Center. However, Morningside Heights also contains the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine, the Riverside Church, the Broadway Presbyterian Church, Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York, and St. Luke's Hospital. The neighborhood is part of New York's 13th congressional district, which includes all of Upper Manhattan since 2013.[11] Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Sites of interest 2.1 In popular culture 3 Transportation Kim Young-sam (Hangul: ???; hanja: ???; Korean pronunciation: [kim j??s?am]; 20 December 1927 – 22 November 2015) was a South Korean politician and democratic activist, who served as the seventh President of South Korea from 1993 to 1998. From 1961, he spent almost 30 years as one of the leaders of the South Korean opposition, and one of the most powerful rivals to the authoritarian regimes of Park Chung-hee and Chun Doo-hwan. Elected president in 1992, Kim became the first civilian to hold the office in over 30 years. He was inaugurated on 25 February 1993, and served a single five-year term, presiding over a massive anti-corruption campaign, the arrest of his two predecessors, and an internationalization policy called Segyehwa. Contents [hide] 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 New Democratic Party leader 2.2 House arrest 2.3 Failed presidential run, 1987 2.4 Presidency (1993–1998) 3 Later life and death 4 Personal life Presbyterianism is a part of the Reformed tradition within Protestantism which traces its origins to the British Isles. Presbyterian churches derive their name from the presbyterian form of church government, which is government by representative assemblies of elders. Many Reformed churches are organized this way, but the word "Presbyterian," when capitalized, is often applied uniquely to the churches that trace their roots to the Scottish and English churches that bore that name and English political groups that formed during the English Civil War.[2] Presbyterian theology typically emphasizes the sovereignty of God, the authority of the Scriptures, and the necessity of grace through faith in Christ. Presbyterian church government was ensured in Scotland by the Acts of Union in 1707[3] which created the kingdom of Great Britain. In fact, most Presbyterians found in England can trace a Scottish connection, and the Presbyterian denomination was also taken to North America

mostly by Scots and Scots-Irish (Scotch-Irish American) immigrants. The Presbyterian denominations in Scotland hold to the theology of John Calvin and his immediate successors, although there are a range of theological views within contemporary Presbyterianism. Local congregations of churches which use presbyterian polity are governed by sessions made up of representatives of the congregation (elders); a conciliar approach which is found at other levels of decision-making (presbytery, synod and general assembly). The roots of Presbyterianism lie in the European Reformation of the 16th century; the example of John Calvin's Geneva being particularly influential. Most Reformed churches who trace their history back to Scotland are either presbyterian or congregationalist in government. In the twentieth century, some Presbyterians played an important role in the Ecumenical Movement, including the World Council of Churches. Many Presbyterian denominations have found ways of working together with other Reformed denominations and Christians of other traditions, especially in the World Communion of Reformed Churches. Some Presbyterian churches have entered into unions with other churches, such as Congregationalists, Lutherans, Anglicans, and Methodists. Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Characteristics 2.1 Government 2.2 Doctrine 2.3 Worship and Sacraments 2.3.1 Worship 2.3.2 Sacraments 3 Architecture 4 Regions 4.1 France 4.2 Scotland 4.3 England 4.4 Wales 4.5 Ireland 4.6 Italy 4.7 North America 4.7.1 United States 4.7.2 Canada 4.8 Latin America 4.8.1 Mexico 4.8.2 Brazil 4.8.3 Other Latin American states 4.9 Africa 4.9.1 Kenya 4.9.2 Malawi 4.9.3 Southern Africa 4.9.4 Northern Africa 4.10 Asia 4.10.1 Hong Kong 4.10.2 South Korea 4.10.3 Taiwan 4.10.4 India 4.11 Oceania 4.11.1 Australia 4.11.2 New Zealand 4.11.3 Vanuatu 5 See also 5.1 Churches 5.2 Colleges and seminaries 5.3 People 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History[edit] See also: History of Christianity in Scotland John Knox Major branches and movements within Protestantism Presbyterian history is part of the history of Christianity, but the beginning of Presbyterianism as a distinct movement occurred during the 16th-century Protestant Reformation. As the Catholic Church resisted the reformers, the Church split and different theological movements bore different denominations. Presbyterianism was especially influenced by the French theologian John Calvin, who is credited with the development of Reformed theology, and the work of John Knox, a Scotsman who studied with Calvin in Geneva, Switzerland and brought his teachings back to Scotland. The Presbyterian church traces its ancestry back primarily to England and Scotland. In August 1560 the Parliament of Scotland adopted the Scots Confession as the creed of the Scottish Kingdom. In December 1560, the First Book of Discipline was published, outlining important doctrinal issues but also establishing regulations for church government, including the creation of ten ecclesiastical districts with appointed superintendents which later became known as presbyteries.[4] In time, the Scots Confession would be supplanted by the Westminster Confession of Faith, and the Larger and Shorter Catechisms, which were formulated by the Westminster Assembly between 1643 and 1649. Characteristics[edit] Presbyterians distinguish themselves from other denominations by doctrine, institutional organization (or "church order") and worship; often using a "Book of Order" to regulate common practice and order. The origins of the Presbyterian churches are in Calvinism. Many branches of Presbyterianism are remnants of previous splits from larger groups. Some of the splits have been due to doctrinal controversy, while some have been caused by disagreement concerning the degree to which those ordained to church office should be required to agree with the Westminster Confession of Faith, which historically serves as an important confessional document – second only to the Bible, yet directing particularities in the standardization and translation of the Bible – in Presbyterian churches. Presbyterians place great importance upon education and lifelong learning. Continuous study of the scriptures, theological writings, and understanding and interpretation of church doctrine are embodied in several statements of faith and catechisms formally adopted by various branches of the church, often referred to as "subordinate standards". It is generally considered that the point of such learning is to enable one to put one's faith into practice; some Presbyterians generally exhibit their faith in action as well as words, by generosity, hospitality, and the constant pursuit of social justice and reform, as well as proclaiming the gospel of Christ. Government[edit] Main article: Presbyterian church governance The Ordination of Elders in a Scottish Kirk, by John Henry Lorimer, 1891. National Gallery of Scotland. Presbyterian government is by councils (known as courts) of elders. Teaching and ruling elders are ordained and convene in the lowest