ivanov ????? ?????? Gordana Jankuloska ??????? ?????????? Zoran Jolevski ????? ???????? Srgjan Kerim ????? ????? Lazar Koliševski ????? ?????????? Hari Kostov ???? ?????? Trifun Kostovski ?????? ????????? Ilinka Mitreva ?????? ??????? Lazar Mojsov ????? ?????? Tito Petkovski ???? ????????? Lui Temelkovski ??? ??????????? Boris Trajkovski ????? ?????????? Vasil Tupurkovski ????? ??????????? Zoran Zaev ????? ???? Partisans World War II freedom fighters edit Mirce Acev ????? ???? Mihajlo Apostolski ????j?? ?????????? Cede Filipovski Dame ???? ?????????? ???? Blagoj Jankov Muceto ?????? ?????? ?????? Orce Nikolov ???? ??????? Strašo Pindžur ?????? ?????? Hristijan Todorovski Karpoš ????????? ?????????? ?????? Revolutionaries edit Yordan Piperkata ?????? ???????? ????????? Goce Delcev ???? ????? Petar Pop Arsov ????? ??? ????? Dame Gruev ???? ????? Jane Sandanski ???? ????????? Dimitar Pop Georgiev Berovski ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? Ilyo Voyvoda ???? ??? ?????????? Pere Tošev ???? ????? Pitu Guli ???? ???? Dimo Hadži Dimov ???? ???? ????? Hristo Uzunov ?????? ?????? Literature edit Gjorgji Abadžiev ????? ??????? Petre M Andreevski ????? ? ?????????? Maja Apostoloska ???? ??????????? Dimitrija Cupovski ????????? ???????? Jordan Hadži Konstantinov Džinot ?????? ???? ???????????? ????? Vasil Iljoski ????? ?????? Slavko Janevski ?????? ???????? Blaže Koneski ????? ??????? Risto Krle ????? ???? Vlado Maleski ????? ??????? Mateja Matevski ?????? ???????? Krste Misirkov ????? ????????? Kole Nedelkovski ???? ??????????? Olivera Nikolova Anton Panov ????? ????? Gjorche Petrov ????? ?????? Vidoe Podgorec ????? ???????? Aleksandar Prokopiev ?????????? ????????? Koco Racin ???? ????? Jovica Tasevski Eternijan ?????? ???????? ????????? Gane Todorovski ???? ?????????? Stevan Ognenovski ?????? ?????????? Music edit Classical music edit Composers edit Atanas Badev ?????? ????? Dimitrije Bužarovski ????????? ?????????? Kiril Makedonski ????? ?????????? Toma Prošev ???? ?????? Todor Skalovski ????? ????????? Stojan Stojkov ?????? ??????? Aleksandar Džambazov ?????????? ???????? Conductors edit Borjan Canev ?????? ????? Instrumentalists edit Pianists Simon Trpceski ????? ???????? Opera singers edit Blagoj Nacoski ?????? ??????? Boris Trajanov ????? ???????? Popular and folk music edit Composers edit Darko Dimitrov ????? ???????? Slave Dimitrov ????? ???????? Jovan Jovanov ????? ??????? Ilija Pejovski ????? ???????? Musicians edit Bodan Arsovski ????? ???????? Goran Trajkoski ????? ????????? Ratko Dautovski ????? ????????? Kiril Džajkovski ????? ????????? Tale Ognenovski ???? ?????????? Vlatko Stefanovski ?????? ??????????? Stevo Teodosievski ????? ???????????? Aleksandra Popovska ?????????? ???????? Singers and Bands edit Lambe Alabakoski ????? ?????????? Anastasia ????????? Arhangel ???????? Kristina Arnaudova ???????? ????????? Kaliopi Bukle ??????? Dani Dimitrovska ???? ??????????? Riste Tevdoski ????? ???????? Karolina Goceva ???????? ?????? Vaska Ilieva ????? ?????? Andrijana Janevska ????????? ???????? Vlado Janevski ????? ???????? Jovan Jovanov ????? ??????? Leb i sol ??? ? ??? Aleksandar Makedonski ?????????? ?????????? Elvir Mekic ????? ????? Mizar ????? Jasmina Mukaetova ??????? ????e???? The Malagasy French Malgache are the ethnic group that forms nearly the entire population of Madagascar They are divided into two subgroups the "Highlander" Merina Sihanaka and Betsileo of the central plateau around Antananarivo Alaotra Ambatondrazaka and Fianarantsoa and the "coastal dwellers" elsewhere in the country This division has its roots in historical patterns of settlement The original Austronesian settlers from Borneo arrived between the third and tenth centuries and established a network of principalities in the Central Highlands region conducive to growing the rice they had carried with them on their outrigger canoes Sometime later