Economies with the Greatest Contribution to Global Economic Growth in GDP (PPP) from 2010 to 2020[16] Rank Country Incremental GDP (billions of US$) Share of Global GDP Growth — World 31,456.062 100.0% 1 China 11,060.516 35.2% 2 United States 7,329.705 23.3% — European Union 3,216.416 10.2% 3 India 1,735.136 5.5% 4 United Kingdom 1,444.632 4.6% 5 South Korea 804.264 2.6% 6 Germany 581.470 1.8% 7 Mexico 444.530 1.4% 8 Indonesia 438.653 1.4% 9 Egypt 373.354 1.2% 10 Canada 344.081 1.1% 11 Saudi Arabia 321.746 1.0% 12 Philippines 307.660 1.0% 13 Malaysia 289.394 0.9% 14 France 288.422 0.9% 15 Australia 270.723 0.9% 16 Russia 266.877 0.8% 17 Pakistan 228.144 0.7% 18 Nigeria 221.153 0.7% 19 Taiwan 204.761 0.7% 20 Switzerland 190.163 0.6% 21 Bangladesh 188.819 0.6% 22 Poland 186.995 0.6% 23 United Arab Emirates 182.853 0.6% 24 Hong Kong 177.144 0.6% 25 Vietnam 174.486 0.6% 26 Turkey 174.305 0.6% 27 Argentina 172.237 0.5% 28 Singapore 158.557 0.5% 29 Qatar 142.393 0.5% 30 Colombia 134.292 0.4% 31 Thailand 133.073 0.4% 32 Iraq 130.263 0.4% 33 Kazakhstan 120.610 0.4% 34 Israel 104.742 0.3% 35 Netherlands 102.800 0.3% 36 Sweden 97.365 0.3% 37 Iran 90.936 0.3% 38 Peru 86.529 0.3% 39 Ireland 75.913 0.2% 40 Romania 74.903 0.2% 41 Chile 74.736 0.2% 42 Sri Lanka 72.998 0.2% 43 Belgium 70.890 0.2% 44 Ethiopia 70.407 0.2% 45 Kenya 64.043 0.2% 46 Spain 63.417 0.2% 47 Kuwait 63.116 0.2% 48 Turkmenistan 61.845 0.2% 49 Austria 61.718 0.2% 50 Algeria 57.953 0.2% — Remaining Countries 940.340 3.0% Rank Country Incremental GDP (billions of US$) Share of Global GDP Growth — World 61,043.340 100.0% 1 China 16,563.954 27.1% 2 India 7,335.389 12.0% 3 United States 7,329.705 12.0% — European Union 6,257.424 10.3% 4 Indonesia 2,099.339 3.4% 5 Germany 1,234.409 2.0% 6 Japan 1,192.716 2.0% 7 Mexico 1,058.692 1.7% 8 Brazil 1,023.737 1.7% 9 United Kingdom 1,017.112 1.7% 10 Russia 967.141 1.6% 11 South Korea 934.650 1.5% 12 Saudi Arabia 906.747 1.5% 13 Turkey 859.320 1.4% 14 France 819.643 1.3%

15 Nigeria 725.723 1.2% 16 Canada 626.845 1.0% 17 Philippines 599.584 1.0% 18 Iran 591.892 1.0% 19 Pakistan 587.967 1.0% 20 Egypt 560.544 0.9% 21 Malaysia 551.831 0.9% 22 Thailand 542.776 0.9% 23 Australia 522.779 0.9% 24 Taiwan 519.305 0.9% 25 Poland 514.046 0.8% 26 Bangladesh 491.578 0.8% 27 Spain 487.548 0.8% 28 Iraq 452.811 0.7% 29 Italy 442.347 0.7% 30 Vietnam 429.943 0.7% 31 Colombia 374.710 0.6% 32 United Arab Emirates 365.963 0.6% 33 Algeria 297.409 0.5% 34 South Africa 285.067 0.5% 35 Argentina 271.562 0.4% 36 Myanmar 260.908 0.4% 37 Netherlands 259.138 0.4% 38 Kazakhstan 254.600 0.4% 39 Singapore 242.280 0.4% 40 Peru 241.615 0.4% 41 Chile 218.259 0.4% 42 Qatar 206.774 0.3% 43 Sri Lanka 199.429 0.3% 44 Hong Kong 194.463 0.3% 45 Romania 193.278 0.3% 46 Sweden 184.605 0.3% 47 Morocco 173.370 0.3% 48 Uzbekistan 163.740 0.3% 49 Switzerland 163.274 0.3% 50 Ethiopia 160.377 0.3% — Remaining Countries 4,342.446 7.1% Statistical indicators[edit] Economy[edit] GDP (GWP) (gross world product): (purchasing power parity exchange rates) – $59.38 trillion (2005 est.), $51.48 trillion (2004), $23 trillion (2002) GDP (GWP) (gross world product):[17] (market exchange rates) – $60.69 trillion (2008) GDP – real growth rate: 3.2% (2008), 3.1% p.a. (2000–07), 2.4% p.a. (1990–99), 3.1% p.a. (1980–89) GDP – per capita: purchasing power parity – $9,300, €7,500 (2005 est.), $8,200, €6,800 (92) (2003), $7,900, €5,000 (2002) World median income: purchasing power parity $1,041, €950 (1993)[18] GDP – composition by sector: agriculture: 4%; industry: 32%; services: 64% (2004 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): developed countries 1% to 4% typically; developing countries 5% to 60% typically; national inflation rates vary widely in individual cases, from declining prices in Japan to hyperinflation in several Third World countries (2003) Derivatives OTC outstanding notional amount: $601 trillion (Dec 2010) ([5]) Derivatives exchange traded outstanding notional amount: $82 trillion (June 2011) ([6]) Global debt issuance: $5.187 trillion, €3 trillion (2004), $4.938 trillion, €3.98 trillion (2003), $3.938 trillion (2002) (Thomson Financial League Tables) Global equity issuance: $505 billion, €450 billion (2004), $388 billion. €320 billion (2003), $319 billion, €250 trillion (2002) (Thomson Financial League Tables) Employment[edit] World GDP per capita between 1500–2000 (log scale) World GDP per capita between 1500–2003 GDP increase, 1990–1998 and 1990–2006, in major countries. Unemployment rate: 8.7% (2009 est.). 30% (2007 est.) combined unemployment and underemployment in many non-industrialized countries; developed countries typically 4%–12% unemployment. Industries[edit] Industrial production growth rate: 3% (2002 est.) Energy[edit] Yearly electricity – production: 21,080,878 GWh (2011 est.),[19] 15,850,000 GWh (2003 est.), 14,850,000 GWh (2001 est.) Yearly electricity – consumption: 14,280,000 GWh (2003 est.), 13,930,000 GWh (2001 est.) Oil – production: 79,650,000 bbl/d (12,663,000 m3/d) (2003 est.), 75,460,000 barrels per day (11,997,000 m3/d) (2001) Oil – consumption: 80,100,000 bbl/d (12,730,000 m3/d) (2003 est.), 76,210,000 barrels per day (12,116,000 m3/d) (2001) Oil – proved reserves: 1.025 trillion barrel (163 km³) (2001 est.) Natural gas – production: 3,366 km³ (2012 est.),[20] 2,569 km³ (2001 est.) Natural gas – consumption: 2,556 km³ (2001 est.) Natural gas – proved reserves: 161,200 km³ (1 January 2002) Cross-border[edit] Yearly exports: $12.4 trillion, €8.75 trillion (2009 est.) Exports – commodities: the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services Exports – partners: US 12.7%, Germany 7.1%, China 6.2%, France 4.4%, Japan 4.2%, UK 4.1% (2008) Yearly imports: $12.29 trillion, €9 trillion (2009 est.) Imports – commodities: the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services Imports – partners: China 10.3%, Germany 8.6%, US 8.1%, Japan 5% (2008) Debt – external: $56.9 trillion, €40 trillion (31 December 2009 est.) Gift economy[edit] Yearly economic aid – recipient: net Official Development Assistance (ODA) of $135.2 billion (2014)[21] Communications[edit] Telephones – main lines in use: 843,923,500 (2007) 4,263,367,600 (2008) Telephones – mobile cellular: 3,300,000,000 (Nov. 2007)[22] Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 10,350 (2000 est.) Internet users: 3,079,339,857 (December 31, 2014 [7]), 360,985,492 (December 31, 2000[23]) Transport[edit] Transportation infrastructure worldwide includes: Airports Total: 41,821 (2013)[24] Roadways (in kilometres) Total: 32,345,165 km Paved: 19,403,061 km Unpaved: 12,942,104 km (2002) Railways Total: 1,122,650 km includes about 190,000 to 195,000 km of electrified routes of which 147,760 km are in Europe, 24,509 km in the Far East, 11,050 km in Africa, 4,223 km in South America, and 4,160 km in North America. Military[edit] World military expenditure in 2012: estimated to $1.756 trillion [25] Military expenditures – percent of GDP: roughly 2% of gross world product (1999). Economic Studies[edit] To promote exports, many government agencies publish on the web economic studies by sector and country. Among these agencies include the USCS (US DoC) and FAS (USDA) in the United States, EDC and AAFC in Canada, Ubifrance in France, UKTI in the UK, HKTDC and JETRO in Asia, Austrade and NZTE in Oceania. Through Partnership Agreements, The Federation of International Trade Associations publishes studies from several of these agencies (USCS, FAS, AAFC, UKTI, HKTDC), as well as other non-governmental organizations on its website GlobalTrade.net. See also[edit] Economic history of the world Common Wealth: Economics for a Crowded Planet (book) Global workforce Globality Globalization Global financial system Trade route World Trade Report Emerging and growth-leading economies Regional economies: Economy of Africa Economy of Asia This is a list of annual world production. (Bold number is a list of countries producing commodity) Cement 3,400,000,000 tonnes in 2011 Motor vehicle 84,141,209 in 2012 Contents [hide] 1 Plant 1.1 Cereal 1.2 Vegetable 1.3 Fruit 1.4 Spice 2 Animals 2.1 Domesticated animals 3 Fiber 4 Chemical element Plant[edit] Aquatic plants 16,095,775 tonnes in 2005 Cork (material) 300,000 tonnes Cereal[edit] Production in tonnes. [hide]Name Production Year Note Maize 817,110,509 2009 Rice 704,100,000 2011 Wheat 681,900,000 2009 Barley 134,300,000 2011 Sorghum 56,000,000 2010 Millet 26,706,849 2009 Oat 20,732,000 2013 Rye 13,300,000 2005 Triticale 13,500,000 2011 Buckwheat 5,862,606 2007 Fonio 530,000 2010 Quinoa 80,200 2011 Vegetable[edit] Production in tonnes. [hide]Name Production Year Note Potato 374,400,000 2011 Soybean 230,900,000 2008 Tomatoes 129,649,883 2008 Sweet potato 106,500,000 2009 Onion 72,348,213 2008 Yam 50,000,000 2008 Eggplant 35,326,379 2009 Beans 25,660,564 2008 Dry Bean and green bean Lettuce 23,550,943 2007 Broccoli 19,107,751 2008 Garlic 15,686,310 2008 Ginger 1,387,445 2008 Fruit[edit] Production in tonnes. [hide]Name Production Year Note Watermelon 104,472,354 2011 Banana 102,000,000 2010 Orange (fruit) 68,500,000 2008 Grape 67,221,000 2009 Apple 64,255,520 2008 Mango 42,140,000 2010 Peach 20,530,000 2010 Lemon 13,032,388 2007 Lime (fruit) 13,032,388 2007 Grapefruit 5,061,023 2007 Apricot 3,800,000 2009 Spice[edit] Total production is 1,868,700 tonnes in 2003. Production in tonnes . [hide]Name Production Year Note Fennel 415,027 2008 Black pepper 355,000 2003 Poppy seed 87,422 2008 Vanilla 10,623 Nutmeg 10,000 - 12,000 Anise 8 1999 Animals[edit] Fishing 141,403,138 tonne in 2005 Domesticated animals[edit] Production in millions. [hide]Name Production Year Note Chicken 50,000 reared annually Cow 1,300 2009 population Sheep 1,078.2 2008 Global stocks Pig 918.3 2007 Global stocks Goat 864.38 2008 population Cat 500 Horse 59 2008 Donkey 44 Bactrian Camel 1.4 Fiber[edit] Production in tonnes. [hide]Name Production Year Note Cotton 94,200,000 2009 top ten producers Polyester 49,000,000 2008 Jute 2,833,041 2008 Flax 1,875,018 2007 Wool 1,300,000 Silk 411,776 2005 top ten producers Coir 250,000 Sisal 240,700 2007 Aramid 55,000 2007 Cashmere wool 15,000 - 20,000 Chemical element[edit] Production in tonnes unless otherwise stated. [hide]AN Name Symbol Production Year Note 1 Hydrogen H 50,000,000 2004 2 Helium He 32,000 2008 3 Lithium Li 55,000 potential production 4 Beryllium Be 200 2008 5 Boron B 1,800,000 2005 B2O3 6 Carbon C 1,030,000 2006 Graphite, Diamond 126 tonnes 7 Nitrogen N 8 Oxygen O 100,000,000 O 2 9 Fluorine F 5,500,000 10 Neon Ne 11 Sodium Na 100,000 12 Magnesium Mg 748,000 2007 13 Aluminium Al 44,100,000 2009 Al2O3 72,200,000 in 2006, Bauxite 213,000,000 in 2007 14 Silicon Si 8,000,000 2011 15 Phosphorus P 910,000 16 Sulfur S 69,000,000 2011 17 Chlorine Cl 18 Argon Ar 700,000 19 Potassium K 20 Calcium Ca 21 Scandium Sc 2 22 Titanium Ti 6,700,000 2011 23 Vanadium V 24 Chromium Cr 4,400,000 2000 25 Manganese Mn 26 Iron Fe 1,544,000,000 2005 Iron ore 2,400,000,000 27 Cobalt Co 28 Nickel Ni 1,800,000 29 Copper Cu 15,100,000 2006 30 Zinc Zn 11,200,000 2009 31 Gallium Ga 184 2007 32 Germanium Ge 118 2011 33 Arsenic As 34 Selenium Se 2000 2000 35 Bromine Br 556,000 2007 36 Krypton Kr 37 Rubidium Rb 2 to 4 38 Strontium Sr 39 Yttrium Y 200 2001 40 Zirconium Zr 900,000 1995 41 Niobium Nb 44,500 2006 42 Molybdenum Mo 250,000 2011 43 Technetium Tc 44 Ruthenium Ru 12 45 Rhodium Rh 25 46 Palladium Pd 47 Silver Ag 322,000 2007 (671 million troy ounces) 48 Cadmium Cd 49 Indium In 476 and a further 650 tonnes per year from recycling 50 Tin Sn 340,000 2006 51 Antimony Sb 150,000 2003 52 Tellurium Te 122 2006 4 producers 53 Iodine I 54 Xenon Xe 5,000–7,000 m3 1998 55 Caesium Cs 56 Barium Ba 57 Lanthanum La 58 Cerium Ce 59 Praseodymium Pr 60 Neodymium Nd 7,000 2004 61 Promethium Pm 62 Samarium Sm 700 63 Europium Eu 64 Gadolinium Gd 65 Terbium Tb 66 Dysprosium Dy 100 67 Holmium Ho 68 Erbium Er 69 Thulium Tm 70 Ytterbium Yb 71 Lutetium Lu 72 Hafnium Hf 10 in the form of oxide 73 Tantalum Ta 74 Tungsten W 37,400 2000 concentrates 75 Rhenium Re 40 to 50 76 Osmium Os 1 less than 1 tonne 77 Iridium Ir 3 2000 78 Platinum Pt 239 2006 sold 79 Gold Au 2310 2006 80 Mercury Hg 81 Thallium Tl 10 2009 82 Lead Pb 8,725,000 2008 83 Bismuth Bi 15,000 2008 84 Polonium Po grams 100 85 Astatine At 86 Radon Rn 87 Francium Fr 88 Radium Ra 89 Actinium Ac 90 Thorium Th cement is a binder, a substance that sets and hardens and can bind other materials together. The word "cement" can be traced back to the Roman term opus caementicium, used to describe masonry resembling modern concrete that was made from crushed rock with burnt lime as binder. The volcanic ash and pulverized brick supplements that were added to the burnt lime, to obtain a hydraulic binder, were later referred to as cementum, cimentum, cäment, and cement. Cements used in construction can be characterized as being either hydraulic or non-hydraulic, depending upon the ability of the cement to set in the presence of water (see hydraulic and non-hydraulic lime plaster). Non-hydraulic cement will not set in wet conditions or underwater; rather, it sets as it dries and reacts with carbon dioxide in the air. It can be attacked by some aggressive chemicals after setting. Hydraulic cements (e.g., Portland cement) set and become adhesive due to a chemical reaction between the dry ingredients and water. The chemical reaction results in mineral hydrates that are not very water-soluble and so are quite durable in water and safe from chemical attack. This allows setting in wet condition or underwater and further protects the hardened material from chemical attack. The chemical process for hydraulic cement found by ancient Romans used volcanic ash (activated aluminium silicates[citation needed]) with lime (calcium oxide). The most important uses of cement are as a component in the production of mortar in masonry, and of concrete, a combination of cement and an aggregate to form a strong building material. Contents [hide] 1 Chemistry 2 History 2.1 Alternatives to cement used in antiquity 2.2 Macedonians and Romans 2.3 Middle Ages 2.4 Cements in the 18th century 2.5 Cements in the 19th century 2.6 Cements in the 20th century 3 Modern cements 3.1 Portland cement 3.2 Portland cement blends 3.3 Other cements 4 Setting and curing 5 Safety issues 6 Cement industry in the world 6.1 China 6.2 Africa 7 Environmental impacts 7.1 CO2 emissions 7.2 Heavy metal emissions in the air 7.3 Heavy metals present in the clinker 7.4 Use of alternative fuels and by-products materials 8 Green cement 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Chemistry[edit] Non-hydraulic cement, such as slaked lime (calcium hydroxide mixed with water), hardens by carbonation in the presence of carbon dioxide which is naturally present in the air. First calcium oxide is produced by lime calcination at temperatures above 825 °C (1,517 °F) for about 10 hours at atmospheric pressure: CaCO3 ? CaO + CO2 The calcium oxide is then spent (slaked) mixing it with water to make slaked lime: CaO + H2O ? Ca(OH)2 Once the excess water is completely evaporated (this process is technically called setting), the carbonation starts: Ca(OH)2 + CO2 ? CaCO3 + H2O This reaction takes a significant amount of time because the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the air is low. The carbonation reaction requires the dry cement to be exposed to air, for this reason the slaked lime is a non-hydraulic cement and cannot be used under water. This whole process is called the lime cycle. Conversely, the chemistry ruling the action of the hydraulic cement is hydration. Hydraulic cements (such as Portland cement) are made of a mixture of silicates and oxides, the four main components being: Belite (2CaO•SiO2); Alite (3CaO•SiO2); Tricalcium aluminate (3CaO•Al2O3) (historically, and still occasionally, called 'celite'); Brownmillerite (4CaO•Al2O3•Fe2O3). The silicates are responsible of the mechanical properties of the cement, the tricalcium aluminate and the brownmillerite are essential to allow the formation of the liquid phase during the kiln sintering (firing). The chemistry of the above listed reactions is not completely clear and is still the object of research.[4] History[edit] Alternatives to cement used in antiquity[edit] Cement, chemically speaking, is a product including lime as the primary curing ingredient, but it is far from the first material used for cementation. The Babylonians and Assyrians used bitumen to bind together burnt brick or alabaster slabs. In Egypt stone blocks were cemented together with mortar, a combination of sand and roughly burnt gypsum, which often contained calcium carbonate.[5] Macedonians and Romans[edit] Lime (calcium oxide) was used on Crete and by the ancient Greeks. There is evidence that the Minoans of Crete used crushed potshards as an artificial pozzolan for hydraulic cement.[5] It is uncertain where it was first discovered that a combination of hydrated non-hydraulic lime and a pozzolan produces a hydraulic mixture (see also: Pozzolanic reaction), but concrete made from such mixtures was used by the Ancient Macedonians[6][7] and three centuries later on a large scale by Roman engineers.[8] There is... a kind of powder which from natural causes produces astonishing results. It is found in the neighborhood of Baiae and in the country belonging to the towns round about Mt. Vesuvius. This substance when mixed with lime and rubble not only lends strength to buildings of other kinds, but even when piers of it are constructed in the sea, they set hard under water. —?Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, Liber II, De Architctura, Chapter VI "Pozzolana" Sec. 1 The Greeks used volcanic tuff from the island of Thera as their pozzolan and the Romans used crushed volcanic ash (activated aluminium silicates) with lime. This mixture was able to set under water increasing its resistance.[clarification needed] The material was called pozzolana from the town of Pozzuoli, west of Naples where volcanic ash was extracted.[9] In the absence of pozzolanic ash, the Romans used powdered brick or pottery as a substitute and they may have used crushed tiles for this purpose before discovering natural sources near Rome.