council known as a session or consistory responsible for the discipline, nurture, and mission of the local congregation. Teaching elders (pastors) have responsibility for teaching, worship, and performing sacraments. Pastors are called by individual congregations. A congregation issues a call for the pastor's service, but this call must be ratified by the local presbytery. Ruling elders are usually laymen (and laywomen in some denominations) who are elected by the congregation and ordained to serve with the teaching elders, assuming responsibility for nurture and leadership of the congregation. Often, especially in larger congregations, the elders delegate the practicalities of buildings, finance, and temporal ministry to the needy in the congregation to a distinct group of officers (sometimes called deacons, which are ordained in some denominations). This group may variously be known as a "Deacon Board", "Board of Deacons" "Diaconate", or "Deacons' Court". These are sometimes known as "presbyters" to the full congregation. Above the sessions exist presbyteries, which have area responsibilities. These are composed of teaching elders and ruling elders from each of the constituent congregations. The presbytery sends representatives to a broader regional or national assembly, generally known as the General Assembly, although an intermediate level of a synod sometimes exists. This congregation / presbytery / synod / general assembly schema is based on the historical structure of the larger Presbyterian churches, such as the Church of Scotland or the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.); some bodies, such as the Presbyterian Church in America and the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, skip one of the steps between congregation and General Assembly, and usually the step skipped is the Synod. The Church of Scotland has now abolished the Synod.[citation needed] Presbyterian governance is practised by Presbyterian denominations and also by many other Reformed churches.[5] Doctrine[edit] This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (September 2014) See also: Reformed theology "Presbyterian Cross", used by the National Cemetery Administration of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs.[6] Presbyterianism is historically a confessional tradition. This has two implications. The obvious one is that confessional churches express their faith in the form of "confessions of faith," which have some level of authoritative status. However this is based on a more subtle point: In confessional churches, theology is not solely an individual matter. While individuals are encouraged to understand Scripture, and may challenge the current institutional understanding, theology is carried out by the community as a whole. It is this community understanding of theology that is expressed in confessions.[7] However, there has arisen a spectrum of approaches to confessionalism. The manner of subscription, or the degree to which the official standards establish the actual doctrine of the church, turns out to be a practical matter. That is, the decisions rendered in ordination and in the courts of the church largely determine what the church means, representing the whole, by its adherence to the doctrinal standard. Some Presbyterian traditions adopt only the Westminster Confession of Faith as the doctrinal standard to which teaching elders are required to subscribe, in contrast to the Larger and Shorter catechisms, which are approved for use in instruction. Many Presbyterian denominations, especially in North America, have adopted all of the Westminster Standards as their standard of doctrine which is subordinate to the Bible. These documents are Calvinistic in their doctrinal orientation. The Presbyterian Church in Canada retains the Westminster Confession of Faith in its original form, while admitting the historical period in which it was written should be understood when it is read. The Westminster Confession is "The principal subordinate standard of the Church of Scotland" but "with due regard to liberty of opinion in points which do not enter into the substance of the Faith" (V). This formulation represents many years of struggle over the extent to which the confession reflects the Word of God and the struggle of conscience of those who came to believe it did not fully do so (e.g. William Robertson Smith). Some Presbyterian Churches, such as the Free Church of Scotland, have no such "conscience clause". The Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) has adopted the Book of Confessions, which reflects the inclusion of other Reformed confessions in addition to the Westminster Standards. These other documents include ancient creedal statements (the Nicene Creed, the Apostles' Creed), 16th-century Reformed confessions (the Scots Confession, the Heidelberg Catechism, the Second Helvetic Confession), and 20th century documents (The Theological Declaration of Barmen, Confession of 1967 and A Brief Statement of Faith). The Presbyterian Church in Canada developed the confessional document Living Faith (1984) and retains it as a subordinate standard of the denomination. It is confessional in format, yet like the Westminster Confession, draws attention back to original Bible text. Presbyterians in Ireland who rejected Calvinism and the Westminster Confessions formed the Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland. Worship and Sacraments[edit] Worship[edit] Main article: Presbyterian worship Presbyterian denominations that trace their heritage to the British Isles usually organise their church services inspired by the principles in the Directory of Public Worship, developed by the Westminster Assembly in the 1640s. This directory documented Reformed worship practices and theology adopted and developed over the preceding century by British Puritans, initially guided by John Calvin and John Knox. It was enacted as law by the Scottish Parliament, and became one of the foundational documents of Presbyterian church legislation elsewhere. Presbyterian catechising, 19th century Historically, the driving principle in the development of the standards of Presbyterian worship is the Regulative principle of worship, which specifies that (in worship), what is not commanded is forbidden.[8] Over subsequent centuries, many Presbyterian churches modified these prescriptions by introducing hymnody, instrumental accompaniment, and ceremonial vestments into worship. However, there is not one fixed "Presbyterian" worship style. Although there are set services for the "Lord's Day", one can find a service to be evangelical and even revivalist in tone (especially in some conservative denominations), or strongly liturgical, approximating the practices of Lutheranism or Anglicanism (especially where Scottish tradition is esteemed),[clarification needed] or semi-formal, allowing for a balance of hymns, preaching, and congregational participation (favored by probably most American Presbyterians). Most Presbyterian churches follow the traditional liturgical year and observe the traditional holidays, holy seasons, such as Advent, Christmas, Ash Wednesday, Holy Week, Easter, Pentecost, etc. They also make use of the appropriate seasonal liturgical colors, etc. Many, incorporate ancient liturgical prayers and responses into the communion services and follow a daily, seasonal, and festival lectionary. Other Presbyterians, however, such as the Reformed Presbyterians, would practice a