a large number of settlers arrived from East Africa and established kingdoms along the relatively unpopulated coastlines The difference in ethnic origins remains somewhat evident between the highland and coastal regions In addition to the ethnic distinction between highland and coastal Malagasy one may speak of a political distinction as well Merina monarchs in the late th and early th century united the Merina principalities and brought the neighboring Betsileo people under their administration first They later extended Merina control over the majority of the coastal areas as well The military resistance and eventual defeat of most of the coastal communities assured their subordinate position vis à vis the Merina Betsileo alliance During the th and th centuries the French colonial administration capitalized on and further exacerbated these political inequities by appropriating existing Merina governmental infrastructure to run their colony This legacy of political inequity dogged the people of Madagascar after gaining independence in candidates ethnic and regional identities have often served to help or hinder their success in democratic elections Within these two broad ethnic and political groupings the Malagasy were historically subdivided into specifically named ethnic groups who were primarily distinguished from one another on the basis of cultural practices These were namely agricultural hunting or fishing practices construction style of dwellings music hair and clothing styles and local customs or taboos the latter known in the Malagasy language as fady citation needed The number of such ethnic groups in Madagascar has been debated The practices that distinguished many of these groups are less prevalent in the st century than they were in the past But many Malagasy are proud to proclaim their association with one or several of these groups as part of their own cultural identity "Highlander" ethnic groups Merina Sihanaka Betsileo Zafimaniry Coastal ethnic groups Antaifasy or Antefasy Antaimoro or Temoro or Antemoro Antaisaka or Antesaka Antambahoaka Antandroy or Tandroy Antankarana Antanosy or Tanosy Academia edit Afifi al Akiti Khasnor Johan historian Khoo Kay Kim Jomo Kwame Sundaram Danny Quah Harith Ahmad Architects edit Main article List of Malaysian architects Artists edit Main article List of Malaysian artists Business edit Tan Sri Syed Mokhtar Al Bukhary born Tan Sri Dato Loh Boon Siew – Tan Sri Jeffrey Cheah Tan Sri William Cheng Dato Choong Chin Liang born Tan Sri Dato Tony Fernandes born Lim Goh Tong – Tan Sri Tiong Hiew King Tan Sri Teh Hong Piow born Chung Keng Quee – Tan Sri Ananda Krishnan born Robert Kuok born Tan Sri Quek Leng Chan born Shoba Purushothaman Shah Hakim Zain Halim Saad Tan Sri Mohd Saleh Sulong Tan Sri Vincent Tan born Lillian Too born Tan Sri Dr Francis Yeoh Tun Daim Zainuddin born Tan Sri Kong Hon Kong Designers edit Bernard Chandran fashion designer Jimmy Choo born shoe designer Poesy Liang born artist writer philanthropist jewellery designer industrial designer interior architect music composer Inventors edit Yi Ren Ng inventor of the Lytro Entertainers edit Yasmin Ahmad – film director Stacy Angie Francissca Peter born Jamal Abdillah born Sudirman Arshad – Loganathan Arumugam died Datuk David Arumugam Alleycats Awal Ashaari Alvin Anthons born Asmawi bin Ani born Ahmad Azhar born Ning Baizura born Kasma Booty died Marion Caunter host of One In A Million and the TV Quickie Ella born Erra Fazira born Sean Ghazi born Fauziah Latiff born Angelica Lee born Daniel Lee Chee Hun born Fish Leong born Sheila Majid born Amy Mastura born Mohamad Nasir Mohamad born Shathiyah Kristian born Meor Aziddin Yusof born Ah Niu born Dayang Nurfaizah born Shanon Shah born Siti Nurhaliza born Misha Omar born Hani Mohsin – Aziz M Osman born Azmyl Yunor born P Ramlee born Aziz Sattar born Fasha Sandha born Ku Nazhatul Shima Ku