[5] The huge dome of the Pantheon in Rome and the massive Baths of Caracalla are examples of ancient structures made from these concretes, many of which are still standing.[10] The vast system of Roman aqueducts also made extensive use of hydraulic cement.[11] Middle Ages[edit] Although any preservation of this knowledge in literary sources from the Middle Ages is unknown, medieval masons and some military engineers maintained an active tradition of using hydraulic cement in structures such as canals, fortresses, harbors, and shipbuilding facilities.[12][13] Cements in the 18th century[edit] Technical knowledge of making hydraulic cement was later formalized by French and British engineers in the 18th century.[12] Tabby, a building material using oyster-shell lime, sand, and whole oyster shells to form a concrete, was introduced to the Americas by the Spanish in the sixteenth century.[14] John Smeaton made an important contribution to the development of cements while planning the construction of the third Eddystone Lighthouse (1755–59) in the English Channel now known as Smeaton's Tower. He needed a hydraulic mortar that would set and develop some strength in the twelve hour period between successive high tides. He performed experiments with combinations of different limestones and additives including trass and pozzolanas[5] and did exhaustive market research on the available hydraulic limes, visiting their production sites, and noted that the "hydraulicity" of the lime was directly related to the clay content of the limestone from which it was made. Smeaton was a civil engineer by profession, and took the idea no further. In the South Atlantic seaboard of the United States, tabby relying upon the oyster-shell middens of earlier Native American populations was used in house construction from the 1730s to the 1860s.[14] In Britain particularly, good quality building stone became ever more expensive during a period of rapid growth, and it became a common practice to construct prestige buildings from the new industrial bricks, and to finish them with a stucco to imitate stone. Hydraulic limes were favored for this, but the need for a fast set time encouraged the development of new cements. Most famous was Parker's "Roman cement".[15] This was developed by James Parker in the 1780s, and finally patented in 1796. It was, in fact, nothing like material used by the Romans, but was a "natural cement" made by burning septaria – nodules that are found in certain clay deposits, and that contain both clay minerals and calcium carbonate. The burnt nodules were ground to a fine powder. This product, made into a mortar with sand, set in 5–15 minutes. The success of "Roman cement" led other manufacturers to develop rival products by burning artificial hydraulic lime cements of clay and chalk. Roman cement quickly became popular but was largely replaced by Portland cement in the 1850s.[5] Cements in the 19th century[edit] Apparently unaware of Smeaton's work, the same principle was identified by Frenchman Louis Vicat in the first decade of the nineteenth century. Vicat went on to devise a method of combining chalk and clay into an intimate mixture, and, burning this, produced an "artificial cement" in 1817[16] considered the "principal forerunner"[5] of Portland cement and "...Edgar Dobbs of Southwark patented a cement of this kind in 1811."[5] In Russia, Egor Cheliev created a new binder by mixing lime and clay. His results were published in 1822 in his book A Treatise on the Art to Prepare a Good Mortar published in St. Petersburg. A few years later in 1825, he published another book, which described the various methods of making cement and concrete, as well as the benefits of cement in the construction of buildings and embankments.[17][18] James Frost,[19] working in Britain, produced what he called "British cement" in a similar manner around the same time, but did not obtain a patent until 1822. In 1824, Joseph Aspdin patented a similar material, which he called Portland cement, because the render made from it was in color similar to the prestigious Portland stone. However, Aspdins' cement was nothing like modern Portland cement but was a first step in its development, called a proto-Portland cement.[5] Joseph Aspdins' son William Aspdin had left his fathers company and in his cement manufacturing apparently accidentally produced calcium silicates in the 1840s, a middle step in the development of Portland cement. William Aspdin's innovation was counterintuitive for manufacturers of "artificial cements", because they required more lime in the mix (a problem for his father), a much higher kiln temperature (and therefore more fuel), and the resulting clinker was very hard and rapidly wore down the millstones, which were the only available grinding technology of the time. Manufacturing costs were therefore considerably higher, but the product set reasonably slowly and developed strength quickly, thus opening up a market for use in concrete. The use of concrete in construction grew rapidly from 1850 onward, and was soon the dominant use for cements. Thus Portland cement began its predominant role. Isaac Charles Johnson further refined the production of meso-Portland cement (middle stage of development) and claimed to be the real father of Portland cement.[20] Setting time and "early strength" are important characteristics of cements. Hydraulic limes, "natural" cements, and "artificial" cements all rely upon their belite content for strength development. Belite develops strength slowly. Because they were burned at temperatures below 1,250 °C (2,280 °F), they contained no alite, which is responsible for early strength in modern cements. The first cement to consistently contain alite was made by William Aspdin in the early 1840s: This was what we call today "modern" Portland cement. Because of the air of mystery with which William Aspdin surrounded his product, others (e.g., Vicat and Johnson) have claimed precedence in this invention, but recent analysis[21] of both his concrete and raw cement have shown that William Aspdin's product made at Northfleet, Kent was a true alite-based cement. However, Aspdin's methods were "rule-of-thumb": Vicat is responsible for establishing the chemical basis of these cements, and Johnson established the importance of sintering the mix in the kiln. In the US the first large-scale use of cement was Rosendale cement, a natural cement mined from a massive deposit of a large dolostone rock deposit discovered in the early 19th century near Rosendale, New York. Rosendale cement was extremely popular for the foundation of buildings (e.g., Statue of Liberty, Capitol Building, Brooklyn Bridge) and lining water pipes.[22] Sorel cement was patented in 1867 by Frenchman Stanislas Sorel and was stronger than Portland cement but its poor water restive and corrosive qualities limited its use in building construction. The next development with the manufacture of Portland cement was the introduction of the rotary kiln which allowed a stronger, more homogeneous mixture and a continuous manufacturing process.[5] Cements in the 20th century[edit] The National Cement Share Company of Ethiopia's new plant in Dire Dawa. Calcium aluminate cements were patented in 1908 in France by Jules Bied for better resistance to sulfates. In the US, the long curing time of at least a month for Rosendale cement made it unpopular after World War One in the construction of highways and bridges and many states and construction firms turned to the use of Portland cement. Because of the switch to Portland cement, by the end of the 1920s of the 15 Rosendale cement companies, only one had survived. But in the early 1930s it was discovered that, while Portland cement had a faster setting time it was not as durable, especially for highways, to the point that some states stopped building highways and roads with cement. Bertrain H. Wait, an engineer whose company had worked on the construction of the New York City's Catskill Aqueduct, was impressed with the durability of Rosendale cement, and came up with a blend of both Rosendale and synthetic cements which had the good attributes of both: it was highly durable and had a much faster setting time. Mr. Wait convinced the New York Commissioner of Highways to construct an experimental section of highway near New Paltz, New York, using one sack of Rosendale to six sacks of synthetic cement. It was proved a success and for decades the Rosendale-synthetic cement blend became common use in highway and bridge construction.[22] Modern cements[edit] Modern hydraulic cements began to be developed from the start of the Industrial Revolution (around 1800), driven by three main needs: Hydraulic cement render (stucco) for finishing brick buildings in wet climates. Hydraulic mortars for masonry construction of harbor works, etc., in contact with sea water. Development of strong concretes. Modern cements are often Portland cement or Portland cement blends, but other cements are used in industry. Components of Cement Comparison of Chemical and Physical Characteristicsa[23][24][25] Property Portland Cement Siliceous (ASTM C618 Class F) Fly Ash Calcareous (ASTM C618 Class C) Fly Ash Slag Cement Silica Fume SiO2 content (%) 21.9 52 35 35 85–97 Al2O3 content (%) 6.9 23 18 12 — Fe2O3 content (%) 3 11 6 1 — CaO content (%) 63 5 21 40 < 1 MgO content (%) 2.5 — — — — SO3 content (%) 1.7 — — — — Specific surfaceb (m2/kg) 370 420 420 400 15,000– 30,000 Specific gravity 3.15 2.38 2.65 2.94 2.22 General use in concrete Primary binder Cement replacement Cement replacement Cement replacement Property enhancer aValues shown are approximate: those of a specific material may vary. bSpecific surface measurements for silica fume by nitrogen adsorption (BET) method, others by air permeability method (Blaine). Portland cement[edit] Main article: Portland cement Portland cement is by far the most common type of cement in general use around the world. This cement is made by heating limestone (calcium carbonate) with other materials (such as clay) to 1450 °C in a kiln, in a process known as calcination, whereby a molecule of carbon dioxide is liberated from the calcium carbonate to form calcium oxide, or quicklime, which is then blended with the other materials that have been included in the mix to form calcium silicates and other cementitious compounds. The resulting hard substance, called 'clinker', is then ground with a small amount of gypsum into a powder to make 'Ordinary Portland Cement', the most commonly used type of cement (often referred to as OPC). Portland cement is a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar and most non-specialty grout. The most common use for Portland cement is in the production of concrete. Concrete is a composite material consisting of aggregate (gravel and sand), cement, and water. As a construction material, concrete can be cast in almost any shape desired, and once hardened, can become a structural (load bearing) element. Portland cement may be grey or white. Portland cement blends[edit] Portland cement blends are often available as inter-ground mixtures from cement producers, but similar formulations are often also mixed from the ground components at the concrete mixing plant.[26] Portland blast-furnace slag cement, or Blast furnace cement (ASTM C595 and EN 197-1 nomenclature respectively), contains up to 95% ground granulated blast furnace slag, with the rest Portland clinker and a little gypsum. All compositions produce high ultimate strength, but as slag content is increased, early strength is reduced, while sulfate resistance increases and heat evolution diminishes. Used as an economic alternative to Portland sulfate-resisting and low-heat cements.[27] Portland-fly ash cement contains up to 40% fly ash under ASTM standards (ASTM C595), or 35% under EN standards (EN 197-1). The fly ash is pozzolanic, so that ultimate strength is maintained. Because fly ash addition allows a lower concrete water content, early strength can also be maintained. Where good quality cheap fly ash is available, this can be an economic alternative to ordinary Portland cement.[28] Portland pozzolan cement includes fly ash cement, since fly ash is a pozzolan, but also includes cements made from other natural or artificial pozzolans. In countries where volcanic ashes are available (e.g. Italy, Chile, Mexico, the Philippines) these cements are often the most common form in use. The maximum replacement ratios are generally defined as for Portland-fly ash cement. Portland silica fume cement. Addition of silica fume can yield exceptionally high strengths, and cements containing 5–20% silica fume are occasionally produced, with 10% being the maximum allowed addition under EN 197-1. However, silica fume is more usually added to Portland cement at the concrete mixer.[29] Masonry cements are used for preparing bricklaying mortars and stuccos, and must not be used in concrete. They are usually complex proprietary formulations containing Portland clinker and a number of other ingredients that may include limestone, hydrated lime, air entrainers, retarders, waterproofers and coloring agents. They are formulated to yield workable mortars that allow rapid and consistent masonry work. Subtle variations of Masonry cement in the US are Plastic Cements and Stucco Cements. These are designed to produce controlled bond with masonry blocks. Expansive cements contain, in addition to Portland clinker, expansive clinkers (usually sulfoaluminate clinkers), and are designed to offset the effects of drying shrinkage that is normally encountered with hydraulic cements. This allows large floor slabs (up to 60 m square) to be prepared without contraction joints. White blended cements may be made using white clinker (containing little or no iron) and white supplementary materials such as high-purity metakaolin. Colored cements are used for decorative purposes. In some standards, the addition of pigments to produce "colored Portland cement" is allowed. In other standards (e.g. ASTM), pigments are not allowed constituents of Portland cement, and colored cements are sold as "blended hydraulic cements". Very finely ground cements are made from mixtures of cement with sand or with slag or other pozzolan type minerals that are extremely finely ground together. Such cements can have the same physical characteristics as normal cement but with 50% less cement particularly due to their increased surface area for the chemical reaction. Even with intensive grinding they can use up to 50% less energy to fabricate than ordinary Portland cements.[30] Other cements[edit] Pozzolan-lime cements. Mixtures of ground pozzolan and lime are the cements used by the Romans, and can be found in Roman structures still standing (e.g. the Pantheon in Rome). They develop strength slowly, but their ultimate strength can be very high. The hydration products that produce strength are essentially the same as those produced by Portland cement. Slag-lime cements. Ground granulated blast-furnace slag is not hydraulic on its own, but is "activated" by addition of alkalis, most economically using lime. They are similar to pozzolan lime cements in their properties. Only granulated slag (i.e. water-quenched, glassy slag) is effective as a cement component. Supersulfated cements contain about 80% ground granulated blast furnace slag, 15% gypsum or anhydrite and a little Portland clinker or lime as an activator. They produce strength by formation of ettringite, with strength growth similar to a slow Portland cement. They exhibit good resistance to aggressive agents, including sulfate. Calcium aluminate cements are hydraulic cements made primarily from limestone and bauxite. The active ingredients are monocalcium aluminate CaAl2O4 (CaO • Al2O3 or CA in Cement chemist notation, CCN) and mayenite Ca12Al14O33 (12 CaO • 7 Al2O3, or C12A7 in CCN). Strength forms by hydration to calcium aluminate hydrates. They are well-adapted for use in refractory (high-temperature resistant) concretes, e.g. for furnace linings. Calcium sulfoaluminate cements are made from clinkers that include ye'elimite (Ca4(AlO2)6SO4 or C4A3S in Cement chemist's notation) as a primary phase. They are used in expansive cements, in ultra-high early strength cements, and in "low-energy" cements. Hydration produces ettringite, and specialized physical properties (such as expansion or rapid reaction) are obtained by adjustment of the availability of calcium and sulfate ions. Their use as a low-energy alternative to Portland cement has been pioneered in China, where several million tonnes per year are produced.[31][32] Energy requirements are lower because of the lower kiln temperatures required for reaction, and the lower amount of limestone (which must be endothermically decarbonated) in the mix. In addition, the lower limestone content and lower fuel consumption leads to a CO2 emission around half that associated with Portland clinker. However, SO2 emissions are usually significantly higher. "Natural" cements correspond to certain cements of the pre-Portland era, produced by burning argillaceous limestones at moderate temperatures. The level of clay components in the limestone (around 30–35%) is such that large amounts of belite (the low-early strength, high-late strength mineral in Portland cement) are formed without the formation of excessive amounts of free lime. As with any natural material, such cements have highly variable properties. Geopolymer cements are made from mixtures of water-soluble alkali metal silicates and aluminosilicate mineral powders such as fly ash and metakaolin. Setting and curing[edit] Cement starts to set when mixed with water which causes a series of hydration chemical reactions. The constituents slowly hydrate and the mineral hydrates solidify; the interlocking of the hydrates gives cement its strength. Contrary to popular perceptions, hydraulic cements do not set by drying out; proper curing requires maintaining the appropriate moisture content during the curing process. If hydraulic cements dry out during curing, the resulting product can be significantly weakened. Safety issues[edit] Bags of cement routinely have health and safety warnings printed on them because not only is cement highly alkaline, but the setting process is exothermic. As a result, wet cement is strongly caustic (water pH = 13.5) and can easily cause severe skin burns if not promptly washed off with water. Similarly, dry cement powder in contact with mucous membranes can cause severe eye or respiratory irritation. Some trace elements, such as chromium, from impurities naturally present in the raw materials used to produce cement may cause allergic dermatitis.