cappella exclusive psalmody, as well as eschew the celebration of holy days. Among the paleo-orthodox and emerging church movements in Protestant and evangelical churches, in which some Presbyterians are involved, clergy are moving away from the traditional black Geneva gown to such vestments as the alb and chasuble, but also cassock and surplice (typically a full length Old English style surplice which resembles the Celtic alb, an ungirdled liturgical tunic of the old Gallican Rite), which some, particularly those identifying, with the Liturgical Renewal Movement, hold to be more ancient and representative of a more ecumenical past. Sacraments[edit] A Scottish Sacrament, by Henry John Dobson Presbyterians traditionally have held the Worship position that there are only two sacraments: Baptism, in which they would baptize infants, as well as unbaptized adults by the Aspersion (sprinkling) or Affusion (pouring) method, rather than the Immersion method. The Lord's Supper (also known as Communion), in which they would believe that Christ is present in the bread and wine through the Holy Spirit, as opposed to being locally present. Unlike many denominations that baptize infants on the basis of baptismal regeneration, Presbyterians, along with their Continental Reformed counterparts, baptize infants on the belief that as Hebrew infants were circumcised in order to show that they were part of the covenant community, infants of believing parents are likewise to be baptized. Architecture[edit] Early Presbyterians were careful to distinguish between the "church," which referred the members, and the "meeting house," which was the building in which the church met.[9] Until the late 19th century, very few Presbyterians ever referred to their buildings as "churches." Presbyterians believed that meeting-houses (now called churches) are buildings to support the worship of God. The decor in some instances was austere so as not to detract from worship. Early Presbyterian meeting-houses were extremely plain. No stained glass, no elaborate furnishings, and no images were to be found in the meeting-house. The pulpit, often raised so as only to be accessible by a staircase, was the centerpiece of the building. In the late 19th century a gradual shift began to occur. Prosperous congregations built imposing churches, such as Fourth Presbyterian in Chicago, Madison Avenue Presbyterian and Fifth Avenue Presbyterian in New York City, Shadyside Presbyterian Church in Pittsburgh, PA, East Liberty Presbyterian Church in Pittsburgh, PA, First Presbyterian in Dallas, House of Hope Presbyterian Church in Saint Paul, Minnesota Independent Presbyterian Church,Alabama plus many others. Usually a Presbyterian church will not have statues of saints, nor the ornate altar more typical of a Roman Catholic church. Instead, one will find a "communion table," usually on the same level as the congregation. There may be a rail between the communion table and the "Chancel" behind it, which may contain a more decorative altar-type table, choir loft, or choir stalls, lectern and clergy area. The altar is called the communion table and the altar area is called the Chancel by Presbyterians. In a Presbyterian (Reformed Church) there may be an altar cross, either on the communion table or on a table in the chancel. By using the "empty" cross, or cross of the resurrection, Presbyterians emphasize the resurrection and that Christ is not continually dying, but died once and is alive for all eternity. Some Presbyterian church buildings are often decorated with a cross that has a circle around the center, or Celtic cross. This not only emphasized the resurrection, but also acknowledges historical aspects of Presbyterianism. A baptismal font will be located either at the entrance or near the chancel area. Presbyterian architecture generally makes significant use of symbolism. You may also find decorative and ornate stained glass windows depicting scenes from the bible. Some Presbyterian churches will also have ornate statues of Christ or Graven Scenes from the Last Supper located behind the Chancel. St. Giles Cathedral ( Church Of Scotland- The Mother Church of Presbyterians) does have a Crucifix next to one of the Pulpits that hangs alongside. The image of Christ is more of faint image and more modern design. Regions[edit] France[edit] There is a Church of Scotland (Presbyterian) in central Paris The Scots Kirk, Paris which is English-speaking, and is attended by many nationalities. It maintains close links with the Church of Scotland in Scotland itself, as well as with the Reformed Church of France. Scotland[edit] John Knox (1505–1572), a Scot who had spent time studying under Calvin in Geneva, returned to Scotland and urged his countrymen to reform the Church in line with Calvinist doctrines. After a period of religious convulsion and political conflict culminating in a victory for the Protestant party at the Siege of Leith the authority of the Church of Rome was abolished in favour of Reformation by the legislation of the Scottish Reformation Parliament in 1560. The Church was eventually organised by Andrew Melville along Presbyterian lines to become the national Church of Scotland. King James VI and I moved the Church of Scotland towards an episcopal form of government, and in 1637, James' successor, Charles I and William Laud, the Archbishop of Canterbury, attempted to force the Church of Scotland to use the Book of Common Prayer. What resulted was an armed insurrection, with many Scots signing the Solemn League and Covenant. The Covenanters would serve as the government of Scotland for nearly a decade, and would also send military support to the Parliamentarians during the English Civil War. Following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, Charles II, despite the initial support that he received from the Covenanters, reinstated an episcopal form of government on the church. An illegal conventicle. Covenanters in a Glen. However, with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 the Church of Scotland was finally unequivocally recognised as a Presbyterian institution by the monarch due to Scottish Presbyterian support for the aforementioned revolution and the Acts of Union 1707 between Scotland and England guaranteed the Church of Scotland's form of government. However, legislation by the United Kingdom parliament allowing patronage led to splits in the Church. In 1733, a group of ministers seceded from the Church of Scotland to form the Associate Presbytery, another group seceded in 1761 to form the Relief Church and the Disruption of 1843 led to the formation of the Free Church of Scotland. Further splits took place, especially over theological issues, but most Presbyterians in Scotland were reunited by 1929 union of the established Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland. The Presbyterian denominations in Scotland today are the Church of Scotland, the Free Church of Scotland, the United Free Church of Scotland, the Free Church of Scotland (Continuing), the Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland, the Associated Presbyterian Church (Associated Presbyterian Churches), and the Reformed Presbyterian Church of Scotland. Within Scotland the term kirk is usually used to refer to a local Presbyterian church. Informally the term 'The Kirk' refers to the Church of Scotland. England[edit] Main article: English Presbyterianism In England, Presbyterianism was established in secret in 1592. Thomas Cartwright