Kamarazzaman born Nicholas Teo born Pete Teo Penny Tai born Hannah Tan born Jaclyn Victor born Chef Wan Adira Suhaimi Michael Wong born Victor Wong born Dato Michelle Yeoh Hollywood actress born James Wan director of Hollywood films like several Saw films Insidious The Conjuring Fast and Furious born Ziana Zain born Zee Avi Shila Amzah Yunalis Zarai Zamil Idris born Military edit Leftenan Adnan – Warrior from mainland Malaya Antanum Warrior from Sabah Borneo Rentap Warrior from Sarawak Syarif Masahor Warrior from Sarawak Monsopiad Warrior from Sabah Borneo Haji Abdul Rahman Limbong Warrior from Telemong Terengganu Mat Salleh Warrior from Sabah Borneo Rosli Dhobi Warrior from Sarawak Politicians edit Parameswara founder of Sultanate of Malacca Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al Haj st Prime Minister of independent Malaya Tun Abdul Razak nd Prime Minister V T Sambanthan Founding Fathers of Malaysia along with Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tan Cheng Lock Tun Dato Sir Tan Cheng Lock Founder of MCA Tun Hussein Onn rd Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad th Prime Minister Father of Modernisation Abdullah Ahmad Badawi th Prime Minister since Najib Tun Razak Current Prime Minister since Dato Seri Ong Ka Ting Dato Seri Anwar Ibrahim Dato Wan Hisham Wan Salleh Nik Aziz Nik Mat Raja Nong Chik Zainal Abidin Federal Territory and Urban Wellbeing Minister Wan Azizah Wan Ismail Karpal Singh Lim Kit Siang Lim Guan Eng Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah Religious edit Antony Selvanayagam Roman Catholic Bishop of the Diocese of Penang Anthony Soter Fernandez Archbishop Emeritus of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kuala Lumpur and Bishop Emeritus of the Diocese of Penang Gregory Yong – Second Roman Catholic Archbishop of Singapore Tan Sri Datuk Murphy Nicholas Xavier Pakiam Metropolitan archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kuala Lumpur president of the Catholic Bishops Conference of Malaysia Singapore and Brunei and publisher of the Catholic weekly newspaper The Herald Datuk Ng Moon Hing the fourth and current Anglican Bishop of West Malaysia Sportspeople edit Squash edit Datuk Nicol Ann David Ong Beng Hee Azlan Iskandar Low Wee Wern Badminton edit Chan Chong Ming men s doubles Dato Lee Chong Wei Chew Choon Eng men s doubles Wong Choong Hann Chin Eei Hui women s doubles Hafiz Hashim Roslin Hashim Wong Pei Tty women s doubles Choong Tan Fook men s doubles Lee Wan Wah men s doubles Koo Kien Keat men s doubles Tan Boon Heong men s doubles Retired edit Tan Aik Huang Eddy Choong Punch Gunalan Yap Kim Hock Foo Kok Keong Jalani Sidek Misbun Sidek Rashid Sidek Razif Sidek Cheah Soon Kit Lee Wan Wah Football soccer edit Brendan Gan Sydney FC Shaun Maloney Wigan Athletic Akmal Rizal Perak FA Kedah FA RC Strasbourg FCSR Haguenau Norshahrul Idlan Talaha Kelantan FA Khairul Fahmi Che Mat Kelantan FA Mohd Safiq Rahim Selangor FA Mohd Fadzli Saari Selangor FA PBDKT T Team FC SV Wehen Rudie Ramli Selangor FA PKNS F C SV Wehen Mohd Safee Mohd Sali Selangor FA Pelita Jaya Baddrol Bakhtiar Kedah FA Mohd Khyril Muhymeen Zambri Kedah FA Mohd Azmi Muslim Kedah FA Mohd Fadhli Mohd Shas Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce Mohd Irfan Fazail Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce Wan Zack Haikal Wan Noor Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce F C Ryukyu Nazirul Naim Che Hashim Harimau Muda A F C Ryukyu Khairul Izuan Abdullah Sarawak FA Persibo Bojonegoro PDRM FA Stanley Bernard Stephen Samuel Sabah FA Sporting Clube de Goa Nazmi Faiz Harimau Muda A SC Beira Mar Ahmad Fakri Saarani Perlis FA Atlético S C Chun Keng Hong Penang FA Chanthaburi F C Retired edit Serbegeth Singh owner founder of MyTeam Blackburn Rovers F C Global dvisor Mokhtar Dahari former Selangor FA and Malaysian player Lim Teong Kim former Hertha BSC player