[1] Reducing agents such as ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) are often added to cement to convert the carcinogenic hexavalent chromate (CrO42-) in trivalent chromium (Cr3+), a less toxic chemical species. Cement users need also to wear appropriate gloves and protective clothing.[33][34][35] Cement industry in the world[edit] Global Cement Production in 2010 Global Cement Capacity in 2010 See also: List of countries by cement production In 2010, the world production of hydraulic cement was 3,300 million tonnes. The top three producers were China with 1,800, India with 220, and USA with 63.5 million tonnes for a combined total of over half the world total by the world's three most populated states.[36] For the world capacity to produce cement in 2010, the situation was similar with the top three states (China, India, and USA) accounting for just under half the world total capacity.[37] Over 2011 and 2012, global consumption continued to climb, rising to 3585 Mt in 2011 and 3736 Mt in 2012, while annual growth rates eased to 8.3% and 4.2%, respectively. China, representing an increasing share of world cement consumption, continued to be the main engine of global growth. By 2012, Chinese demand was recorded at 2160 Mt, representing 58% of world consumption. Annual growth rates, which reached 16% in 2010, appear to have softened, slowing to 5–6% over 2011 and 2012, as China’s economy targets a more sustainable growth rate. Outside of China, worldwide consumption climbed by 4.4% to 1462 Mt in 2010, 5% to 1535 Mt in 2011, and finally 2.7% to 1576 Mt in 2012. Iran is now the 3rd largest cement producer in the world and has increased its output by over 10% from 2008 to 2011.[38] Due to climbing energy costs in Pakistan and other major cement-producing countries, Iran is a unique position as a trading partner, utilizing its own surplus petroleum to power clinker plants. Now a top producer in the Middle-East, Iran is further increasing its dominant position in local markets and abroad.[39] The performance in North America and Europe over the 2010–12 period contrasted strikingly with that of China, as the global financial crisis evolved into a sovereign debt crisis for many economies in this region and recession. Cement consumption levels for this region fell by 1.9% in 2010 to 445 Mt, recovered by 4.9% in 2011, then dipped again by 1.1% in 2012. The performance in the rest of the world, which includes many emerging economies in Asia, Africa and Latin America and representing some 1020 Mt cement demand in 2010, was positive and more than offset the declines in North America and Europe. Annual consumption growth was recorded at 7.4% in 2010, moderating to 5.1% and 4.3% in 2011 and 2012, respectively. As at year-end 2012, the global cement industry consisted of 5673 cement production facilities, including both integrated and grinding, of which 3900 were located in China and 1773 in the rest of the world. Total cement capacity worldwide was recorded at 5245 Mt in 2012, with 2950 Mt located in China and 2295 Mt in the rest of the world.[40] China[edit] "For the past 18 years, China consistently has produced more cement than any other country in the world. [...] (However,) China's cement export peaked in 1994 with 11 million tonnes shipped out and has been in steady decline ever since. Only 5.18 million tonnes were exported out of China in 2002. Offered at $34 a ton, Chinese cement is pricing itself out of the market as Thailand is asking as little as $20 for the same quality."[41] In 2006, it was estimated that China manufactured 1.235 billion tonnes of cement, which was 44% of the world total cement production.[42] "Demand for cement in China is expected to advance 5.4% annually and exceed 1 billion tonnes in 2008, driven by slowing but healthy growth in construction expenditures. Cement consumed in China will amount to 44% of global demand, and China will remain the world's largest national consumer of cement by a large margin."[43] In 2010, 3.3 billion tonnes of cement was consumed globally. Of this, China accounted for 1.8 billion tonnes.[44] Africa[edit] See also: Cement in Africa Environmental impacts[edit] Cement manufacture causes environmental impacts at all stages of the process. These include emissions of airborne pollution in the form of dust, gases, noise and vibration when operating machinery and during blasting in quarries, and damage to countryside from quarrying. Equipment to reduce dust emissions during quarrying and manufacture of cement is widely used, and equipment to trap and separate exhaust gases are coming into increased use. Environmental protection also includes the re-integration of quarries into the countryside after they have been closed down by returning them to nature or re-cultivating them. CO2 emissions[edit] Global carbon emission by type to 2004. Attribution: Mak Thorpe Carbon concentration in cement spans from ˜5% in cement structures to ˜8% in the case of roads in cement.[45] Cement manufacturing releases CO2 in the atmosphere both directly when calcium carbonate is heated, producing lime and carbon dioxide,[46] and also indirectly through the use of energy if its production involves the emission of CO2. The cement industry produces about 5% of global man-made CO2 emissions, of which 50% is from the chemical process, and 40% from burning fuel.[47] The amount of CO2 emitted by the cement industry is nearly 900 kg of CO2 for every 1000 kg of cement produced. In the European union the specific energy consumption for the production of cement clinker has been reduced by approximately 30% since the 1970s. This reduction in primary energy requirements is equivalent to approximately 11 million tonnes of coal per year with corresponding benefits in reduction of CO2 emissions. This accounts for approximately 5% of anthropogenic CO2.[48] The high proportion of carbon dioxide produced in the chemical reaction leads to a large decrease in mass in the conversion from limestone to cement. So, to reduce the transport of heavier raw materials and to minimize the associated costs, it is more economical for cement plants to be closer to the limestone quarries rather than to the consumer centers.[49] In certain applications, lime mortar reabsorbs the same amount of CO2 as was released in its manufacture, and has a lower energy requirement in production than mainstream cement. Newly developed cement types from Novacem[50] and Eco-cement can absorb carbon dioxide from ambient air during hardening.[51] Use of the Kalina cycle during production can also increase energy efficiency. Heavy metal emissions in the air[edit] In some circumstances, mainly depending on the origin and the composition of the raw materials used, the high-temperature calcination process of limestone and clay minerals can release in the atmosphere gases and dust rich in volatile heavy metals, a.o, thallium,[52] cadmium and mercury are the most toxic. Heavy metals (Tl, Cd, Hg, ...) are often found as trace elements in common metal sulfides (pyrite (FeS2), zinc blende (ZnS), galena (PbS), ...) present as secondary minerals in most of the raw materials. Environmental regulations exist in many countries to limit these emissions. As of 2011 in the United States, cement kilns are "legally allowed to pump more toxins into the Lauris Reiniks – singer songwriter actor and TV personality Einars Repše born – politician Lolita Ritmanis born – orchestrator composer Ilja Ripss born inventor of the Bible Code Fricis Rokpelnis – – author Marks Rotko – – abstract expressionist painter Elza Rozenberga – – poet playwright married to Janis Pliekšans Juris Rubenis born – famous Lutheran pastor Martinš Rubenis born – athlete bronze medalist at the Winter Olympics in Turin Brunis Rubess born – businessman Inta Ruka born – photographer Tana Rusova born – pornographic actress S edit Rudolfs Saule born ballet master performer with the Latvian National Ballet Uljana Semjonova born – basketball player Haralds Silovs – short track and long track speed skater Karlis Skalbe – – poet Karlis Skrastinš – – ice hockey player Baiba Skride born – violinist Konstantins Sokolskis – – romance and tango singer Ksenia Solo born Latvian Canadian actress Serge Sorokko born art dealer and publisher Raimonds Staprans born – Latvian American painter Janis Šteinhauers – – Latvian industrialist entrepreneur and civil rights activist Gotthard Friedrich Stender – the first Latvian grammarian Lina Šterna – – biologist and social activist Roze Stiebra born animator Henrijs Stolovs – – stamp dealer Janis Streics born – film director screenwriter actor Janis Strelnieks born – basketball player Peteris Stucka – – author translator editor jurist and educator Janis Sudrabkalns poet and journalist Jevgenijs Svešnikovs born – prominent chess player Stanislavs Svjanevics – – economist and historian Š edit Viktors Šcerbatihs born – athlete weightlifter Pauls Šimanis – – Baltic German journalist politician activist defending and preserving European minority cultures Vestards Šimkus born – pianist Aleksejs Širovs born – chess player Andris Škele born – politician Prime Minister of Latvia Armands Škele – basketball player Ksenia Solo born – actress Ernests Štalbergs – – architect ensemble of the Freedom Monument Izaks Nahmans Šteinbergs – – politician lawyer and author Maris Štrombergs – BMX cyclist gold medal winner at and Olympics T edit Esther Takeuchi born – materials scientist and chemical engineer Mihails Tals – – the th World Chess Champion Janis Roberts Tilbergs – – painter sculptor U edit Guntis Ulmanis born – president of Latvia Karlis Ulmanis – – prime minister and president of Latvia


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lise-pinson little-oral-annie liza-dwyer liza-harper lizzy-borden logan-labrent lois-ayres lola-cait long-jean-silver loni-bunny loni-sanders loona-luxx lorelei-lee lorelei-rand lorena-sanchez lori-alexia lori-blue lorrie-lovett luci-diamond lucie-doll lucie-theodorova lucy-van-dam lydia-baum lynn-franciss lynn-lemay lynn-ray lynn-stevens lynx-canon lysa-thatcher madelina-ray madison-parker magdalena-lynn maggie-randall mai-lin mandi-wine mandy-bright mandy-malone mandy-may mandy-mistery mandy-starr marcia-minor maren margit-ojetz margitta-hofer margo-stevens margot-mahler mariah-cherry marianne-aubert maria-tortuga marie-anne marie-christine-chireix marie-christine-veroda marie-claude-moreau marie-dominique-cabannes marie-france-morel marie-luise-lusewitz marie-sharp marilyn-chambers marilyne-leroy marilyn-gee marilyn-jess marilyn-martyn marilyn-star marina-hedman marion-webb marita-ekberg marita-kemper marlena marlene-willoughby marry-queen martine-grimaud martine-schultz maryanne-fisher mary-hubay mary-ramunno mary-stuart mascha-mouton maud-kennedy mauvais-denoir maxine-tyler maya-black maya-france megan-leigh megan-martinez megan-reece mei-ling melanie-hotlips melanie-scott melba-cruz melinda-russell melissa-bonsardo melissa-del-prado melissa-golden melissa-martinez melissa-melendez melissa-monet mercedes-dragon mercedes-lynn merle-michaels mesha-lynn mia-beck mia-lina mia-smiles michele-raven michelle-aston michelle-ferrari michelle-greco michelle-maren michelle-maylene michelle-monroe micki-lynn mika-barthel mika-tan mikki-taylor mimi-morgan mindy-rae ming-toy miranda-stevens miss-bunny miss-meadow miss-pomodoro missy missy-graham missy-stone missy-vega misti-jane mistress-candice misty-anderson misty-dawn misty-rain misty-regan mona-lisa mona-page moni monica-baal monica-swinn monika-peta monika-sandmayr monika-unco monique-bruno monique-cardin monique-charell monique-demoan monique-gabrielle monique-la-belle morgan-fairlane morrigan-hel moxxie-maddron mulani-rivera mysti-may nadege-arnaud nadia-styles nadine-bronx nadine-proutnal nadine-roussial nadi-phuket nanci-suiter nancy-hoffman nancy-vee natacha-delyro natalia-wood natalli-diangelo natascha-throat natasha-skyler naudia-nyce nessa-devil nessy-grant nesty nicki-hunter nicky-reed nicole-berg nicole-bernard nicole-black nicole-grey nicole-london nicole-parks nicole-scott nicole-taylor nicolette-fauludi nicole-west nika-blond nika-mamic niki-cole nikita-love nikita-rush nikki-charm nikki-grand nikki-king nikki-knight nikki-randall nikki-rhodes nikki-santana nikki-steele nikki-wilde niko nina-cherry nina-deponca nina-hartley nina-preta oana-efria obaya-roberts olesja-derevko olga-cabaeva olga-conti olga-pechova olga-petrova olivia-alize olivia-del-rio olivia-flores olivia-la-roche olivia-outre ophelia-tozzi orchidea-keresztes orsolya-blonde paige-turner paisley-hunter pamela-bocchi pamela-jennings pamela-mann pamela-stanford pamela-stealt pandora paola-albini pascale-vital pat-manning pat-rhea patricia-dale patricia-diamond patricia-kennedy patricia-rhomberg patrizia-predan patti-cakes patti-petite paula-brasile paula-harlow paula-morton paula-price paula-winters pauline-teutscher penelope-pumpkins penelope-valentin petra-hermanova petra-lamas peyton-lafferty phaedra-grant pia-snow piper-fawn pipi-anderson porsche-lynn porsha-carrera precious-silver priscillia-lenn purple-passion queeny-love rachel-ashley rachel-love rachel-luv rachel-roxxx rachel-ryan rachel-ryder racquel-darrian rane-revere raven reagan-maddux rebecca-bardoux regan-anthony regine-bardot regula-mertens reina-leone reka-gabor renae-cruz renee-foxx renee-lovins renee-morgan renee-perez renee-summers renee-tiffany rhonda-jo-petty rikki-blake riley-ray rio-mariah rita-ricardo roberta-gemma roberta-pedon robin-byrd robin-cannes robin-everett robin-sane rochell-starr rosa-lee-kimball rosemarie roxanne-blaze roxanne-hall roxanne-rollan ruby-richards sabina-k sabre sabrina-chimaera sabrina-dawn sabrina-jade sabrina-johnson sabrina-love-cox sabrina-mastrolorenzi sabrina-rose sabrina-scott sabrina-summers sacha-davril sahara sahara-sands sai-tai-tiger samantha-fox samantha-ryan samantha-sterlyng samantha-strong samueline-de-la-rosa sandra-cardinale sandra-de-marco sandra-kalermen sandra-russo sandy-lee sandy-pinney sandy-reed sandy-samuel sandy-style sandy-summers sara-brandy-canyon sara-faye sarah-bernard sarah-cabrera sarah-hevyn sarah-mills sarah-shine sara-sloane sasha sasha-hollander sasha-ligaya sasha-rose satine-phoenix satin-summer savannah-stern savanna-jane scarlet-scarleau scarlet-windsor seka selena serena serena-south severine-amoux shana-evans shanna-mccullough shannon-kelly shannon-rush shantell-day sharon-da-vale sharon-kane sharon-mitchell shaun-michelle shawna-sexton shawnee-cates shay-hendrix shayne-ryder sheena-horne sheer-delight shelby-star shelby-stevens shelly-berlin shelly-lyons sheri-st-clair sheyla-cats shonna-lynn shyla-foxxx shy-love sierra-sinn sierra-skye sigrun-theil silver-starr silvia-bella silvia-saint silvie-de-lux silvy-taylor simone-west sindee-coxx sindy-lange sindy-shy siobhan-hunter skylar-knight skylar-price skyler-dupree smokie-flame smoking-mary-jane solange-shannon sonya-summers sophia-santi sophie-call sophie-duflot sophie-evans sophie-guers stacey-donovan stacy-lords stacy-moran stacy-nichols stacy-silver stacy-thorn starla-fox starr-wood stefania-bruni stella-virgin stephanie-duvalle stephanie-rage stephanie-renee stevie-taylor summer-knight summer-rose sunny-day sunset-thomas sunshine-seiber susan-hart susanne-brend susan-nero susi-hotkiss suzanne-mcbain suzan-nielsen suzie-bartlett suzie-carina suzi-sparks sweet-nice sweety-pie sybille-rossani sylvia-benedict sylvia-bourdon sylvia-brand sylvia-engelmann syreeta-taylor syren-de-mer syvette szabina-black szilvia-lauren tai-ellis taija-rae taisa-banx talia-james tamara-lee tamara-longley tamara-n-joy tamara-west tami-white tammy tammy-lee tammy-reynolds tania-lorenzo tantala-ray tanya-danielle tanya-fox tanya-foxx tanya-lawson tanya-valis tara-aire tasha-voux tatjana-belousova tatjana-skomorokhova tawnee-lee tawny-pearl tayla-rox taylor-wane teddi-austin teddi-barrett tera-bond tera-heart tera-joy teresa-may teresa-orlowski teri-diver teri-weigel terri-dolan terri-hall tess-ferre tess-newheart thais-vieira tia-cherry tianna tiara tiffany-blake tiffany-clark tiffany-duponte tiffany-rayne tiffany-rousso tiffany-storm tiffany-towers tiffany-tyler tiger-lily tigr timea-vagvoelgyi tina-blair tina-burner tina-evil tina-gabriel tina-loren tina-marie tina-russell tish-ambrose tommi-rose tonisha-mills topsy-curvey tori-secrets tori-sinclair tori-welles tracey-adams traci-lords traci-topps traci-winn tracy-duzit tracy-love tracy-williams tricia-devereaux tricia-yen trinity-loren trisha-rey trista-post trixie-tyler ultramax ursula-gaussmann ursula-moore uschi-karnat valentina valerie-leveau valery-hilton vanessa-chase vanessa-del-rio vanessa-michaels vanessa-ozdanic vanilla-deville velvet-summers veri-knotty veronica-dol veronica-hart veronica-hill veronica-rayne veronica-sage veronika-vanoza via-paxton vicky-lindsay vicky-vicci victoria-evans victoria-gold victoria-knight victoria-luna victoria-paris victoria-slick victoria-zdrok viper virginie-caprice vivian-valentine vivien-martines wendi-white wendy-divine whitney-banks whitney-fears whitney-wonders wonder-tracey wow-nikki xanthia-berstein yasmine-fitzgerald yelena-shieffer yvonne-green zara-whites zsanett-egerhazi zuzie-boobies