is thought to be the first Presbyterian in England. Cartwright's controversial lectures at Cambridge University condemning the episcopal hierarchy of the Elizabethan Church led to his deprivation of his post by Archbishop John Whitgift and his emigration abroad. Between 1645 and 1648, a series of ordinances of the Long Parliament established Presbyterianism as the polity of the Church of England. Presbyterian government was established in London and Lancashire and in a few other places in England, although Presbyterian hostility to the execution of Charles I and the establishment of the republican Commonwealth of England meant that Parliament never enforced the Presbyterian system in England. The re-establishment of the monarchy in 1660 brought the return of Episcopal church government in England (and in Scotland for a short time); but the Presbyterian church in England continued in Non-Conformity, outside of the established church. In 1719 a major split, the Salter's Hall controversy, occurred; with the majority siding with nontrinitarian views. Thomas Bradbury published several sermons bearing on the controversy, and in 1719, "An answer to the reproaches cast on the dissenting ministers who subscribed their belief of the Eternal Trinity.". By the 18th century many English Presbyterian congregations had become Unitarian in doctrine. A number of new Presbyterian Churches were founded by Scottish immigrants to England in the 19th century and later. Following the 'Disruption' in 1843 many of those linked to the Church of Scotland eventually joined what became the Presbyterian Church of England in 1876. Some, that is Crown Court (Covent Garden, London), St Andrew's (Stepney, London) and Swallow Street (London), did not join the English denomination, which is why there are Church of Scotland congregations in England such as those at Crown Court, and St Columba's, Pont Street (Knightsbridge) in London. There is also a congregation in the heart of London's financial district called London City Presbyterian Church that is also affiliated with Free Church of Scotland. In 1972, the Presbyterian Church of England (PCofE) united with the Congregational Church in England and Wales to form the United Reformed Church (URC). Among the congregations the PCofE brought to the URC were Tunley (Lancashire), Aston Tirrold (Oxfordshire) and John Knox Presbyterian Church, Stepney, London (now part of Stepney Meeting House URC) – these are among the sole survivors today of the English Presbyterian churches of the 17th century. The URC also has a presence in Scotland, mostly of former Congregationalist Churches. Two former Presbyterian congregations, St Columba's, Cambridge (founded in 1879), and St Columba's, Oxford (founded as a chaplaincy by the PCofE and the Church of Scotland in 1908 and as a congregation of the PCofE in 1929), continue as congregations of the URC and university chaplaincies of the Church of Scotland. In recent years a number of smaller denominations adopting Presbyterian forms of church government have organised in England, including the International Presbyterian Church planted by evangelical theologian Francis Schaeffer of L'Abri Fellowship in the 1970s, and the Evangelical Presbyterian Church in England and Wales founded in the North of England in the late 1980s. Wales[edit] In Wales, Presbyterianism is represented by the Presbyterian Church of Wales, which was originally composed largely of Calvinistic Methodists who accepted Calvinist theology rather than the Arminianism of the Wesleyan Methodists. They broke off from the Church of England in 1811, ordaining their own ministers. They were originally known as the Calvinist Methodist connexion and in the 1920s it became alternatively known as the Presbyterian Church of Wales. Ireland[edit] Presbyterianism is the largest Protestant denomination in Northern Ireland and the second largest on the island of Ireland (after the Anglican Church of Ireland),[citation needed] and was brought by Scottish plantation settlers to Ulster who had been strongly encouraged to emigrate by James VI of Scotland, later James I of England. An estimated 100,000 Scottish Presbyterians moved to the northern counties of Ireland between 1607 and the Battle of the Boyne in 1690.[citation needed] The Presbytery of Ulster was formed in 1642 separately from the established Anglican Church. Presbyterians, along with Roman Catholics in Ulster and the rest of Ireland, suffered under the discriminatory Penal Laws until they were revoked in the early 19th century. Presbyterianism is represented in Ireland by the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster, the Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland, the Reformed Presbyterian Church of Ireland and the Evangelical Presbyterian Church. Italy[edit] Further information: Waldensian The Waldensian Evangelical Church (Chiesa Evangelica Valdese, CEV) is an Italian Protestant denomination. The church was founded in the 12th century, and centuries later, after the Protestant Reformation, it adhered to Calvinist theology and became the Italian branch of the Presbyterian churches.As such, the church is a member of the World Communion of Reformed Churches. North America[edit] See also: List of Presbyterian churches in North America Evolution of Presbyterianism in the United States Even before Presbyterianism spread with immigrants abroad from Scotland, there were divisions in the larger Presbyterian family. Some later rejoined only to separate again. In what some interpret as rueful self-reproach, some Presbyterians refer to the divided Presbyterian churches as the "Split P's". United States[edit] See also: American Presbyterianism Presbyterianism first officially arrived in Colonial America in 1703 with the establishment of the first Presbytery in Philadelphia. In time, the presbytery would be joined by two more to form a synod (1717) and would eventually evolve into the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America in 1789. The nation's largest Presbyterian denomination, the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) – PC (USA) – can trace their heritage back to the original PCUSA, as can the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA), the Orthodox Presbyterian Church (OPC), the Bible Presbyterian Church (BPC), the Cumberland Presbyterian Church (CPC), the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America the Evangelical Presbyterian Church (EPC) and the Evangelical Covenant Order of Presbyterians (ECO). Other Presbyterian bodies in the United States include the Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America (RPCNA), the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church (ARP), the Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States (RPCUS), the Reformed Presbyterian Church General Assembly, the Reformed Presbyterian Church – Hanover Presbytery, the Covenant Presbyterian Church, the Presbyterian Reformed Church, the Westminster Presbyterian Church in the United States, the Korean American Presbyterian Church, and the Free Presbyterian Church of North America. National Presbyterian Church in Washington, DC First Presbyterian Church in Phoenix, Arizona The territory within about a 50-mile (80 km) radius of Charlotte, North Carolina, is historically the greatest concentration of Presbyterianism in the Southern United States, while an almost identical geographic area around Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, contains probably the largest number of Presbyterians in the entire nation. The PC (USA), beginning with its predecessor bodies, has, in common with other so-called "mainline" Protestant denominations, experienced a significant decline in members in recent years. Some estimates have placed that loss at nearly half in the last forty years.