air than are hazardous-waste incinerators."[53] Heavy metals present in the clinker[edit] The presence of heavy metals in the clinker arises both from the natural raw materials and from the use of recycled by-products or alternative fuels. The high pH prevailing in the cement porewater (12.5 < pH < 13.5) limits the mobility of many heavy metals by decreasing their solubility and increasing their sorption onto the cement mineral phases. Nickel, zinc and lead are commonly found in cement in non-negligible concentrations. Use of alternative fuels and by-products materials[edit] A cement plant consumes 3 to 6 GJ of fuel per tonne of clinker produced, depending on the raw materials and the process used. Most cement kilns today use coal and petroleum coke as primary fuels, and to a lesser extent natural gas and fuel oil. Selected waste and by-products with recoverable calorific value can be used as fuels in a cement kiln (referred to as co-processing), replacing a portion of conventional fossil fuels, like coal, if they meet strict specifications. Selected waste and by-products containing useful minerals such as calcium, silica, alumina, and iron can be used as raw materials in the kiln, replacing raw materials such as clay, shale, and limestone. Because some materials have both useful mineral content and recoverable calorific value, the distinction between alternative fuels and raw materials is not always clear. For example, sewage sludge has a low but significant calorific value, and burns to give ash containing minerals useful in the clinker matrix.[54] Normal operation of cement kilns provides combustion conditions which are more than adequate for the destruction of even the most difficult to destroy organic substances. This is primarily due to the very high temperatures of the kiln gases (2000 °C in the combustion gas from the main burners and 1100 °C in the gas from the burners in the precalciner). The gas residence time at high temperature in the rotary kiln is of the order of 5–10 seconds and in the precalciner more than 3 seconds.[55] Due to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the European beef industry, the use of animal-derived products to feed cattle is now severely restricted. Large quantities of waste animal meat and bone meal (MBM), also known as animal flour, have to be safely disposed of or transformed. The production of cement kilns, together with the incineration, is to date one of the two main ways to treat this solid effluent of the food industry. Green cement[edit] Green cement is a cementitious material that meets or exceeds the functional performance capabilities of ordinary Portland cement by incorporating and optimizing recycled materials, thereby reducing consumption of natural raw materials, water, and energy, resulting in a more sustainable construction material. The manufacturing process for green cement succeeds in reducing, and even eliminating, the production and release of damaging pollutants and greenhouse gasses, particularly CO2. Growing environmental concerns and increasing cost of fuels of fossil origin have resulted in many countries in sharp reduction of the resources needed to produce cement and effluents (dust and exhaust gases).[55] Peter Trimble, a design student at the University of Edinburgh has proposed 'DUPE' based on Sporosarcina pasteurii, a bacterium with binding qualities which, when mixed with sand and urine produces a concrete said to be 70% as strong as conventional materials.[56] See also[edit] BET theory Cement chemist notation Cement render Energetically modified cement (EMC) Fly ash Geopolymers Portland cement Rosendale cement Tiocem Void (composites) 91 Protactinium Pa 92 Uranium U 50,572 2009 93 Neptunium Np 94 Plutonium Pu 95 Americium Am 96 Curium Cm 97 Berkelium Bk 98 Californium Cf grams 0.275 2003 99 Einsteinium Es grams 0.003 1978 100 Fermium Fm picogram 40 1969 Operation Mandrel test 101 Mendelevium Md 102 Nobelium No 103 Lawrencium Lr 104 Rutherfordium Rf 105 Dubnium Db 106 Seaborgium Sg 107 Bohrium Bh 108 Hassium Hs 109 Meitnerium Mt 110 Darmstadtium Ds 111 Roentgenium Rg 112 Copernicium Cn 113 (Ununtrium) Uut 114 (Flerovium) Fl 115 (Ununpentium) Uup 116 (Livermorium) Lv 117 (Ununseptium) Uus 118 (Ununoctium) Uuo Economy of Europe Economy of North America Economy of Oceania Economy of South America Events: 2007–2008 world food price crisis Late 2000s recession Oil price increases since 2003 Lists: List of countries by GDP sector composition List of world's largest economies (nominal) – based on current currency market exchange rates List of world's largest economies (PPP) – based on purchasing power parity Historical list of world's largest economies (nominal) – for the years between 1998 and 2003 Historical list of world's largest economies (PPP) – for the years between 1 and 1998 List of world production See also: Charter company and Neocolonialism The history of multinational corporations is closely intertwined with the history of colonialism, with the first multinational corporations founded to undertake colonial expeditions at the behest of their European monarchical patrons.[13] Prior to the era of New Imperialism, a majority European colonies not held by the Spanish and Portuguese crowns were administered by chartered multinational corporations.[14] Examples of such corporations include the British East India Company,[15] the Swedish Africa Company, and the Hudson’s Bay Company.[16] These early corporations facilitated colonialism by engaging in international trade and exploration, and creating colonial trading posts.[17] Many of these corporations, such as the South Australia Company and the Virginia Company, played a direct role in formal colonization by creating and maintaining settler colonies.[17] Without exception these early corporations created differential economic outcomes between their home country and their colonies via a process of exploiting colonial resources and labour, and investing the resultant profits and net gain in the home country.[18] The end result of this process was the enrichment of the colonizer and the impoverishment of the colonized.[19] Some multinational corporations, such as the Royal African Company, were also responsible for the logistical component of the Atlantic Slave Trade,[20] maintaining the ships and ports required for this vast enterprise. During the 19th century formal corporate rule over colonial holdings largely gave way to state-controlled colonies,[21][22] however corporate control over colonial economic affairs persisted in a majority of colonies.[17][21] During the process of decolonization the European colonial charter companies were disbanded,[17] with the final colonial corporation, the Mozambique Company, dissolving in 1972. However the economic impact of corporate colonial exploitation has proved to be lasting and far reaching,[23] with some commentators asserting that this impact is among the chief causes of contemporary global income inequality.[19] Contemporary critics of multinational corporations have charged that some present day multinational corporations follow the pattern of exploitation and differential wealth distribution established by the now defunct colonial charter corporations, particularly with regards to corporations based in the developed world that operate resource extraction enterprises in the developing world,[24] such as Royal Dutch Shell, and Barrick Gold. Some of these critics argue that the operations of multinational corporations in the developing world take place within the broader context of neocolonialism.[25] Criticism of multinationals[edit] Main articles: Anti-globalization movement and Anti-corporate activism Anti-corporate advocates[who?] criticize multinational corporations for entering countries that have low human rights or environmental standards.[26] In the world economy facilitated by multinational corporations, capital will increasingly be able to play workers, communities, and nations off against one another as they demand tax, regulation and wage concessions while threatening to move. In other words, increased mobility of multinational corporations benefit capital while workers and communities lose. Some negative outcomes generated by multinational corporations include increased inequality, unemployment, and wage stagnation.[27] The aggressive use of tax avoidance schemes allows multinational corporations to gain competitive advantages over small and medium-sized enterprises.[28] Organizations such as the Tax Justice Network criticize governments for allowing multinational organizations to escape tax since less money can be spent for public services.[29] See also[edit] Corporation Globalization Global workforce List of multinational corporations World economy Economic liberalism Free market Russia Spain Sweden United Kingdom United States 118 Chowchilla UC 11,843 119 Lake Los Angeles UC 11,808 120 Mecca UC 11,253 121 Mendota UC 11,211 122 California City UC 10,908 123 Fort Bragg UC 10,348 124 Susanville UC 10,285 125 Newman UC 10,223 U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas STT STT TIST Cyril E. King Airport P-S 593,589 Christiansted, St. Croix STX STX TISX Henry E. Rohlsen Airport P-N 169,665 Wall Street at William Street (2 3 trains) Wall Street at Broadway (4 5 trains) Broad Street at Broad Street, with an entrance at Wall Sttreet (J Z trains) Motor traffic, particularly during working hours, is often congested but driving late at night and on weekends can be easier. The roads are not arranged according to midtown's distinctive rectangular grid pattern with staggered lights, but have small often one-lane roads with numerous stoplights and stop signs. The FDR Drive, East River Esplanade, and South Street run along the East River, and the Downtown Manhattan Heliport serves Wall Street Manny Lehman Music producer deejay "Lisa M" Rapper David Lozada a k a "Cheka" Reggaeton artist Johnny Lozada Singer Former member of "Menudo" Luis Lozada a k a "Vico C" Rapper Papo Lucca Lead pianist of "La Sonora Ponceña" "Lunna" Singer M "Marc Anthony" Singer "Bruno Mars" Singer and Songwriter "His father is of half Puerto Rican" Ricky Martin Singer Former member of "Menudo" Angie Martínez Singer actress radio personality Ladislao Martínez a k a "El Maestro Ladí" Was an accomplished cuatro player and the first Puerto Rican musician to play solo on the radio Charlie Masso Singer Former member of "Menudo" Paul Masvidal guitarist singer and songwriter with international recording artists Cynic "Maxwell" R&B Neo Soul singer Puerto Rican father Scotty McCreery country singer Winner of the tenth season of American Idol Lisette Melendez Freestyle Latin pop singer Ricky Meléndez Singer Former member of "Menudo" Syesha Mercado Singer and finalist on American Idol Puerto Rican father Ismael Miranda "El Niño Bonito de la Salsa" Singer and composer Fania All Star Lin Manuel Miranda Actor and Tony Award winning composer and lyricist He is best known for writing and acting in the Broadway musical "In the Heights" Ángel Mislan Composer of Danzas José Luis Moneró composer and band leader Yolandita Monge singer television host and theatrical actress Gilberto Monroig Bolero singer Glenn Monroig Composer singer Sang the "first" rap song in Spanish Andy Montañez Salsa singer David Morales Deejay composer music producer Florencio Morales Ramos a k a "Ramito" Bolero and Plena composer and singer Ramito composed "Que Bonita Bandera" song which on March served as the wake up call for Puerto Rican astronaut Joseph M Acaba and the crew aboard the Discovery Space Shuttle Mark Morales a k a "Prince Markie Dee" Rapper producer Noro Morales Pianist composer arranger and bandleader Carli Muñoz Pianist Composer Arranger Bandleader Producer ~ Associated Acts The Beach Boys Dennis Wilson Jan and Dean Peter Cetera George Benson Wilson Pickett Les McCann Chico Hamilton Henry Gross Evie Sands etc Rafael Muñoz Orchestra leader Luis Miguel a k a sol de Mexico singer and song writer born in San Juan Puerto Rico N Ednita Nazario Singer Chuck Negron Singer Lead singer of group Three Dog Night cousin of actor Taylor Negron Joe Negroni Rock and Roll Hall of Famer member of The Teenagers Tito Nieves Salsa singer His version of "I Like it Like That" was part of a National Burger King Commercial "Noelia" Singer Songwriter and Actress Nova y Jory Reggaeton duo "N O R E " Rapper O Tommy Olivencia Salsa Bandleader Trumpet player singer RIP Tony Orlando Singer Puerto Rican mother Jeannie Ortega R&B reggaeton singer Claudette Ortiz Singer R&B group City High Joell Ortiz Rapper Luis "Perico" Ortiz Salsa singer musician composer musical arranger and producer Shalim Ortiz a k a "Shalim" Singer actor Pedro Ortiz Davila a k a "Davilita" Bolero Singer P Charlie Palmieri Pianist bandleader RIP Eddie Palmieri Pianist composer bandleader National Endowment of Arts Jazz Master time Grammy Award winner José Enrique Pedreira Danza composer Ángel "Cuco" Peña Musician composer and producer René Pérez Singer Member of Calle band Lourdes Pérez Singer songwriter Acclaimed folk nueva canción nueva trova singer Martha Pesante a k a "Ivy Queen" and "The Queen of Reggaeton" Reggaeton singer Plan B Reggaeton duo Carlos Ponce Singer Rebeca Pous Del Toro Spanish pop singer cousin of Benicio del Toro Miguel Poventud a k a "El Nino Prodigio de Guayama" and "Miguelito" Poventud was a Puerto Rican musician singer and composer of Boleros whose songs have been intreperted by notable singers such as Paul Anka Marco Antonio Muñiz Johnny Albino Héctor Lavoe and Daniel Santos Tito Puente Musician composer and producer called the "King of Latin Music" or "the Mambo King" Tito Puente Jr Musician producer the son of the "King of Latin Music" or "the Mambo King" Tito Jr has continued his fathers legacy and still brings Mambo to the masses performing all of his fathers music Q Domingo Quiñones Singer actor Luciano Quiñones Danza composer Ismael Quintana Salsa singer member of the Eddie Palmeri Band José Ignacio Quintón Pianist composer of danzas R Chamaco Ramirez Salsa singer Val Ramos International Flamenco guitarist Richie Ray a k a "The King of Salsa" Singer composer Sylvia Rexach Singer composer Ray Reyes Singer former member of Menudo Ron Reyes Singer Singer for Black Flag – Gabriel Ríos Musician Danny Rivera Singer known as an Icon in Puerto Rico Ismael Rivera "El Sonero Mayor" Salsa singer RIP Jerry Rivera Salsa singer First Salsa Artist to Perform on American Talk Show "Tonight Show" Mon Rivera Trombonist and singer Tomás Rivera Morales a k a "Maso" Rivera Composer Child music prodigy who went on to compose over instrumental compositions for the cuatro among which he treasured the waltz Augusto Rodríguez Music composer and chorus director Rodríguez was the founder of Choir of the University of Puerto Rico Chino Rodriguez Salsa musician trombonist composer artist manager producer talent Agent founder of Oriente Music Group and Latin Music Booking Puerto Rican Mother Chinese Father Daniel Rodríguez Former police officer turned operatic tenor Felipe Rodríguez a k a "La Voz" Singer of Boleros Julito Rodríguez Singer Lalo Rodríguez Salsa singer Part of the first two records to win the first two "Latin Grammies" First artist to sell over one million Salsa records in Spain Pellin Rodríguez Salsa singer Rodríguez was a member of the musical group "El Gran Combo" and toured with the group all over Europe and Latin America gaining fame and popularity as a singer Tito Rodríguez Singer and band leader RIP Pete "El Conde" Rodríguez Salsa singer Fania All Star RIP Omar Rodríguez López Composer and guitarist Roberto Roena Percussionist and band leader Kelis Rogers Singer and television host Chinese Puerto Rican mother Tito Rojas Salsa singer Marta Romero Singer and actress Draco Rosa Singer composer Former member of "Menudo" Ralphi Rosario Producer deejay musician Member of musical duo Rosabel Willie Rosario Composer timbalero bandleader Felipe Rose Singer The "Indian" in The Village People Roy Rosselló Singer Former member of "Menudo" Julita Ross Singer of Danzas Frankie Ruiz Salsa singer Hilton Ruiz Jazz composer musician Víctor Manuelle Singer S Jimmy Sabater Sr musician He is a three time winner of the ACE Awards "Sa Fire" Singer Fernando and Nefty Sallaberry Singers Former members of "Menudo" Bobby Sanabria Latin jazz musician composer percussionist Grammy winner educator Claudio Sanchez Singer Lead singer lyricist and guitarist of Coheed and Cambria Jesús María Sanromá Composer The first person ever to be named official pianist of the Boston Symphony Orchestra Gilberto Santa Rosa Salsa singer Daniel Santos Composer singer of boleros and Cuban guarachas Ray Santos Arranger and Composer The Mambo Kings Romeo Santos Bachata singer Former member of Aventura band Puerto Rican mother Adalberto Santiago Salsa singer Eddie Santiago Salsa singer Herman Santiago Rock n Roll singer composed song "Why Do Fools Fall in Love" Marvin Santiago Salsa singer Dr Zoraida Santiago Singer and composer Nino Segarra Salsa singer Ray Sepúlveda Salsa singer Xavier Serbiá Singer Former member of "Menudo" Myrta Silva or "La Gorda de Oro" and "Madame Chencha" Singer composer Arturo Somohano Composer Symphony orchestra conductor Sophy Singer Ivette Sosa Singer Member of Eden s Crush Brenda K Starr Salsa singer Puerto Rican mother Michael Stuart Salsa singer Sweet Sensation Freestyle trio T Olga Tañón Singer composer Manuel Gregorio Tavárez Composer Known as "The Father of the Puerto Rican Danzas" Gerardo Teissonniere Classical pianist and teacher Daniel Ticotin a k a "Sahaj" Singer and musician vocalist guitarist from the Rock band Ra Brother of actress Rachel Ticotin Juan Tizol Jazz musician and composer "TKA" Freestyle trio Ray Toro Guitarist Lead guitarist of My Chemical Romance Yomo Toro Musician guitarist and "cuatrista" Manoella Torres Singer Eladio Torres Musician singer and composer Néstor Torres Musician Torres is a Latin Grammy award winning preeminent flautist in the Latin jazz genre Tommy Torres Singer composer musician William "Willie" Torres Singer Sang vocals with the group Joe Cuba Sextet Tony Touch Singer V Yolanda Vadiz Gospel singer Gary Valenciano Filipino musician Puerto Rican mother Bobby Valentín Musician bandleader Mario Vázquez Pop and R&B singer former American Idol contestant Alan Vega Rock singer Member of Suicide Little Louie Vega Producer musician Member of Masters At Work Tony Vega Salsa singer Lisa Velez Singer Singer of Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam Wilkins Vélez simply known as "Wilkins" Singer and composer "Veronica" American dance singer and actress W "Wisin & Yandel" Reggaeton duo Known as "El Duo de la Historia" Y "Yaga y Mackie" Reggaeton duo "Yomo Reggaeton artist Z "Miguel Zenón" jazz saxophonist "Zion y Lennox" Reggaeton duo Opera edit Antonio PaolíAntonio Barasorda Tenor singer Margarita Castro Alberty Opera soprano Castro Alberty is the recipient of the prestigious Rockefeller Foundation Bartimore Opera Guild Chicago Opera Guide and Metropolitan Opera Guild awards Justino Díaz Opera singer Pablo Elvira Baritone opera singer Cesar Hernández Tenor Opera singer Benjamín Marcantoni Opera singer countertenor Ana María Martínez Opera soprano Julia Migenes Opera soprano Amalia Paoli Opera soprano Antonio Paolí Tenor opera singer First person in history to record an entire opera Melliangee Pérez Opera soprano Soprano of the Year award by UNESCO Irem Poventud Opera soprano Poventud is the first Puerto Rican to be invited to perform in the San Francisco Opera House Graciela Rivera Opera soprano First Puerto Rican to sing a lead role in the Metropolitan Opera Criminals and outlaws edit Antonio Correa CottoPre th century Roberto Cofresí a k a "El Pirata Cofresí" Cofresí the Pirate Cofresí s exploit as a pirate are part of Puerto Rico s folklore th century Salvador Agrón a k a "The Capeman" Criminal and poet Antonio Correa Cotto Outlaw Antonio García López a k a "Toño Bicicleta" outlaw Raymond Márquez a k a "Spanish Raymond" Harlem numbers kingpin Isabel la Negra Madam of a brothel Edsel Torres Gómez a k a "Negri" Drug kingpin Tony Tursi Mobster st century José "Junior Cápsula" Figueroa Agosto Drug kingpin and porn star known as "the Pablo Escobar of the Caribbean" Ariel Castro Kidnapper José Padilla Convicted supporter of terrorism Diplomats edit Hans Hertell th century Adrian A Basora former U S Ambassador to the Czech Republic Gabriel Guerra Mondragón former U S Ambassador to Chile Luis Guinot former U S Ambassador to Costa Rica Victor Marrero former U S Ambassador to the OAS Spencer Matthews King former U S Ambassador to Guyana Edward G Miller Jr Miller was a lawyer who served as Assistant Secretary of State for Inter American Affairs from to Teodoro Moscoso former U S Ambassador to Venezuela and head of Alliance for Progress see also politicians Horacio Rivero Admiral Ret former U S Ambassador to Spain see also Military st century Mari Carmen Aponte U S Ambassador to El Salvador César Benito Cabrera former U S Ambassador to Mauritius and the Seychelles Hans Hertell former U S Ambassador to the Dominican Republic Carmen Martinez former U S Ambassador to Zambia Educators edit Rafael Cordero Eugenio María de Hostos Angel M RamosUrsula Acosta Educator One of the founding members of the Sociedad Puertorriqueña de Genealogía Puerto Rican Genealogical Society Alfredo M Aguayo Educator and writer Established the first laboratory of child psychology at the University of Havana Carlos Albizu Miranda Psychologist educator First Hispanic Educator to have a North American University renamed in his honor and one of the first Hispanics to earn a PhD in Psychology in the United States Margot Arce de Vázquez Educator Founder of the Department of Hispanic Studies in the University of Puerto Rico Jaime Benítez Former Resident Commissioner Longest serving chancellor and president of the University of Puerto Rico Frank Bonilla Educator Academic who became a leading figure in Puerto Rican Studies Carlos E Chardón Palacios first Puerto Rican mycologist and first Puerto Rican appointed as Chancellor of University of Puerto Rico Carlos A Chardón López Educator and public administrator Chardón was the only Puerto Rican to serve twice as Puerto Rico Secretary of Education Edna Coll Educator and author Coll was President of the Society of Puerto Rican Authors in San Juan She was also the founder of the Academy of Fine Arts in Puerto Rico Celestina Cordero Educator In Cordero founded the first school for girls Puerto Rico Rafael Cordero Educator Declared Venerable in by Pope John Paul II process for beatification is now in motion with Benedictine Fr Oscar Rivera as Procurator of the Cause Waded Cruzado first Hispanic president of Montana State University Eugenio María de Hostos Educator In Peru Hostos helped to develop that country s educational system and spoke against the harsh treatment given to the Chinese who lived there He stayed in Chile from to During his stay there he taught at the University of Chile and gave a speech titled "The Scientific Education of Women " He proposed in his speech that governments permit women in their colleges Soon after Chile allowed women to enter its college educational system see also Politicians and Authors Angelo Falcón Political scientist Author of "Atlas of Stateside Puerto Ricans" and co editor of the book "Boricuas in Gotham Puerto Ricans in the Making of Modern New York Music edit Soprano vocalist Violeta Urmanaviciute Urmana Pop singer Violeta RiaubiškyteSee also List of Lithuanian singers Linas Adomaitis – pop singer participant in the Eurovision Song Contest Ilja Aksionovas lt Ilja Aksionovas pop and opera singer boy soprano Osvaldas Balakauskas – ambassador and classical composer Alanas Chošnau – singer member of former music group Naktines Personos Egidijus Dragunas – lt Egidijus Dragunas leader of Sel one of the first hip hop bands in Lithuania Justas Dvarionas – lt Justas Dvarionas pianist educator Mikalojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis – painter and composer Balys Dvarionas – composer conductor pianist professor Gintare Jautakaite pop artist signed with EMI and Sony Music Entertainment in Gintaras Januševicius internationally acclaimed pianist Algirdas Kaušpedas architect and lead singer of Antis Nomeda Kazlauskaite Kazlaus opera singer dramatic soprano appearing internationally Vytautas Kernagis – one of the most popular bards Algis Kizys – long time bass player of post punk no wave band Swans Andrius Mamontovas – rock singer co founder of Foje and LT United Marijonas Mikutavicius – singer author of Trys Milijonai the unofficial sports anthem in Lithuania Vincas Niekus – lt Vincas Niekus composer Virgilijus Noreika – one of the most successful opera singers tenor Mykolas Kleopas Oginskis – one of the best composer of the late th century Kipras Petrauskas – lt Kipras Petrauskas popular early opera singer tenor Stasys Povilaitis – one of the popular singers during the Soviet period Violeta Riaubiškyte – pop singer TV show host Mindaugas Rojus opera singer tenor baritone Ceslovas Sasnauskas – composer Rasa Serra – lt Rasa Serra real name Rasa Veretenceviene singer Traditional folk A cappella jazz POP Audrone Simonaityte Gaižiuniene – lt Audrone Gaižiuniene Simonaityte one of the more popular female opera singers soprano Virgis Stakenas – lt Virgis Stakenas singer of country folk music Antanas Šabaniauskas – lt Antanas Šabaniauskas singer tenor Jurga Šeduikyte – art rock musician won the Best Female Act and the Best Album of in the Lithuanian Bravo Awards and the Best Baltic Act at the MTV Europe Music Awards Jonas Švedas – composer Michael Tchaban composer singer and songwriter Violeta Urmanaviciute Urmana opera singer soprano mezzosoprano appearing internationally Painters and graphic artists edit See also List of Lithuanian artists Robertas Antinis – sculptor Vytautas Ciplijauskas lt Vytautas Ciplijauskas painter Jonas Ceponis – lt Jonas Ceponis painter Mikalojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis – painter and composer Asteroid Ciurlionis is named for him Kostas Dereškevicius lt Kostas Dereškevicius painter Vladimiras Dubeneckis painter architect Stasys Eidrigevicius graphic artist Pranas Gailius lt Pranas Gailius painter Paulius Galaune Petronele Gerlikiene – self taught Lithuanian American artist Algirdas Griškevicius lt Algirdas Griškevicius Vincas Grybas – sculptor Leonardas Gutauskas lt Leonardas Gutauskas painter writer Vytautas Kairiukštis – lt Vytautas Kairiukštis painter art critic Vytautas Kasiulis – lt Vytautas Kasiulis painter graphic artist stage designer Petras Kalpokas painter Rimtas Kalpokas – lt Rimtas Kalpokas painter graphic artist Leonas Katinas – lt Leonas Katinas painter Povilas Kaupas – lt Povilas Kaupas Algimantas Kezys Lithuanian American photographer Vincas Kisarauskas – lt Vincas Kisarauskas painter graphic artist stage designer Saulute Stanislava Kisarauskiene – lt Saulute Stanislava Kisarauskiene graphic artist painter Stasys Krasauskas – lt Stasys Krasauskas graphic artist Stanislovas Kuzma – lt Stanislovas Kuzma sculptor Antanas Martinaitis – lt Antanas Martinaitis painter Jonas Rimša – lt Jonas Rimša painter Jan Rustem painter Antanas Samuolis – lt Antanas Samuolis painter Šarunas Sauka painter Boris Schatz – sculptor and founder of the Bezalel Academy Irena Sibley née Pauliukonis – Children s book author and illustrator Algis Skackauskas – painter Antanas Žmuidzinavicius – painter Franciszek Smuglewicz – painter Yehezkel Streichman Israeli painter Kazys Šimonis – painter Algimantas Švegžda – lt Algimantas Švegžda painter Otis Tamašauskas Lithographer Print Maker Graphic Artist Adolfas Valeška – painter and graphic artist Adomas Varnas – painter Kazys Varnelis – artist Vladas Vildžiunas lt Vladas Vildžiunas sculptor Mikalojus Povilas Vilutis lt Mikalojus Povilas Vilutis graphic artist Viktoras Vizgirda – painter William Zorach – Modern artist who died in Bath Maine Antanas Žmuidzinavicius – painter Kazimieras Leonardas Žoromskis – painter Politics edit President Valdas Adamkus right chatting with Vice President Dick Cheney left See also List of Lithuanian rulers Mindaugas – the first and only King of Lithuania – Gediminas – the ruler of Lithuania – Algirdas – the ruler together with Kestutis of Lithuania – Kestutis – the ruler together with Algirdas of Lithuania – Vytautas – the ruler of Lithuania – together with Jogaila Jogaila – the ruler of Lithuania – from to together with Vytautas the king of Poland – Jonušas Radvila – the field hetman of Grand Duchy of Lithuania – Dalia Grybauskaite – current President of Lithuania since Valdas Adamkus – President of Lithuania till Jonas Basanavicius – "father" of the Act of Independence of Algirdas Brazauskas – the former First secretary of Central Committee of Communist Party of Lithuanian SSR the former president of Lithuania after and former Prime Minister of Lithuania Joe Fine – mayor of Marquette Michigan – Kazys Grinius – politician third President of Lithuania Mykolas Krupavicius – priest behind the land reform in interwar Lithuania Vytautas Landsbergis – politician professor leader of Sajudis the independence movement former speaker of Seimas member of European Parliament Stasys Lozoraitis – diplomat and leader of Lithuanian government in exile – Stasys Lozoraitis junior – politician diplomat succeeded his father as leader of Lithuanian government in exile – Antanas Merkys – the last Prime Minister of interwar Lithuania Rolandas Paksas – former President removed from the office after impeachment Justas Paleckis – journalist and politician puppet Prime Minister after Soviet occupation Kazimiera Prunskiene – the first female Prime Minister Mykolas Sleževicius – three times Prime Minister organized

City" José Ferrer Canales Educator writer and activist Antonio García Padilla President University of Puerto Rico – former Dean of UPR Law School Megh R Goyal Professor Historian Scientist Father of Irrigation Engineering in Puerto Rican Professor in Agricultural & Biomedical Engineering University of Puerto Rico Mayagüez Felix V Matos Rodriguez Educator college administrator Scholar of Puerto Rican history president City University of New York Queens College Concha Meléndez Educator writer poet Ana G Méndez Educator Founder of the Ana G Méndez University System Antonio Miró Montilla "Architect educator First architect appointed head of a government agency the Puerto Rico Public Buildings Authority to First dean of the School of Architecture at the University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras Campus to Chancellor of the Río Piedras Campus of the University of Puerto Rico to " Antonia Pantoja Educator Founder of "ASPIRA" was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom Ángel Ramos Educator Superintendent of the Sequoia Schools for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing Ramos is one of the few deaf Hispanics to earn a doctorate from Gallaudet University Euripides Rios Author of Learning to Understand Learning Second Language Learners Dr Juan A Rivero Educator Founded the Dr Juan A Rivero Zoo in Mayagüez has discovered numerous animal species and has written several books Ana Roque Educator and suffragist Roque was one of the founders of the University of Puerto Rico Carlos E Santiago Economist and Educator Chancellor of the University of Wisconsin Milwaukee Ninfa Segarra President of the New York City Board of Education – Victoria Leigh Soto Educator Soto whose father is Puerto Rican was an educator who emerged as a hero in the tragic shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown Connecticut when she hid students and died trying to protect them from alleged shooter Adam Lanza Lolita Tizol Educator Early s Educator at a time when most people in Ponce as most of Puerto Rico did not know how to read and write and when teachers were paid only per month even in the large cities Tizol took it upon herself to overcome all challenges to help others Nilita Vientós Gastón Educator Vientos Gaston was the first female lawyer to work for the Department of Justice of Puerto Rico She defended the use of the Spanish language in the courts of Puerto Rico before the Supreme Court and won Mariano Villaronga Toro Educator and public servant Villaronga Toro was the first Commissioner of Public Instruction after the creation of the Estado Libre Asociado He instituted the use of Spanish as the official language of instruction in the Puerto Rico public education system displacing instruction in English which had been pushed by the US appointed colonial governors Governors of Puerto Rico edit See also List of Governors of Puerto Rico Juan Ponce de León II Luis A Ferré governor philanthropist and industrialistPre th century Juan Ponce de León Ponce de León lived with his family in Puerto Rico He was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who became the first Governor of Puerto Rico by appointment of the Spanish crown He led the first European expedition to Florida which he named His remains are buried in a crypt in the Cathedral of San Juan Bautista in San Juan Puerto Rico Juan Ponce de León II First Puerto Rican acting governor in th century Luis A Ferré rd elected governor of Puerto Rico to Also a philanthropist who donated Museo de Arte de Ponce to the people of Puerto Rico He was also an industrialist who founded the Puerto Rico Cement Company and Ponce Cement Inc and developed Puerto Rico Iron Works into a successful foundry Rafael Hernández Colón th elected governor of Puerto Rico from to and then again from to Juan Bernardo Huyke He was the second Puerto Rican native to serve as temporary Governor of Puerto Rico In he served as interim governor between the administrations of Emmet Montgomery Reily and Horace Mann Towner Luis Muñoz Marín st elected governor of Puerto Rico from to Jesús T Piñero First Puerto Rican to be named governor of the Island by a U S President served from to Carlos Romero Barceló th elected governor of Puerto Rico from to Pedro Rosselló th elected governor of Puerto Rico from to Roberto Sánchez Vilella nd elected governor of Puerto Rico from to st century Aníbal Acevedo Vilá th elected governor of Puerto Rico from to Sila Calderón th elected and first female governor of Puerto Rico from to Luis Fortuño th elected governor of Puerto Rico from to Alejandro García Padilla th elected governor of Puerto Rico from First Ladies of Puerto Rico edit Conchita Dapena First Lady of Puerto Rico – Kate Donnelly First Lady of Puerto Rico – Trustee Conservation Trust of Puerto Rico Luisa Gándara First Lady of Puerto Rico – Lila Mayoral Wirshing Youngest First Lady of Puerto Rico – – Inés Mendoza First Lady of Puerto Rico revered teacher and cultural leader Jeannette Ramos First Lady of Puerto Rico – Lucé Vela First Lady of Puerto Rico – Wilma Pastrana First Lady of Puerto Rico Irma Margarita "Maga" Neváres First Lady of Puerto Rico – Historians edit Salvador BrauIñigo Abbad y Lasierra First historian Spanish to extensively document Puerto Rico s history nationality and culture Delma S Arrigoitia historian author Arrigoitia was the first person in the University of Puerto Rico to earn a Master s degree in the field of history In her book "Puerto Rico Por Encima de Todo Vida y Obra de Antonio R Barceló – " was recognized among the best in the category of "research and criticism" and awarded a first place prize by the Ateneo Puertorriqueño Pilar Barbosa University of Puerto Rico Professor author First modern day Official Historian of Puerto Rico Salvador Brau historian First Official Historian of Puerto Rico Cayetano Coll y Toste writer Third Official Historian of Puerto Rico Adolfo de Hostos historian Fifth Official Historian of Puerto Rico Luis González Vale Current Official Historian of Puerto Rico Francisco Lluch Mora Best known for his legendary book "Orígenes y Fundación de Ponce y Otras Noticias Relativas a su Desarrollo Urbano Demográfico y Cultural Siglos XVI XIX " Eduardo Neumann Gandía Respected historian best known for his th century "History of Ponce " Francisco Mariano Quiñones historian First Official Historian of Puerto Rico Antonio Mirabal Historian poet and writer Christopher Crommett Atlanta based Exec VP CNN en Español Carmen Dominicci Co host of Univision s "Primer Impacto" Manuel Fernández Juncos Journalist wrote lyrics to "La Borinqueña" Juan González New York City investigative journalist Aníbal González Irizarry Former newscaster for "Telenoticias en acción" Jackie Guerrido Journalist and meteorologist