[10] Presbyterian influence, especially through Princeton theology can be traced in modern Evangelicalism. Balmer says that: Evangelicalism itself, I believe, is quintessentially North American phenomenon, deriving as it did from the confluence of Pietism, Presbyterianism, and the vestiges of Puritanism. Evangelicalism picked up the peculiar characteristics from each strain – warmhearted spirituality from the Pietists (for instance), doctrinal precisionism from the Presbyterians, and individualistic introspection from the Puritans – even as the North American context itself has profoundly shaped the various manifestations of evangelicalism: fundamentalism, neo-evangelicalism, the holiness movement, Pentecostalism, the charismatic movement, and various forms of African-American and Hispanic evangelicalism.[11] In the late 1800s, Presbyterian missionaries established a presence in what is now northern New Mexico. This provided an alternative to the medieval Catholicism, which was brought to the area by the Spanish Conquistadors and had remained unchanged. The area experienced a "mini" reformation, in that many converts were made to Presbyterianism, prompting persecution. In some cases, the converts left towns and villages to establish their own neighboring villages. The arrival of the United States to the area prompted the Catholic church to modernize and make efforts at winning the converts back, many of which did return. However, there are still stalwart Presbyterians and Presbyterian churches in the area. Canada[edit] In Canada, the largest Presbyterian denomination – and indeed the largest Protestant denomination – was the Presbyterian Church in Canada, formed in 1875 with the merger of four regional groups. In 1925, the United Church of Canada was formed by the majority of Presbyterians combining with the Methodist Church, Canada, and the Congregational Union of Canada. A sizable minority of Canadian Presbyterians, primarily in southern Ontario but also throughout the entire nation, withdrew, and reconstituted themselves as a non-concurring continuing Presbyterian body. They regained use of the original name in 1939. Latin America[edit] Presbyterian Cathedral of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Presbyterianism arrived in Latin America in the 19th century. Mexico[edit] The biggest Presbyterian church is the National Presbyterian Church in Mexico (Iglesia Nacional Presbiteriana de México), which has around 2,500,000 members and associates and 3000 congregations, but there are other small denominations like the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church in Mexico which was founded in 1875 by the Associate Reformed Church in North America. The Independent Presbyterian Church and the Presbyterian Reformed Church in Mexico, the National Conservative Presbyterian Church in Mexico are existing churches in the Reformed tradition. Brazil[edit] In Brazil, the Presbyterian Church of Brazil (Igreja Presbiteriana do Brasil) totals approximately 1,011,300 members;[12] other Presbyterian churches (Independents, United, Conservatives, Renovated, etc.) in this nation have around 350,000 members. The Renewed Presbyterian Church in Brazil was influenced by the charismatic movement and has about 131?000 members as of 2011.[13] The Conservative Presbyterian Church was founded in 1940 and has eight presbyteries.[14] The Fundamentalist Presbyterian church in Brazil was influenced by Karl McIntosh and the Bible Presbyterian church USA and has around 1?800 members. The Independent Presbyterian Church in Brasil was founded in 1903 by pastor Pereira, has 500 congregations and 75?000 members. The United Presbyterian Church in Brazil has around 4?000 members. There are also ethnic Korean Presbyterian churches in the country. The Evangelical Reformed Church in Brazil has Dutch origin. The Reformed Churches in Brazil were recently founded by the Canadian Reformed Churches with the Reformed Church in the Netherlands (liberated). Congregational churches present in the country are also part of the Calvinistic tradition in Latin America. Other Latin American states[edit] There are probably more than four million members of Presbyterian churches in all of Latin America. Presbyterian churches are also present in Peru, Bolivia, Cuba, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Colombia, Chile, Paraguay, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Argentina and others, but with few members. The Presbyterian Church in Belize has 14 churches and church plants and there is a Reformed Seminary founded in 2004. Some Latin Americans in North America are active in the Presbyterian Cursillo Movement. Africa[edit] Presbyterianism arrived in Africa in the 19th century through the work of Scottish missionaries and founded churches such as St Michael and All Angels Church, Blantyre, Malawi. The church has grown extensively and now has a presence in at least 23 countries in the region.[15] African Presbyterian churches often incorporate diaconal ministries, including social services, emergency relief, and the operation of mission hospitals. A number of partnerships exist between presbyteries in Africa and the PC(USA), including specific connections with Lesotho, Malawi, South Africa, Ghana and Zambia. For example, the Lackawanna Presbytery, located in Northeastern Pennsylvania, has a partnership with a presbytery in Ghana. Also the Southminster Presbyterian Church, located near Pittsburgh, has partnerships with churches in Malawi and Kenya. The Presbyterian Church of Nigeria, western Africa is also healthy and strong in mostly the southern states of this nation, strong density in the south-eastern states of this country. Beginning from Cross River state, the nearby coastal states, Rivers state, Lagos state to Ebonyi and Abia States. The missionary expedition of Mary Slessor and Hope Waddel and their group in the mid 18th century in this coastal regions of the ten British colony has brought about the beginning and the flourishing of this church in these areas. Kenya[edit] The Presbyterian Church of East Africa, based in Kenya, is particularly strong, with 500 clergy and 4 million members.[16] Malawi[edit] The Reformed Presbyterian Church in Malawi has 150 congregations and 17?000–20?000 members. It was a mission of the Free Presbyterian church of Scotland. The Restored Reformed Church works with RPCM. Evangelical Presbyterian Church in Malawi is an existing small church. Southern Africa[edit] Southern Africa is a major base of Reformed and Presbyterian Churches. Northern Africa[edit] In addition also there are a number of Presbyterian Churches in north Africa, the most known is the Nile Synod in Egypt and a recently founded synod for Sudan. Asia[edit] Hong Kong[edit] [icon] This section requires expansion. (October 2015) Cumberland Presbyterian Church Yao Dao Secondary School is a Presbyterian school in Yuen Long, New Territories. The Cumberland Presbyterian Church also have a church on the island of Cheung Chau. There are also Korean Christians resident in Hong Kong who are Presbyterians.