for Univisions "Despierta América" Kimberly Guilfoyle Court TV Journalist and former first lady of San Francisco Puerto Rican mother Taina Hernández former ABC News television journalist César Andreu Iglesias Founding editor of Claridad newspaper novelist political activist Carmen Jovet Journalist first Puerto Rican woman named news anchor in Puerto Rico Michele LaFountain Anchor for the Spanish version of ESPN Sports Center Alycia Lane Journalist and news anchor on KYW TV in Philadelphia Lynda López New York City television news personality sister of Jennifer Lopez Natalie Morales Journalist and news anchor on NBC s The Today Show Denisse Oller Emmy award winning New York City television news anchor Audrey Puente New York City meteorologist daughter of Tito Puente Carlos D Ramirez Publisher of El Diario La Prensa New York City s largest Spanish language newspaper Euripides Rios Journalist Columnist and Translator El Diario La Prensa El Mundo Puerto Rico Latino Publishing Services Jorge L Ramos Emmy award winning New York City television news anchor Geraldo Rivera Attorney journalist writer reporter and former talk show host Rivera hosts the newsmagazine program Geraldo at Large and appears regularly on Fox News Channel Darlene Rodriguez New York City television news anchor Rubén Sánchez Radio and television journalist Edna Schmidt Anchor for "Telefutura" Ray Suarez Senior Correspondent for The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer Guillermo José Torres Journalist and news anchor for WAPA TV Elizabeth Vargas Former co anchor ABC World News Tonight Antonio Vélez Alvarado journalist Vélez Alvarado is known as "The Father of the Puerto Rican Flag" Jane Velez Mitchell Anchor for the HLN news network Puerto Rican mother Judges law enforcement and firefighters edit Judges Sonia Sotomayor – U S Supreme Court JusticeCathy Bissoon judge for the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania First Hispanic female Article III judge in Pennsylvania José Andreu García PR Chief Justice Former PR Chief Justice and sports official José A Cabranes nd Circuit Court of Appeals Judge First Puerto Rican to serve as a federal judge in the continental United States mentioned as possible U S Supreme Court Associate Justice Jose A Diaz Administrative Law Judge N Y S D M V – Albert Diaz th Circuit Court of Appeals Judge First Puerto Rican and first Hispanic Judge to serve the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals Diaz was an Appellate Judge for the Navy Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals Luis Estrella Martínez youngest Associate Justice at of the current member Puerto Rico Supreme Court Julio M Fuentes rd Circuit Court of Appeals Judge First Puerto Rican and first Hispanic Judge to serve the Third Circuit Court of Appeals Gustavo Gelpí U S District Judge Youngest United States District Judge –present Federico Hernández Denton Chief Justice of the Puerto Rico Supreme Court Puerto Rico s first Consumer Affairs Secretary current Chief Justice of the Puerto Rico Supreme Court Dora Irizarry Federal District Judge First female Hispanic state judge in New York Erick Kolthoff Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico Is the first Puerto Rican of African descent to be named Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico Victor Marrero Circuit Judge Nitza I Quiñones Alejandro Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania Quiñones Alejandro is the first lesbian Latina ever to be nominated by a U S President in this case President Obama to serve as a federal judge Roberto Rivera Soto New Jersey State Supreme Court Justice First Puerto Rican and Latino New Jersey State Supreme Court Justice Clemente Ruiz Nazario U S Federal Judge of Puerto Rico First Puerto Rican U S Federal Judge of Puerto Rico Vanessa Ruiz Associate Judge of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals Associate Judge of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals the highest court for the District of Columbia A Cecil Snyder Chief Justice and U S Attorney in Puerto Rico Controversial Chief Justice and U S Attorney in Puerto Rico Sonia Sotomayor U S Supreme Court Associate Justice First Puerto Rican woman to serve as an d Cir U S Circuit Court of Appeals judge and the first Hispanic to be nominated and confirmed as U S Supreme Court Associate Justice Juan R Torruella st Circuit Court of Appeals Judge First Puerto Rican to serve as Chief Judge of the First Circuit Court of Appeals José Trías Monge Chief Justice Former Chief Justice Attorney General of Puerto Rico and author Carmen Consuelo Vargas Puerto Rican Federal District Judge First female Puerto Rican federal district judge and Chief Judge Law enforcement Nick EstavilloNicholas Estavillo NYPD Chief of Patrol Ret In Estavillo became the first Puerto Rican and the first Hispanic in the history of the NYPD to reach the three star rank of Chief of Patrol Faith Evans U S Marshal Hawaiian Puerto Rican first woman to be named U S Marshal Alejandro González Malavé Undercover police officer controversial undercover police officer Irma Lozada New York City Transit Police Lozada was the first female police officer to die in the line of duty in New York City José Meléndez Pérez INS officer INS Officer who was named in Commission Report denied entry to terrorist in August Benito Romano United States Attorney in New York First Puerto Rican to hold the United States Attorney s post in New York on an interim basis Joe Sánchez Former New York City police officer Sánchez is a highly decorated former New York City police officer and author whose books give an insight as to the corruption within the department " Pedro Toledo Puerto Rico Police Superintendent Retired FBI senior agent and longest serving state police superintendent Firefighters Raúl Gándara Cartagena Puerto Rico State fire chief Gándara Cartagena was the first and longest serving Commonwealth fire chief in Puerto Rico He served from to Carlos M Rivera Former Fire Commissioner of the City of New York Rivera is the first Hispanic commissioner in the New York City Fire Department s year history Military edit Miguel Enríquez Demetrio O Daly Antonio Valero de Bernabé Manuel Rojas Augusto Rodríguez Juan Ríus Rivera José Semidei Rodríguez Ángel Rivero Méndez Luis R Esteves Teófilo Marxuach Fernando E Rodríguez Vargas Mihiel Gilormini Frederick Lois Riefkohl Joseph B Aviles Sr Carmen Dumler Gilberto José Marxuach Virgil R Miller Pedro del Valle Agustin Ramos Calero Marion Frederic Ramírez de Arellano Carmen Contreras Bozak José Antonio Muñiz Modesto Cartagena Rose Franco Fernando Luis García Horacio Rivero Jr Salvador Felices Carlos James Lozada Angel Mendez Héctor Andrés Negroni Héctor Santiago Colón Jorge Otero Barreto Humbert Roque "Rocky" Versace Eurípides Rubio Lizbeth Robles Frances M Vega Maritza Sáenz Ryan th century th century Agüeybaná II Cacique of "Borikén" Puerto Rico Agüeybaná II led the Taínos in the fight against Juan Ponce de León and the conquistadores in what is known as the "Taíno Rebellion of " th century Juan de Amezquita Captain Puerto Rican Militia Defeated Captain Balduino Enrico Boudewijn Hendricksz who in was ordered by the Dutch to capture Puerto Rico th century Rafael Conti Colonel Spanish Army In Conti captured enemy ships involved in smuggling stolen goods In he helped defeat Sir Ralph Abercromby and defend Puerto Rico from a British invasion in his hometown Aguadilla In he organized a military expedition fight with the aim of returning Hispaniola which now comprise the nations of the Dominican Republic and Haiti back to Spanish rule Antonio de los Reyes Correa Captain Spanish Army Puerto Rican hero who defended the town Arecibo in from an invasion by defeating the British He was awarded "La Medalla de Oro de la Real Efigie" The Gold Medal of the Royal Image by King Philip V of Spain and given the title of "Captain of Infantry" José and Francisco Díaz Sergeants Puerto Rican militia The Díaz were cousins in the Toa Baja Militia who helped defeat Sir Ralph Abercromby and defend Puerto Rico from a British invasion in Miguel Henríquez Captain Spanish Navy In Henríquez defeated the British in Vieques and was awarded the La Medalla de Oro de la Real Efigie The Gold Medal of the Royal Effigy th century Ramón Acha Caamaño Brigadier General Spanish Army Caamaño defended the city of San Juan against the U S attack of Puerto Rico during the Spanish–American War He was awarded the "Cruz de la Orden de Merito Naval ra clase" The Cross of the Order of the Naval Merit st class by the Spanish government for his role in the rescue of the cargo of the SS Antonio López a Spanish transoceanic steamer Juan Alonso Zayas nd Lieutenant Spanish Army Alonso Zayas was the commander of the nd Expeditionary Battalion of the Spanish Army stationed in Baler which fought in the Siege of Baler in the Philippines Francisco Gonzalo Marín Lieutenant Cuban Liberation Army Gonzalo Marin is considered by many as the designer of the Puerto Rican Flag He was also a poet and journalist who fought alongside José Martí for Cuba s independence Demetrio O Daly Field Marshal Spanish Army O Daly was the first Puerto Rican to reach the rank of Field Marshal in the Spanish Army He was also the first Puerto Rican to be awarded the Cruz Laureada de San Fernando Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand Spain s version of the Medal of Honor O Daly was also elected as delegate to the Spanish Courts in representation of Puerto Rico Luis Padial Brigadier General Spanish Army In Padial s battalion was deployed with the intention of "squashing" a pro independence rebellion in the Dominican Republic in which he was wounded Padial played an essential role in the abolishment of slavery in Puerto Rico Ramón Power y Giralt Captain Spanish Navy Power y Giralt was a distinguished naval officier who during the years of – led the defense of the Spanish Colony of Santo Domingo Dominican Republic against an invasion from Napoleon s French forces by enforcing a blockade in support of the Spanish ground troops Ángel Rivero Méndez Captain Spanish Army Rivero Méndez fired the first shot against the United States in the Spanish–American War in Puerto Rico Rivero Méndez later invented the "Kola Champagne" a soft drink Juan Ríus Rivera Commander in Chief of the Cuban Liberation Army Ruis Rivera fought in "El Grito de Lares" under the command of Mathias Brugman He also fought in Cuba s Ten Years War – against Spain under the command of General Máximo Gómez and became the General of the Cuban Liberation Army of the West upon the death of General Antonio Maceo Grajales Augusto Rodríguez Lieutenant United States Union Army Rodriguez was a member of the th Connecticut Regiment a k a Lyon Regiment and served in the defenses of Washington D C He led his men in the Battles of Fredericksburg and Wyse Fork in the American Civil War Manuel Rojas Commander in Chief of the Puerto Rican Liberation Army On September Manuel Rojas led men and women in a revolt against Spanish rule and took the town of Lares in what is known as the Grito de Lares José Semidei Rodríguez Brigadier General Cuban Liberation Army Semidei Rodríguez fought in Cuba s War of Independence – and after Cuba gained its independence he continued to serve in that country as a diplomat Antonio Valero de Bernabé Brigadier General Latin American wars of independence Valero de Bernabe fought against the forces of Napoleon Bonaparte at the Siege of Saragossa He joined the Mexican Revolutionary Army headed by Agustín de Iturbide and was named Chief of Staff He successfully fought for Mexico s independence from Spain Later he fought alongside Simón Bolívar and helped liberate South America from Spanish Colonial rule Bernabe is known as the "Puerto Rican Liberator" th century Humberto Acosta Rosario Staff Sergeant U S Army Acosta Rosario was a member of Company B st Battalion th Infantry Mechanized th Infantry Division United States Army He is currently the only Puerto Rican MIA whose body has never been recovered Ricardo Aponte Brigadier General U S Air Force Aponte is the former Director of the Innovation and Experimentation Directorate United States Southern Command the first Puerto Rican to hold said position Félix Arenas Gaspar Captain Spanish Army Arenas Gapar was posthumously awarded the Cruz Laureada de San Fernando Laureate Cross of Saint Ferdinand – Spain s version of the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Rif War Domingo Arroyo Jr Private First Class U S Marine Corps Arroyo was the first American serviceman to be killed in Operation Restore Hope during the Somalian Civil War Joseph José B Aviles Sr CWO U S Coast Guard On September Aviles became the first Hispanic Chief Petty Officer in the United States Coast Guard During World War II he received a war time promotion to Chief Warrant Officer becoming the first Hispanic to reach that level as well Rafael Celestino Benítez Rear Admiral U S Navy Benítez was a highly decorated submarine commander who led the rescue effort of the crew members of the USS Cochino which was involved in the first American undersea spy mission of the Cold War Carlos Betances Ramírez Colonel U S Army Betances Ramírez was the first Puerto Rican to command a battalion in the Korean War In he assumed the command of the nd Battalion th Infantry Regiment José M Cabanillas Rear Admiral U S Navy In World War II Cabanillas was Executive Officer of the USS Texas BB and participated in the invasions of Africa and Normandy D Day Richard Carmona Vice Admiral Public Health Service Commissioned Corps Carmona served as the th Surgeon General of the United States under President George W Bush Modesto Cartagena Sergeant First Class U S Army Cartagena the most decorated Hispanic soldier in history distinguished himself in combat during the Korean War as a member of Puerto Rico s th Infantry and is being considered for the Medal of Honor Carlos Fernando Chardón Major General Puerto Rico National Guard Chardón was the Secretary of State of Puerto Rico from to and the Puerto Rico Adjutant General from to Felix M Conde Falcon Staff Sergeant U S Army Conde Falcon will receive the Medal of Honor posthumously on March m for his courageous actions while serving as an acting Platoon Leader in Company D st Battalion th Infantry Regiment d Brigade d Airborne Division during combat operations against an armed enemy in Ap Tan Hoa Republic of Vietnam on April Carmen Contreras Bozak Tech U S Women s Army Corps Contreras Bozak was the first Hispanic to serve in the U S Women s Army Corps She served as an interpreter and in numerous administrative positions during World War II Virgilio N Cordero Jr Brigadier General U S Army Cordero was a Battalion Commander of the st Infatry Regiment who documented his experiences as a prisoner of war and his participation in the infamous Bataan Death March of World War II Juan César Cordero Dávila Major General U S Army Cordero Dávila was the commanding officer of the th Infantry Regiment during the Korean War thus becoming one of the highest ranking ethnic officers in the Army Encarnación Correa Sergeant U S Army Correa was the person who fired the first warning shots in World War I on behalf of the United States against a ship flying the colors of the Central Powers when on March under the orders of then Lieutenant Teófilo Marxuach he manned a machine gun and opened fire on the "Odenwald" an armed German supply ship trying to force its way out of the San Juan Bay Ruben A Cubero Brigadier General U S Air Force Cubero who is Puerto Rican descent was a highly decorated member of the United States Air Force who in became the first Hispanic graduate of the United States Air Force Academy to be named Dean of the Faculty of the academy Pedro del Valle Lieutenant General U S Marine Corps Del Valle was the first Hispanic three star Marine general His military career included service in World War I Haiti and Nicaragua during the so called Banana Wars of the s and in the seizure of Guadalcanal and later as Commanding General of the U S st Marine Division during World War II played an instrumental role in the defeat of the Japanese forces in Okinawa Carmelo Delgado Delgado Lieutenant Abraham Lincoln International Brigade Delgado was the first Puerto Rican and one of the first U S citizens to fight and to die in the Spanish Civil War against General Francisco Franco and the Spanish Nationalists Alberto Díaz Jr Rear Admiral U S Navy Diaz is the first Hispanic to become the Director of the San Diego Naval Medical District Luis R Esteves Major General U S Army In Esteves became the first Puerto Rican and therefore the first Hispanic to graduate from the United States Military Academy Esteves also organized the Puerto Rican National Guard Salvador E Felices Major General U S Air Force Felices was the first Puerto Rican general in the U S Air Force In Felices flew in combat missions over North Korea during the Korean War In he participated in a historic project that was given to Fifteenth Air Force by the Strategic Air Command headquarters known as "Operation Power Flite" the first around the world non stop flight by all jet aircraft Michelle Fraley née Hernández Colonel U S Army Fraley became in the first Puerto Rican woman to graduate from West Point Military Academy She is the former chief of staff of the Army Network Enterprise Technology Command Rose Franco CWO U S Marine Corps Franco was the first Hispanic woman Chief Warrant Officer in the Marine Corps In Franco was named Administrative Assistant to the Secretary of the Navy Paul Henry Nitze by the administration of President Lyndon B Johnson Edmund Ernest García Rear Admiral U S Navy During World War II García was commander of the destroyer USS Sloat DE and saw action in the invasions of Africa Sicily and France Fernando Luis García Private First Class U S Marine Corps Garcia was the first Puerto Rican awarded the Medal of Honor He was posthumously awarded the medal for his actions against enemy aggressor forces in the Korea War on September Linda Garcia Cubero Captain U S Air Force In Garcia Cubero who is of Mexican American Puerto Rican heritage became the first Hispanic woman graduate of any of the U S military academies when she graduated from the United States Air Force Academy Carmen García Rosado Private First Class U S Women s Army Corps García Rosado was among the first Puerto Rican women to be recruited into the WAC s during World War II and the author of "LAS WACS Participacion de la Mujer Boricua en la Segunda Guerra Mundial" The WACs The participation of the Puerto Rican women in the Second World War which is the first book which documents the experiences of the first Puerto Rican women to participate in said conflict as members of the armed forces of the United States Mihiel Gilormini Brigadier General U S Air Force World War II hero recipient of Distinguished Flying Cross s and who together with Brig General Alberto A Nido and Lt Col Jose Antonio Muñiz founded the Puerto Rico Air National Guard Gilormini had previously flown for the Royal Canadian Air Force and the Royal Air Force – Manuel Goded Llopis General Spanish Army Goded Llopis was a Puerto Rican in the Spanish Army who was one of the first generales to join General Francisco Franco in the revolt against the Spanish Republican government also known as Spanish loyalists in what is known as the Spanish Civil War Previously Goded Llopis had distinguished himself in the Battle of Alhucemas of the Rif War César Luis González First Lieutenant U S Army Air Force Gonzalez was the first Puerto Rican pilot in the United States Army Air Force and the first Puerto Rican pilot to die in World War II Diego E Hernández Vice Admiral U S Navy Hernández was the first Hispanic to be named Vice Commander North American Aerospace Defense Command He flew two combat tours in Vietnam during the Vietnam War and in took command of the aircraft carrier USS John F Kennedy CV Haydee Javier Kimmich Captain U S Navy Kimmich was the highest ranking Hispanic female in the Navy She was assigned as the Chief of Orthopedics at the Navy Medical Center in Bethesda and she reorganized Reservist Department of the medical center during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm Orlando Llenza Major General U S Air Force Llenza is the second Puerto Rican to reach the rank of Major General two star General in the United States Air Force He was the Adjutant General of the Puerto Rico National Guard Carlos Lozada Private First Class U S Army Lozada was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions on November at Dak To in the Republic of Vietnam Carmen Lozano Dumler nd Lieutenant U S Women s Army Corps Dumler was one of the first Puerto Rican women Army officers In she was sworn in as a nd Lieutenant and assigned to the st General Hospital in San Juan Antonio Maldonado Brigadier General U S Air Force In Maldonado became the youngest person to pilot a B aircraft His active participation in the Vietnam War included air combat missions Joseph José R Martínez Private First Class U S Army Martinez destroyed a German Infantry unit and tank in Tuniz by providing heavy artillery fire saving his platoon from being attacked in the process He received the Distinguished Service Cross from General George S Patton becoming the first Puerto Rican recipient of said military decoration Lester Martínez López MPH Major General U S Army Martínez López was the first Hispanic to head the Army Medical and Research Command Gilberto José Marxuach Colonel U S Army Marxuach the son of Teofilo Marxuach is "The Father of the San Juan Civil Defense" Teófilo Marxuach Lieutenant Colonel U S Army Marxuach fired a hostile shot from a cannon located at the Santa Rosa battery of "El Morro" fort in what is considered to be the first shot of World War I fired by the regular armed forces of the United States against any ship flying the colors of the Central Powers forcing the Odenwald to stop and to return to port where its supplies were confiscated George E Mayer Rear Admiral U S Navy Mayer was the first Hispanic Commander of the Naval Safety Center He led an international naval exercise known as Baltic Operations BALTOPS from his flagship the USS Vella Gulf CG It was the first time in the year history of BALTOPS that the exercise included combined ground troops from Russia Poland Denmark and the United States Angel Mendez Sergeant U S Marine Corps Mendez who was of Puerto Rican descent was awarded the Navy Cross in Vietnam and is being considered for the Medal of Honor He saved the life of his Lieutenant – Ronald D Castille who went on to become the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania Enrique Méndez Jr Major General U S Army Méndez was the first Puerto Rican to assume the positions of Army Deputy Surgeon General Commander of the Walter Reed Army Medical Center and Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs Virgil R Miller Colonel U S Army Miller was the Regimental Commander of the d Regimental Combat Team RCT a unit which was composed of "Nisei" second generation Americans of Japanese descent during World War II He led the nd in its rescue of the Lost Texas Battalion of the th Infantry Division in the forests of the Vosges Mountains in northeastern France José Antonio Muñiz Lieutenant Colonel U S Air Force Muñiz together with then Colonels Alberto A Nido and Mihiel Gilormini founded the Puerto Rico Air National Guard In the Air National Guard Base at the San Juan International airport in Puerto Rico was renamed "Muñiz Air National Guard Base" in his honor William A Navas Jr Major General U S Army Navas is the first Puerto Rican named Assistant Secretary of the Navy A veteran of the Vietnam War Navas was nominated in by President George W Bush to serve as the Assistant Secretary of the Navy Manpower and Reserve Affairs Juan E Negrón Master Sergeant U S Army Negron will receive the Medal of Honor posthumously on March for his courageous actions while serving as a member of Company L th Infantry Regiment d Infantry Division during combat operations against an armed enemy in Kalma Eri Korea on April Héctor Andrés Negroni Colonel U S Air Force Negroni was the first Puerto Rican graduate of the United States Air Force Academy A veteran of the Vietnam War Negroni was awarded the Aeronautical Merit Cross Spains highest Air Force peacetime award for his contributions to the successful implementation of the United States Spain Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation Alberto A Nido Brigadier General U S Air Force Nido was a World War II war hero who together with Lt Col Jose Antonio Muñiz co founded the Puerto Rico Air National Guard and served as its commander for many years Nido served in the Royal Canadian Air Force the British Royal Air Force and in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II Ramón Núñez Juárez Private First Class U S Marine Corps Núñez Juárez was listed as Missing in Action during the Korean War and posthumously awarded the Navy Cross second highest medal after the Medal of Honor that can be awarded by the Department of the Navy He was the only Puerto Rican member of the United States Marine Corps whose remains have never been recovered and who was listed as Missing in Action during the Korean War Jorge Otero Barreto Sergeant First Class U S Army Otero Barreto with decorations which includes Silver Star Medals Bronze Star Medals with Valor Army Commendation medals Purple Heart Medals and Air Medals has been called the most decorated U S soldier of the Vietnam War Dolores Piñero U S Army Medical Corps Piñero who despite the fact that she was not an active member of the military was the first Puerto Rican woman doctor to serve in the Army under contract during World War I At first she was turned down however after writing a letter to the Army Surgeon General in Washington D C she was ordered her to report to Camp Las Casas in Santurce Puerto Rico On October She signed her contract with the Army José M Portela Brigadier General U S Air Force Portela served in the position of Assistant Adjutant General for Air while also serving as commander of the Puerto Rico Air National Guard In Portela became the youngest C Starlifter aircraft commander and captain at age Portela is also the only reservist ever to serve as director of mobility forces for Bosnia Marion Frederic Ramírez de Arellano Captain U S Navy Ramírez de Arellano was the first Hispanic submarine commander He was awarded two Silver Stars and a Bronze Star for his actions against the Japanese Imperial Navy during World War II Antonio J Ramos Brigadier General U S Air Force Ramos was the first Hispanic to serve as commander Air Force Security Assistance Center Air Force Materiel Command and dual hatted as Assistant to the Commander for International Affairs Headquarters Air Force Materiel Command Agustín Ramos Calero Sergeant First Class U S Army With military decorations Ramos Calero was the most decorated soldier in all of the United States during World War II Fernando L Ribas Dominicci Major U S Air Force Ribas Dominicci was one of the pilots who participated in the Libyan air raid as member of the th Tactical Fighter Wing His F F was shot down in action over the disputed Gulf of Sidra off the Libyan coast Ribas Dominicci and his weapons systems officer Capt Paul Lorence were the only U S casualties of Operation El Dorado Canyon Frederick Lois Riefkohl Rear Admiral U S Navy Riefkohl was the first Puerto Rican to graduate from the United States Naval Academy and in World War I became the first Puerto Rican to be awarded the Navy Cross Rudolph W Riefkohl Colonel U S Army Riefkohl played an instrumental role in helping the people of Poland overcome the typhus epidemic Demensio Rivera Private U S Army Rivera will receive the Medal of Honor posthumously on March for his courageous actions while serving as an automatic rifleman with d Platoon Company G th Infantry Regiment d Infantry Division during combat operations against an armed enemy in Changyong ni Korea on May Manuel Rivera Jr Captain U S Marine Corps Rivera who was of Puerto Rican descent was the first U S serviceman to die in Operation Desert Shield Pedro N Rivera Brigadier General U S Air Force In Rivera became the first Hispanic to be named medical commander in the Air Force He was responsible for the provision of health care to more than patients Horacio Rivero Admiral U S Navy In Rivero became the first Puerto Rican and second Hispanic Admiral four star in the U S Navy Rivero participated in World War II the Korean War the Vietnam War and in Admiral Rivero was the commander of the American fleet sent by President John F Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis to set up a quarantine blockade of the Soviet ships in an effort to stop the Cold War from escalating into World War III Pedro Rodríguez Master Sergeant U S Army Rodriguez was a member of Puerto Rico s th Infantry He earned two Silver Stars within a seven day period during the Korean War Antonio Rodríguez Balinas Brigadier General U S Army Rodríguez Balinas was the first commander of the Office of the First U S Army Deputy Command During the Korean War he fought with Puerto Rico s th Infantry Regiment and was awarded the Silver Star Medal Maria Rodriguez Denton Lieutenant U S Navy Rodriguez Denton was the first woman from Puerto Rico who became an officer in the United States Navy as member of the WAVES It was Lt Denton who forwarded the news through channels to President Harry S Truman that the war had ended Fernando E Rodríguez Vargas Major U S Army Rodríguez Vargas was an odontologist dentist scientist and a Major in the U S Army who in discovered the bacteria which causes dental caries Eurípides Rubio Captain U S Army Rubio was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions at Tay Ninh Province in the Republic of Vietnam on November Jaime Sabater Sr Colonel U S Marine Corps Sabater commanded the st Battalion th Marines during the Bougainville amphibious operations in World War II José L Santiago Sergeant Major U S Marine Corps Santiago has the distinction of being the nd Battalion th Marines first Hispanic Sergeant Major and its first Sergeant Major since its reactivation on July Héctor Santiago Colón Specialist Four U S Army In Santiago Colón was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions at Qu?ng Tr? Province Vietnam as member of Company B of the th Battalion th Cavalry st Cavalry Division Antulio Segarra Colonel U S Army In Segarra became the first Puerto Rican Regular Army officer to command a Regular Army Regiment when he assumed the command of Puerto Rico s th Infantry Regiment which at the time was conducting security missions in the jungles of Panama Frankie Segarra Master Gunnery Sergeant U S Marine Corps Segarra is the first Puerto Rican to reach the grade of Master Gunnery Sergeant in the United States Marine Corps within his MOS Rafel Toro Private U S Marine Corps Toro was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross for his "extraordinary heroism in battle" while fighting in Nicaragua during the second Nicaragua campaign in Miguel A Vera Private U S Army Vera will receive the Medal of Honor posthumously for his courageous actions while serving as an automatic rifleman with Company F th Infantry Regiment d Infantry Division in Chorwon Korea on September Humbert Roque Versace Captain U S Army Versace was of Italian and Puerto Rican descent was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions while a prisoner of war POW during the Vietnam War He was the first member of the U S Army to be awarded the Medal of Honor for actions performed in Southeast Asia while in captivity Raúl G Villaronga Colonel U S Army Villaronga was the first Puerto Rican to be elected as Mayor of a Texas city Killeen st century Martha Carcana Colonel U S Army In Carcana became the first woman to be named Adjutant General of the Puerto Rican National Guard Iván Castro Captain U S Army Castro who is of Puerto Rican descent is one of three blind active duty officers who serves in the US Army and the only blind officer serving in the United States Army Special Forces Ramón Colón López Chief Master Sergeant U S Air Force On June Colon López a pararescueman was the first and only Hispanic among the first six airmen to be awarded the Air Force Combat Action Medal He is the Commandant of the Pararescue and Combat Rescue Officer School Olga E Custodio Lieutenant Colonel U S Air Force Custodio made history when she became the first female Hispanic U S military pilot She holds the distinction of being first Latina to complete U S Air Force military pilot training After retiring from the military she became the first Latina to become a commercial airline captain Emilio Díaz Colón Major General U S Army PRNG Díaz Colón is the first Superintendent of the Puerto Rican Police who once served as the Adjutant General of the Puerto Rican National Guard Hila Levy Captain U S Air Force In Levy became the first Puerto Rican Rhodes scholar María V Martínez Command Sergeant Major U S Army Martínez is the first Puerto Rican female to reach the rank of Command Sergeant Major in the United States Army She serves as Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Director of the Army Diversity Office in the Pentagon Washington D C Rafael O Ferrall Brigadier General U S Army O Ferrall is the first Hispanic and person of Puerto Rican descent to become the Deputy Commanding General for the Joint Task Force at Guantanamo Cuba while simultaneously serving as Assistant Adjutant General Army and Deputy Commanding General of the Joint Force Headquarters at San Juan Puerto Rico María Inés Ortiz Captain U S Army Ortiz who was of Puerto Rican descent was the first United States Army nurse to die in combat during Operation Iraqi Freedom and the first to die in combat since the Vietnam War Evelio Otero Jr Colonel U S Air Force Otero led the establishment of the first ever U S Central Command Headquarters in Qatar He founded the Polish and Colombian Joint Special Operations Commands while he was assigned to United States Special Operations Command Hector E Pagan Brigadier General U S Army Pagan is the first Hispanic of Puerto Rican descent to become Deputy Commanding General of the U S Army John F Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School at Fort Bragg North Carolina Lizbeth Robles SPC U S Army In Robles was the first female soldier born in Puerto Rico to die in combat as an active soldier during Operation Iraqi Freedom Maritza Sáenz Ryan Colonel U S Army Sáenz Ryan who is of Puerto Ricana and Spanish descent is the head of the Department of Law at the United States Military Academy She is the first woman and first Hispanic Puerto Rican and Spanish heritage West Point graduate to serve as an academic department head She also has the distinction of also being the most senior ranking Hispanic Judge Advocate Marc H Sasseville Brigadier General U S Air Force On September then Lieutenant Colonel Marc Sasseville whose mother is Yita Joan Frontera Lluch from Yauco Puerto Rico was the acting operations group commander under the th Wing of the DC Air National Guard He was one of four fighter pilots commissioned with finding and destroying United Flight by any means necessary including ramming the aircraft in midair Frances M Vega SPC U S Army On November Vega became the first female soldier of Puerto Rican descent to die in a combat zone during Operation Iraqi Freedom Maria Zumwalt Colonel U S Army Zumwalt a native of Bayamon was the commander of the th Chemical Brigade Physicians scientists and inventors edit Nitza Margarita Cintron Scientist Chief of NASA s JSC Space and Health Care Systems Office Pablo Clemente Colon First Puerto Rican Chief Scientist of the National Ice Center present Antonia Coello Novello First Hispanic and first woman U S Surgeon General – Martín Corchado Physician medical researcher and president of the Autonomist Party of Puerto Rico José F Cordero Pediatrician Cordero is the founding director of the National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities NCBDDD at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC in Atlanta Georgia Milagros J Cordero pediatrician She is the founder and President of Team