[citation needed] South Korea[edit] Presbyterian Churches are the biggest and by far the most influential Protestant denominations in South Korea, with close to 20,000 churches affiliated with the two largest Presbyterian denominations in the country.[17] In South Korea there are 15 million Protestants and about 9 000 000 are Presbyterians. In South Korea there are 100 different Presbyterian denominations.[18] Most of the Korean Presbyterian denominations share the same name in Korean, ???????? (literally means the Presbyterian Church of Korea or PCK), tracing its roots to the United Presbyterian Assembly before its long history of disputes and schisms. The Presbyterian schism began with the controversy in relation to the Japanese shrine worship enforced during the Japanese colonial period and the establishment of a minor division (Koryu-pa, ???,later The Koshin Presbyterian Church in Korea, Koshin ??) in 1952. And in 1953 the second schism happened when the theological orientation of the Chosun Seminary (later Hanshin University) founded in 1947 could not be tolerated in the PCK and another minor group(The Presbyterian Church in the Republic of Korea, Kijang, ??) was separated. The last major schism had to do with the issue of whether the PCK should join the WCC. The controversy divided the PCK into two denominations, The Presbyterian Church of Korea (Tonghap, ??) and The General Assembly of Presbyterian Church in Korea (Hapdong, ??) in 1959. All major seminaries associated with each denomination claim heritage from the Pyung Yang Theological Seminary, therefore, not only Presbyterian College and Theological Seminary and Chongsin University which are related to PCK but also Hanshin University of PROK all celebrated the 100th class in 2007, 100 years from the first graduates of Pyung Yang Theological Seminary.[19] Korean Presbyterian denominations are active in evangelism and many of its missionaries are being sent overseas, being the second biggest missionary sender in the world after the United States. GSM, the missionary body of the "Hapdong" General Assembly of Presbyterian Churches of Korea, is the single largest Presbyterian missionary organization in the Korea.[20] In addition there are many Korean-American Presbyterians in the United States, either with their own church sites or sharing space in pre-existing churches as is the case in Australia, New Zealand and even Muslim countries such as Saudi Arabia with Korean immigration. Religion in Scotland includes all forms of religious organisation and practice. Christianity is the largest faith in Scotland. In the 2011 census, 53.8% of the Scottish population identified as Christian (declining from 65.1% in 2001) when asked: "What religion, religious denomination or body do you belong to?". The Church of Scotland, often known as The Kirk, is recognised in law as the national church of Scotland. It is not an established church and is independent of state control. However, it is the largest religious grouping in Scotland, with 32.4% of the population. The other major Christian church is the Roman Catholic Church, the form of Christianity in Scotland prior to the Reformation, which accounted for 15.9% of the population and is especially important in West Central Scotland and the Highlands. In recent years other religions have established a presence in Scotland, mainly through immigration and higher birth rates among ethnic minorities, with a small number of converts. Those with the most adherents in the 2011 census are Islam (1.4%, mainly among immigrants from South Asia), Hinduism (0.3%), Buddhism (0.2%) and Sikhism (0.2%). Other minority faiths include the Bahá'í Faith and small Neopagan groups. There are also various organisations which actively promote humanism and secularism, included within the 43.6% who either indicated no religion or did not state a religion in the 2011 census. Contents [hide] 1 Statistics 2 History 3 Modern Christianity 3.1 Church of Scotland 3.2 Catholicism 3.3 Scottish Episcopal Church 3.4 Other denominations 3.5 Sectarianism 3.6 Ecumenism 3.7 Secularisation 4 Other faiths 4.1 Islam 4.2 Sikhism 4.3 Judaism 4.4 Hinduism 4.5 Bahá'í Faith 4.6 Neopaganism 5 Religious leaders 6 See also 7 Notes and references 7.1 References 8 External links Statistics[edit] The statistics from the 2011 census and the 2001 census are set out below. Circle frame.svg Religion in Scotland (2011)[1] Non-religious (36.7%) Church of Scotland (32.4%) Catholic Church (15.9%) Other Christian (5.5%) Islam (1.4%) Other religions (1.2%) Not stated (7.0%) Current religion 2001[2] 2011[1][3] Number % Number % Church of Scotland 2,146,251 42.4 1,717,871 32.4 Roman Catholic 803,732 15.9 841,053 15.9 Other Christian 344,562 6.8 291,275 5.5 Total Christian 3,294,545 65.1 2,850,199 53.8 Islam 42,557 0.8 76,737 1.4 Hinduism 5,564 0.1 16,379 0.3 Buddhism 6,830 0.1 12,795 0.2 Sikhism 6,572 0.1 9,055 0.2 Judaism 6,448 0.1 5,887 0.1 Other religion 26,974 0.5 15,196 0.3 No religion 1,394,460 27.6 1,941,116 36.7 Religion not stated 278,061 5.5 368,039 7.0 No religion/Not stated total 1,672,521 33.0 2,309,155 43.6 Total population 5,062,011 100.0 5,295,403 100.0 History[edit] The ninth century St Martin's Cross, in front of Iona Abbey, the site of one of the most important religious centres in Scotland Main article: History of Christianity in Scotland Christianity was probably introduced to what is now southern Scotland during the Roman occupation of Britain.[4][5] It was mainly spread by missionaries from Ireland from the fifth century and is associated with St Ninian, St Kentigern and St Columba.[6] The Christianity that developed in Ireland and Scotland differed from that led by Rome, particularly over the method of calculating Easter and the form of tonsure until the Celtic church accepted Roman practices in the mid-seventh century.[7] Christianity in Scotland was strongly influenced by monasticism, with abbots being more significant than bishops.[8] In the Norman period, there were a series of reforms resulting in a clearer parochial structure based around local churches and large numbers of new monastic foundations, which followed continental forms of reformed monasticism, began to predominate.[8] The Scottish church also established its independence from England, developing a clear diocesan structure and becoming a "special daughter of the see of Rome", but continued to lack Scottish leadership in the form of Archbishops.[9] In the late Middle Ages the crown was able to gain greater influence over senior appointments and two archbishoprics had been established by the end of the fifteenth century.[10] There was a decline in traditional monastic life, but the mendicant orders of friars grew, particularly in the expanding burghs.[10][11] New saints and cults of devotion also proliferated.[9][12] Despite problems over the number and quality of clergy after the Black Death in the fourteenth century, and evidence of heresy in the fifteenth century, the Church in Scotland remained stable.[13] John Knox, a key figure in the Scottish Reformation During the sixteenth century, Scotland underwent a Protestant Reformation that created a predominately Calvinist national kirk, which was strongly Presbyterian in outlook. A confession of faith, rejecting papal jurisdiction and the mass, was adopted by Parliament in 1560.[14] The kirk would find it difficult to penetrate the Highlands and Islands, but began a gradual process of conversion and consolidation that, compared with reformations elsewhere, was conducted with relatively little persecution.