Therapy Services For Children ITT S for Children María Cordero Hardy physiologist educator and scientist Cordero Hardy s research on vitamin E helped other scientists understand about how the vitamin works in the human body Juan R Correa Pérez scientist clinical andrologist and embryologist Correa Pérez is a scientist who is credited with becoming the first clinical Andrologist and Embryologist in Puerto Rico Juan R Cruz NASA scientist Played an instrumental role in the design and development of the Mars Exploration Rover MER parachute Carlos Del Castillo NASA scientist Del Castillo was the Program Scientist for the Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry Program at NASA Headquarters in Washington D C Del Castillo is also the recipient of the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers PECASE award the highest honor bestowed by the United States government on scientists and engineers beginning their independent careers Manuel de la Pila Iglesias Multi faceted physician who specilized in various medical disciplines Introduced the first EKG and X ray machines into Puerto Rico Founded a medical clinic that today is a respected medical center in Ponce Puerto Rico He is considered to be "one of the giants of Puerto Rican medicine" Alfonso Eaton Mechanical Engineer Aero Space Technologist First Puerto Rican to work for NASA Enectalí Figueroa Feliciano Astronaut applicant and astrophysicist in NASA Figueroa pioneered the development of position sensitive detectors Orlando Figueroa Mechanical engineer at NASA previously the NASA Mars Czar Director for Mars Exploration and the Director for the Solar System Division in the Office of Space Science at NASA Headquarters is now the Director Applied Engineering & Technology at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center as the "Director of Engineering" he manages the full scope of engineering activities at Goddard Adolfo Figueroa Viñas Astrophysicist at NASA Figueroa Viñas is the first Puerto Rican astrophysicist at NASA working in solar plasma physics As a senior research scientist he is involved in many NASA missions such as Wind SOHO Cluster and MMS projects in which he is the author and co author of numerous scientific papers in his field José N Gándara Lead physician attending to the wounded of the Ponce Massacre and later the expert witness at the trials of the accused Nacionalistas as well as before the Hays Commission Held numerous government positions including Secretary of Health of Puerto Rico He was also one of the founders of the Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico Joxel García First Puerto Rican Assistant Secretary for Health ASH U S Department of Health and Human Services and an Admiral in the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps Asdrubal Garcia Ortiz Technology Engineer Together with fellow inventors Sunggyu Lee and John R Wootton Garcia Ortiz was granted various patents A sample of these patents includes US Patent No "System and method for detecting traffic anomalies" US Patent No "Systems for water purification through supercritical oxidation" and US Patent No "Systems and methods for reducing the magnitude of harmonics produced by a power inverter" Mario R García Palmieri Cardiologist García Palmieri is the first Hispanic to have the distinction of being designated a "Master" by the American College of Cardiology Sixto González Scientist First Puerto Rican Director of the Arecibo Observatory the world s largest single dish radio telescope Rosa A González Registered nurse Founder of "The Association of Registered Nurses of Puerto Rico" and author of various books related to her field where she denounced the discrimination against women and nurses in Puerto Rico Isaac González Martínez urologist González Martínez was the first Puerto Rican urologist and a pioneer in the fight against cancer in the island Olga D González Sanabria NASA engineer Is the highest ranking Hispanic at NASA Glenn Research Center and a member of the Ohio Women s Hall of Fame Amri Hernández Pellerano NASA engineer Hernández Pellerano designs builds and tests the electronics that will regulate the solar array power in order to charge the spacecraft battery and distribute power to the different loads or users inside various spacecraft at NASA s Goddard Space Flight Center Gloria Hernandez Physical Scientist aerospace technologist Hernandez is the Science Manager for the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment SAGE III on ISS at NASA Langley Research Center Her career has included supersonic aerodynamic research that has resulted in economic advances in supersonic flight Lucas G Hortas Aerospace engineer aerospace technologist Hortas is the author and or co author of over technical papers in the areas of system identification vibration control and isolation optimal control design and implementation optimal actuator sensor placement model testing and experimental verification of control methodologies Ramón E López Physicist Lopez a Professor in the Department of Physics at the University of Texas at Arlington is a Fellow of the American Physical Society and recipient of the Nicholson Medal for Humanitarian Service He is the co author of a book on space weather entitled "Storms from the Sun" Fernando López Tuero Agricultural scientist and agronomist López Tuero discovered the bug believed at first to be a germ which was destroying Puerto Rico s sugar canes Carlos A Liceaga Electronic engineer aerospace technologist Liceaga leads the development of proposal guidelines and the technical management and cost evaluation of the proposals For the Explorer Program Gerónimo Lluberas Physician writer educator medical missionary Ariel Lugo Scientist and ecologist Lugo is the Director of the International Institute of Tropical Forestry within the United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service based in Puerto Rico He is a founding Member of the Society for Ecological Restoration and Member at Large of the Board of the Ecological Society of America Debbie Martínez Computer engineer aero space technologist Martinez is the "Flight Systems and Software Branch" software manager for the new Cockpit Motion Facility at NASA Langley Research Center Lissette Martinez Electronic engineer rocket scientist Martinez is the lead electrical engineer for the Space Experiment Module program at the Wallops Flight Facility located in Virginia which is part of NASA s Goddard Flight Facility Manuel Martínez Maldonado is a Nephrologist educator poet and author Martínez Maldonado has authored numerous scientific publications and discovered a natriuretic hormone Antonio Mignucci Marine Biologist and oceanographer Founder of the Red Caribeña de Varamientos Carlos Ortiz Longo Mechanical engineer Chief of Crew Health Care Systems and Exercise Countermeasures in NASA William G Pagán Software Engineer IBM Master Inventor and Patent Attorney As of March Pagán was listed as an inventor on United States patents and over published patent applications Joseph O Prewitt Díaz psychologist Prewitt Díaz specialized in psychosocial theory He was the recipient of the American Psychological Association s International Humanitarian Award Mercedes Reaves Research engineer and scientist Reaves is responsible for the design of a viable full scale solar sail and the development and testing of a scale model solar sail at NASA Langley Research Center Ilyo Voyvoda ???? ??? ?????????? Pere Tošev ???? ????? Pitu Guli ???? ???? Dimo Hadži Dimov ???? ???? ????? Hristo Uzunov ?????? ?????? Literature edit Gjorgji Abadžiev ????? ??????? Petre M Andreevski ????? ? ?????????? Maja Apostoloska ???? ??????????? Dimitrija Cupovski ????????? ???????? Jordan Hadži Konstantinov Džinot ?????? ???? ???????????? ????? Vasil Iljoski ????? ?????? Slavko Janevski ?????? ???????? Blaže Koneski ????? ??????? Risto Krle ????? ???? Vlado Maleski ????? ??????? Mateja Matevski ?????? ???????? Krste Misirkov ????? ????????? Kole Nedelkovski ???? ??????????? Olivera Nikolova Anton Panov ????? ????? Gjorche Petrov ????? ?????? Vidoe Podgorec ????? ???????? Aleksandar Prokopiev ?????????? ????????? Koco Racin ???? ????? Jovica Tasevski Eternijan ?????? ???????? ????????? Gane Todorovski ???? ?????????? Stevan Ognenovski ?????? ?????????? Music edit Classical music edit Composers edit Atanas Badev ?????? ????? Dimitrije Bužarovski ????????? ?????????? Kiril Makedonski ????? ?????????? Toma Prošev ???? ?????? Todor Skalovski ????? ????????? Stojan Stojkov ?????? ??????? Aleksandar Džambazov ?????????? ???????? Conductors edit Borjan Canev ?????? ????? Instrumentalists edit Pianists Simon Trpceski ????? ???????? Opera singers edit Blagoj Nacoski ?????? ??????? Boris Trajanov ????? ???????? Popular and folk music edit Composers edit Darko Dimitrov ????? ???????? Slave Dimitrov ????? ???????? Jovan Jovanov ????? ??????? Ilija Pejovski ????? ???????? Musicians edit Bodan Arsovski ????? ???????? Goran Trajkoski ????? ????????? Ratko Dautovski ????? ????????? Kiril Džajkovski ????? ????????? Tale Ognenovski ???? ?????????? Vlatko Stefanovski ?????? ??????????? Stevo Teodosievski ????? ???????????? Aleksandra Popovska ?????????? ???????? Singers and Bands edit Lambe Alabakoski ????? ?????????? Anastasia ????????? Arhangel ???????? Kristina Arnaudova ???????? ????????? Kaliopi Bukle ??????? Dani Dimitrovska ???? ??????????? Riste Tevdoski ????? ???????? Karolina Goceva ???????? ?????? Vaska Ilieva ????? ?????? Andrijana Janevska ????????? ???????? Vlado Janevski ????? ???????? Jovan Jovanov ????? ??????? Leb i sol ??? ? ??? Aleksandar Makedonski ?????????? ?????????? Elvir Mekic ????? ????? Mizar ????? Jasmina Mukaetova ??????? ????e???? The Malagasy French Malgache are the ethnic group that forms nearly the entire population of Madagascar They are divided into two subgroups the "Highlander" Merina Sihanaka and Betsileo of the central plateau around Antananarivo Alaotra Ambatondrazaka and Fianarantsoa and the "coastal dwellers" elsewhere in the country This division has its roots in historical patterns of settlement The original Austronesian settlers from Borneo arrived between the third and tenth centuries and established a network of principalities in the Central Highlands region conducive to growing the rice they had carried with them on their outrigger canoes Sometime later a large number of settlers arrived from East Africa and established kingdoms along the relatively unpopulated coastlines The difference in ethnic origins remains somewhat evident between the highland and coastal regions In addition to the ethnic distinction between highland and coastal Malagasy one may speak of a political distinction as well Merina monarchs in the late th and early th century united the Merina principalities and brought the neighboring Betsileo people under their administration first They later extended Merina control over the majority of the coastal areas as well The military resistance and eventual defeat of most of the coastal communities assured their subordinate position vis à vis the Merina Betsileo alliance During the th and th centuries the French colonial administration capitalized on and further exacerbated these political inequities by appropriating existing Merina governmental infrastructure to run their colony This legacy of political inequity dogged the people of Madagascar after gaining independence in candidates ethnic and regional identities have often served to help or hinder their success in democratic elections Within these two broad ethnic and political groupings the Malagasy were historically subdivided into specifically named ethnic groups who were primarily distinguished from one another on the basis of cultural practices These were namely agricultural hunting or fishing practices construction style of dwellings music hair and clothing styles and local customs or taboos the latter known in the Malagasy language as fady citation needed The number of such ethnic groups in Madagascar has been debated The practices that distinguished many of these groups are less prevalent in the st century than they were in the past But many Malagasy are proud to proclaim their association with one or several of these groups as part of their own cultural identity "Highlander" ethnic groups Merina Sihanaka Betsileo Zafimaniry Coastal ethnic groups Antaifasy or Antefasy Antaimoro or Temoro or Antemoro Antaisaka or Antesaka Antambahoaka Antandroy or Tandroy Antankarana Antanosy or Tanosy Academia edit Afifi al Akiti Khasnor Johan historian Khoo Kay Kim Jomo Kwame Sundaram Danny Quah Harith Ahmad Architects edit Main article List of Malaysian architects Artists edit Main article List of Malaysian artists Business edit Tan Sri Syed Mokhtar Al Bukhary born Tan Sri Dato Loh Boon Siew – Tan Sri Jeffrey Cheah Tan Sri William Cheng Dato Choong Chin Liang born Tan Sri Dato Tony Fernandes born Lim Goh Tong – Tan Sri Tiong Hiew King Tan Sri Teh Hong Piow born Chung Keng Quee – Tan Sri Ananda Krishnan born Robert Kuok born Tan Sri Quek Leng Chan born Shoba Purushothaman Shah Hakim Zain Halim Saad Tan Sri Mohd Saleh Sulong Tan Sri Vincent Tan born Lillian Too born Tan Sri Dr Francis Yeoh Tun Daim Zainuddin born Tan Sri Kong Hon Kong Designers edit Bernard Chandran fashion designer Jimmy Choo born shoe designer Poesy Liang born artist writer philanthropist jewellery designer industrial designer interior architect music composer Inventors edit Yi Ren Ng inventor of the Lytro Entertainers edit Yasmin Ahmad – film director Stacy Angie Francissca Peter born Jamal Abdillah born Sudirman Arshad – Loganathan Arumugam died Datuk David Arumugam Alleycats Awal Ashaari Alvin Anthons born Asmawi bin Ani born Ahmad Azhar born Ning Baizura born Kasma Booty died Marion Caunter host of One In A Million and the TV Quickie Ella born Erra Fazira born Sean Ghazi born Fauziah Latiff born Angelica Lee born Daniel Lee Chee Hun born Fish Leong born Sheila Majid born Amy Mastura born Mohamad Nasir Mohamad born Shathiyah Kristian born Meor Aziddin Yusof born Ah Niu born Dayang Nurfaizah born Shanon Shah born Siti Nurhaliza born Misha Omar born Hani Mohsin – Aziz M Osman born Azmyl Yunor born P Ramlee born Aziz Sattar born Fasha Sandha born Ku Nazhatul Shima Ku Kamarazzaman born Nicholas Teo born Pete Teo Penny Tai born Hannah Tan born Jaclyn Victor born Chef Wan Adira Suhaimi Michael Wong born Victor Wong born Dato Michelle Yeoh Hollywood actress born James Wan director of Hollywood films like several Saw films Insidious The Conjuring Fast and Furious born Ziana Zain born Zee Avi Shila Amzah Yunalis Zarai Zamil Idris born Military edit Leftenan Adnan – Warrior from mainland Malaya Antanum Warrior from Sabah Borneo Rentap Warrior from Sarawak Syarif Masahor Warrior from Sarawak Monsopiad Warrior from Sabah Borneo Haji Abdul Rahman Limbong Warrior from Telemong Terengganu Mat Salleh Warrior from Sabah Borneo Rosli Dhobi Warrior from Sarawak Politicians edit Parameswara founder of Sultanate of Malacca Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al Haj st Prime Minister of independent Malaya Tun Abdul Razak nd Prime Minister V T Sambanthan Founding Fathers of Malaysia along with Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tan Cheng Lock Tun Dato Sir Tan Cheng Lock Founder of MCA Tun Hussein Onn rd Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad th Prime Minister Father of Modernisation Abdullah Ahmad Badawi th Prime Minister since Najib Tun Razak Current Prime Minister since Dato Seri Ong Ka Ting Dato Seri Anwar Ibrahim Dato Wan Hisham Wan Salleh Nik Aziz Nik Mat Raja Nong Chik Zainal Abidin Federal Territory and Urban Wellbeing Minister Wan Azizah Wan Ismail Karpal Singh Lim Kit Siang Lim Guan Eng Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah Religious edit Antony Selvanayagam Roman Catholic Bishop of the Diocese of Penang Anthony Soter Fernandez Archbishop Emeritus of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kuala Lumpur and Bishop Emeritus of the Diocese of Penang Gregory Yong – Second Roman Catholic Archbishop of Singapore Tan Sri Datuk Murphy Nicholas Xavier Pakiam Metropolitan archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kuala Lumpur president of the Catholic Bishops Conference of Malaysia Singapore and Brunei and publisher of the Catholic weekly newspaper The Herald Datuk Ng Moon Hing the fourth and current Anglican Bishop of West Malaysia Sportspeople edit Squash edit Datuk Nicol Ann David Ong Beng Hee Azlan Iskandar Low Wee Wern Badminton edit Chan Chong Ming men s doubles Dato Lee Chong Wei Chew Choon Eng men s doubles Wong Choong Hann Chin Eei Hui women s doubles Hafiz Hashim Roslin Hashim Wong Pei Tty women s doubles Choong Tan Fook men s doubles Lee Wan Wah men s doubles Koo Kien Keat men s doubles Tan Boon Heong men s doubles Retired edit Tan Aik Huang Eddy Choong Punch Gunalan Yap Kim Hock Foo Kok Keong Jalani Sidek Misbun Sidek Rashid Sidek Razif Sidek Cheah Soon Kit Lee Wan Wah Football soccer edit Brendan Gan Sydney FC Shaun Maloney Wigan Athletic Akmal Rizal Perak FA Kedah FA RC Strasbourg FCSR Haguenau Norshahrul Idlan Talaha Kelantan FA Khairul Fahmi Che Mat Kelantan FA Mohd Safiq Rahim Selangor FA Mohd Fadzli Saari Selangor FA PBDKT T Team FC SV Wehen Rudie Ramli Selangor FA PKNS F C SV Wehen Mohd Safee Mohd Sali Selangor FA Pelita Jaya Baddrol Bakhtiar Kedah FA Mohd Khyril Muhymeen Zambri Kedah FA Mohd Azmi Muslim Kedah FA Mohd Fadhli Mohd Shas Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce Mohd Irfan Fazail Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce Wan Zack Haikal Wan Noor Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce F C Ryukyu Nazirul Naim Che Hashim Harimau Muda A F C Ryukyu Khairul Izuan Abdullah Sarawak FA Persibo Bojonegoro PDRM FA Stanley Bernard Stephen Samuel Sabah FA Sporting Clube de Goa Nazmi Faiz Harimau Muda A SC Beira Mar Ahmad Fakri Saarani Perlis FA Atlético S C Chun Keng Hong Penang FA Chanthaburi F C Retired edit Serbegeth Singh owner founder of MyTeam Blackburn Rovers F C Global dvisor Mokhtar Dahari former Selangor FA and Malaysian player Lim Teong Kim former Hertha BSC player