[15] James VI of Scotland favoured doctrinal Calvinism but supported the bishops.[16] Charles I brought in reforms seen as a return to papal practice. The result was the Bishop's Wars, in 1639–40 ending in virtual independence for Scotland and the establishment of a fully Presbyterian system by the dominant Covenanters.[17] After the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660, Scotland regained its kirk, but also the bishops.[18] Particularly in the south-west many of the people here began to attend illegal field conventicles. Suppression of these assemblies in the 1680s known as "the Killing Time". After the "Glorious Revolution" in 1688, Presbyterianism was restored.[19] The late eighteenth century saw the beginnings of a fragmentation of the Church of Scotland that had been created in the Reformation around issues of government and patronage, but reflected a wider division between the Evangelicals and the Moderate Party.[20] In 1733 the First Secession led to the creation of a series of secessionist churches and the second in 1761 to the foundation of the independent Relief Church.[20] These churches gained strength in the Evangelical Revival of the later eighteenth century.[21] Penetration of the Highlands and Islands remained limited. The efforts of the Kirk were supplemented by missionaries of the SSPCK.[22] Episcopalianism retained supporters, but declined because of its associations with Jacobitism.[20] Beginning in 1834 the "Ten Years' Conflict" ended in a schism from the church led by Dr Thomas Chalmers known as the Great Disruption of 1843. Roughly a third of the clergy, mainly from the North and Highlands, formed the separate Free Church of Scotland. The evangelical Free Churches grew rapidly in the Highlands and Islands.[22] In the late nineteenth century, the major debates were between fundamentalist Calvinists and theological liberals resulted in a further split in the Free Church as the rigid Calvinists broke away to form the Free Presbyterian Church in 1893.[20] The Disruption Assembly, painted by David Octavius Hill From this point there were moves towards reunion that would ultimately result in the majority of the Free Church rejoining the Church of Scotland in 1929. The schisms left small denominations including the Free Presbyterians and a remnant that had not merged in 1900 as the Free Church.[20] Catholic Emancipation in 1829 and the influx of large numbers of Irish immigrants led to an expansion of Catholicism, with the restoration of the Church hierarchy in 1878. Episcopalianism also revived in the nineteenth century with the Episcopal Church in Scotland being organised as an autonomous body in communion with the Church of England in 1804.[20] Other denominations included Baptists, Congregationalists and Methodists.[20] In the Taira no Kiyomori Taira no Masakado Fujiwara no Hidesato Tawara no Toda Modern edit Anami Korechika Doihara Kenji Enomoto Takeaki Kuroki Itei Kuroki Tamemoto Matsui Iwane Ota Minoru Suzuki Kantaro Togo Heihachiro Tojo Hideki Yamamoto Isoroku Shiro Kawase Ishiwara Kanji Musicians edit Main page Category Lists of Japanese musicians Personalities edit Comedians Comediennes edit Main article List of Japanese comedians linshohgreal Hamada Masatoshi Hiroshi Hisamoto Masami Kitano Takeshi Matsumoto Hitoshi Sakai Masaaki Sumitani Masaki Tashiro Masashi Koichi Yamadera A edit Akai Plutonium ???????? Sanma Akashiya ?????? Sayaka Aoki ????? Toshiyuki Aono ???? Ameagari Kesshitai ??????? Toru Hotohara ??? Hiroyuki Miyasako ???? America Zarigani ???????? Chu Arai ??? Ari to Kirigirisu ??to????? Masanori Ishi i ???? Yoshiyuki Ishizuka ???? Hiroiki Ariyoshi ???? Goe Asagoe ???? Asakusa Kid ????? Asarido ???? Fumihiro Horiguchi ???? Naru Kawamoto ??? Asian ???? Azusa Babazono ???? Miho Sumida ???? Kiyoshi Atsumi ??? Audrey ????? Masayasu Wakabayashi ???? Toshiaki Kasuga ???? Kimimaro Ayanokoji ??????? All Hanshin Kyojin ?????•?? B edit Bad Boys ??????? Baka Rhythm ????? Bakusho Mondai ???? Yuji Tanaka ???? Hikari Ota ??? Bananaman ????? Osamu Shitara ??? Yuki Himura ???? B&B Batsu GUN × GUN ???? BB Goro BB??? B Course B??? Beat Kiyoshi ?????? Beat Takeshi ?????? Beem ??? Beethoven ??????? Bibiru Oki ????? Bic Smallun ???????? Black Piner SOS ????????SOS Black Mayonnaise ????????? BOOMER Borero ??? Brothers ????? Buffalo Goro ???????? Akihiro Kimura ???? Motohiro Takewaka ???? B Special B ????? Hiromi ??? Mister Chin ?????? David Ito ?????? C edit Canaria ???? Charanporan ??????? Kojin Onishi ???? Makoto Tomiyoshi ??? Charlie Hama ?????? Chimonchochu ?????????? Chidori ?? Chihara Kyodai ???? Seiji Chihara ???? Junior Chihara ?????? Chohan Korokoro ?????? City Boys ??????? Makoto Otake ????? Kitaro ???? Shigeru Saiki ????? Choplin ?????? Cho Shinjuku ??? Koriki Choshu ???? Cross Punch ?????? Conte Aka Shingo ?????? Takayasu Komiya ???? Lasa R Ishii ?????? Masayuki Watanabe ???? Conte Gojugo Go ??? ? Jiro Sakagami ???? Kin ichi Hagimoto ???? Conte Leonard ???•????? Conte Yamaguchi kun and Takeda kun ?????????? Comedy No ????No Toshio Sakata ???? Goro Maeda ???? Kazutoyo Koyabu ???? Core ?? COWCOW Crazy Cats ????????? Cream Stew ???????? Teppei Arita ???? Shinya Ueda ???? Croquette ???? Hiroshi Takigawa ?? ?? Cunning ????? Takanori Takeyama ???? Tadayuki Nakashima ???? Cocorico ???? Shozo Endo ???? Naoki Tanaka ???? D edit Dacho Club ??????? Ryuhei Ueshima ???? Jimon Terakado ????? Katsuhiro Higo ???? Daian ???? Dainoji ???? Hikaru Daita ?????? Dangerous ?????? Darling Honey ??????? Tetsuro Degawa ???? Dokidoki Camp ???????? DonDokoDon Keiji Hirahata ???? Tomomitsu Yamaguchi ???? Downtown ?????? Hitoshi Matsumoto ???? Masatoshi Hamada ???? Do yo ??? The Drifters ?•?????? Dronz Ishimoto ?????? Drunk Dragon ???????? Duncan ???? E edit Edomurasaki ?????? Egashira ?? Egumi ?? Elec Comic ??????? Ichiro Yatsui ??????? Susumu Imadachi ??? Elephant Jon ????????? Energy ????? Ken ichi Enomoto ???? Entatsu Achako ????•???? Entatsu Yokoyama ?????? Achako Hanabishi ?????? F edit Football Hour ????????? Terumoto Goto ???? Nozomu Iwao ??? Fruit Punch ??????? Akira Fuji i ?????? Takashi Fujii ??? FUJIWARA Takayuki Haranishi ???? Toshifumi Fujimoto ???? Ryo Fukawa ?????? Roppa Furukawa G edit Garage Sale ??????? Hiroki Kawada ???? Gorie ?? Garittochu ??????? Yoshinari Fukushima ???? Takehiro Kumagai ???? THE GEESE Gekidan Hitori ????? Go ban Roku ban ? ? Gokuraku Tombo ????? Koji Kato ???? Kei ichi Yamamoto ???? Gokyu ?? Goriken ???? Grunge ???? Taka Guadalcanal ??????•?? Guitar Zamurai ???? a k a Yoku Hata ???? Ginshari ???? H edit Kin ichi Hagimoto ???? Hallelujah ???? Hamakan ????? Hanawa ??? Hana Engine ????? Hajime Hana ??? Hannya ???? Akiyoshi Kawashima ???? Satoshi Kanada ??? Akimasa Haraguchi ?????? Haraichi ???? Yuki Iwai ???? Yu Sawabe ??? Harigane Rock ??????? Harisembon ?????? Haru Ichi ban ??? Haruka Christine ????????? Hawking Aoyama ??????? Kikuzo Hayashiya ????? Kikuhime Hayashiya ????? Pako Hayashiya ????? Pe Hayashiya ???? Sanpei Hayashiya ???? Shozo Hayashiya th ??? ???? Kampei Hazama ??? Hebi Ichigo ????? Heisei Nobushikobushi ???????? Haro ?? Hello Bye bye ??????? Hello Keisuke ??????? Koji Higashino ???? Hibiki ? Hideyoshi ???? High Heel ????? Hikaru Wakabayashi Hiroshi ??? Masami Hisamoto ?? ?? Hokuyo ?? Mihoko Abukawa ????? Saori Ito ????? Home Team ???•??? Honjamaka ?????? Hidehiko Ishizuka ???? Toshiaki Megumi ??? Hori ?? Hoshi Saint Louis ????•??? Takuya Hoshino ???? Hosshan ?????? Hurricanez ???~?? I edit Rakkyo Ide ?????? Hikaru Ijuin ???? Chosuke Ikariya ?????? Koji Imada ???? Ima Ikuyo Kuruyo ????•??? Impulse ????? Toshiyuki Itakura ???? Atsushi Tsutsumishita ??? Ma Inoue ???? Tatsuo Inoue ???? Instant Johnson ??????????? Inu ga Nya to Naita Hi ??????????? Ishibashi Hazama ??????? Yasushi Ishida ??? Rusher Itamae ??????? Asako Ito ?????? Esper Ito ?????? Itsumo Kokokara ??????? Kazunari Yamada ???? Hidenori Kikuchi ???? Shu Izumi ??? Izumo no Okuni ???? J edit Jalism ????? Atsumu Watanabe ??? Shigenori Yamashita ?????? Jelly Beans Collection ????????•?????? Jicho Kacho ???? Jun ichi Komoto ???? Satoshi Inoue ??? Tomonori Jinnai ???? Jipangu Joriku Sakusen ???????? Jishaku ?? Jodans ?????? Junction ??????? K edit Kankara ???? Kannazuki ??? Karateka ???? Karika ??? Kasaihochiki ????? kasumi kaho ????? Tsurutaro Kataoka ????? Cha Kato ??? Kunikazu Katsumata ???? Katsumi Sayuri ??????? Koeda Katsura ??? Sanshi Katsura ??? Utamaru Katsura ??? Zakoba Katsura ???? Yasushi Kawabata ???? Kunihiro Kawashima ???? Daido Kido Color ??????? Kigurumi Piero ??????? Kikaisenshi Shisso Boat ???? ???~? Koishi Kimi ????? Killing Sense ??????? Yuichi Kimura ?? ?? King of Comedy ????????? King Kong ?????? Yuta Kajiwara ???? Akihiro Nishino ???? Kirin ?? Knights ??? Nobuyuki Hanawa ??? Nobuyuki Tsuchiya ???? Kendo Kobayashi ???????? Yoshio Kojima ????? Kokoriko ???? Shozo Endo ???? Naoki Tanaka ???? Keita Komera ????? Koga Gaku iGP Manager Driver World Champion Kojima Yoshio ????? Kometsubu Shakyo ???? Koumedayu ???? Kukurin ???? Masashi Kumada ?????? Kazuo Kuwabara ???? Kuwabata Ohara ??????? Rie Kuwabata ????? Seiko Ohara ???? Nobuyoshi Kuwano ???? Kyain ???~? Hiroyuki Amano ?????? Udo Suzuki ???? KYAN×KYAN ???×??? L edit Let s Go Sam biki ??????? Ralph A Vaughn John B Veihmeyer Victoria Vesna Edward F Vincent Michael Viner Milan Vuitch WMurray Waas Jude Waddy Alex Wagner Dan Walker politician William Douglas Wallach Ron Walters politician William Walton painter Aida Ward Ernie Warlick Lewis Warrington Medal of Honor Eugenia Washington George Corbin Washington Erasmus M Weaver Jr Walter Reed Weaver Charles F Wedderburn Richard Hanson Weightman Sumner Welles Spencer Wells Arthur L Welsh Alexa L Wesner Anne Wexler Arthur K Wheelock Jr Rosa Whitaker John C Whitcomb John White Louisiana politician Courtney Whitney Arthur Widmer Robert Wiedmaier Isabel Wilkerson Terrence Wilkins Alexander Williams Jr Edwin Williams Stephanie Williams Miss District of Columbia Dede Wilsey Ernest J Wilson III Yauco Spanish pronunciation '?auko is a city ciudad and municipality in southwestern Puerto Rico centered on the city of the same name Although the city is inland the municipality stretches to a southern coast facing the Caribbean Yauco is south of Maricao Lares and Adjuntas east of Sabana Grande and Guánica and west of Guayanilla The municipality has wards and the main city Yauco zona urbana Yauco Urban Zone It is both a principal city of the Yauco Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Ponce Yauco Coamo Combined Statistical Area According to the United States Census Bureau the population of Yauco in the year was persons decreasing to persons in a net loss of people or of its population Its land area is square kilometers with a population density of The urban zone accounted for of its inhabitants in the census Founded by Fernando Pacheco on February Yauco was a center for Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico in the th century due to its geographical similarity to their homeland Corsicans have contributed to many areas of life in Yauco particularly its coffee producing agriculture This has contributed to its nicknames of El Pueblo del Café City of Coffee and Los Corsos The Corsicans It is also known as La Capital Taína Taíno Capital after the native peoples of Puerto Rico Contents History th century Corsican immigration Intentona de Yauco Spanish–American War Geography Cityscape Barrios Tourism Landmarks and places of interest Economy Culture Festivals and events Government Atsushi Tamura ??? Ryo Tamura ??? Love Couple ?????? M edit Macha macha a k a Maja ?????? ?? Ken Maeda ??? Shinji Maggy ????? Paul Maki ???? Shinji Maki ??? Masuda Okada ?????? Keisuke Okada ???? Hidehiko Masuda ???? Kick Matsumoto ????? Kunihiro Matsumura ???? Bannai Matsuo ???? Messenger ??????? Tamotsu Kuroda ?? ? Masakazu Aihara ?? ?? Michael ???? Yasue Michi ????? Kenichi Mikawa ???? Yaji Minamino ???? Mizutama Reppu Tai ??????? Daisuke and Hanako Miyagawa ????•?? Monkikki ?????? Mori San chu ??? Kazuko Kurosawa ???? Tomoko Murakami ???? Miyuki Oshima ???? Moriman ???? Hisaya Morishige ???? Moro Moro oka ???? Mr Bald Mr ???? Mr Okure Mr ??? Shoji Murakami ?????? MYMY ???? Miyuki Tori ????? N edit Yakan Nabe ????? Takeshi Nadagi ???? Hidekazu Nagai ???? Pretty Nagashima ?????? Nagare Boshi ??? Nakagawake ??? Mari Nakajima ???? Koji Nakamoto ???? Nakata Kausu Button ?????•??? Kin ni kun Nakayama ???????? Kota Nakayama ???? Naname ° ??? ° Nankai Candies ????????? Ryota Yamasato ???? Shizuyo Yamasaki ???? Nasu Nakanishi ?????? Nasubi ??? Nego Six ?????? Neko Hiroshi ???? Neptune ?????? Jun Nagura ??? Taizo Harada ???? Ken Horiuchi ??? The Newspaper ?•???????? Nibun nogo ????? Ni cho Kenju ??? Nickelback ??????? Ninety Nine ???????? Takashi Okamura ???? Hiroyuki Yabe ???? Kiyoshi Nishikawa ????? Norio Nishikawa ????? NON STYLE ?????? Naoko Nozawa ???? O edit Takashi Obitani ???? Ogi Yahagi ????? Hiroaki Ogi ???? Ken Yahagi ??? Local Oka ????? Ijiri Okada ?????? Okami Shonen ?????? Oki Kodama Hibiki ?????•??? Ichiro Okuma ?????? Jimmy Onishi ????? Or Cs ???? Kayoko Okubo ?????? Yasuko Mitsu ura ???? Oriental Radio ????????? Atsuhiko Nakata ???? Shingo Fujimori ???? Othello ??? Tomoko Nakajima ???? Nahomi Matsushima ???? Oxygen ?????? Hideo Oyama ???? P edit Pa kkun Ma kkun ???????? Pakkun ???? Makkun ???? Patapata Mama ?????? Patch Work ?????? Punk Bu Bu ??????? Parachute Butai ???????? Peace ??? Zenji Peking ?????? Penalty ????? Wacky ???? Hide ?? Pink no Denwa ?????? Pirates ????? The Plan ?•??? Plus Minus ??????? POISON GIRL BAND Pu & Mu ??&?? Puppet Muppet ???????? R edit Rahmens ????? Jin Katagiri ??? Kentaro Kobayashi ????? Randys ?????? Razor Ramon ??????? Hard Gay a k a HG Masaki Sumitani ???????HG ???? Real Gay a k a RG Makoto Izubuchi ???????RG ??? Real Kidz ?????? Regular ????? Kota Matsumoto ???? Akihiro Nishikawa ???? REM Iro ??? Ritton Chosa dan ??????? Robert ???? Ryuji Akiyama ???? Hiroshi Yamamoto ??? Hiroyuki Baba ???? Rocket dan ????? Rookie Shin ichi ?????? Rokkotsu Mania R??? Route ??? Rozan ??? S edit Saburoku Monkeys °????? Sakai Kunio Toru ?????•??? Frankie Sakai ?????? Masaaki Sakai ??? Jiro Sakagami ???? Dandy Sakano ?????? Toshio Sakata ???? Sakamoto chan ????? Kazuyuki Sakuma ????? Sakurambo Booby ????????? Sambyoshi ??? Sampei ?? San yutei Enraku ????? San yutei Rakutaro ?????? Sandwich Man ????????? Savanna ???? Sayumi Hikari ???•??? Tsutomu Sekine ??? Sentaku Basami ??????? Shaka ??? Shampoo Hat ???????? Koidemizu ??? Tetsuji ??? Shanghai Doll ????? Rie Shibata ???? Ichinosuke Shimada ????? Shinsuke Shimada ???? Tamayo Shimada ???? Yohichi Shimada ???? Joji Shimaki ???? Akira Shimizu ?? ??? Ken Shimura ???? Shinagawa Shoji ???? Hiroshi Shinagawa ??? Tomoharu Shoji ???? Shio Kosho ????? Shizuru ??? Sho Hunting ??????? Nikaku Shofukutei ????? Shohei Shofukutei ????? Tsurube Shofukutei ????? Atom Shukugawa ????? Showa Noiru Koiru ?????•??? Slim Club ?????? Ken Maeda ??? ? Masanari Uchima ?? ?? Smiley Kikuchi ???????? Sonomanma Higashi ?????? Speed Wagon ??????? Jun Itoda ???? Kazuhiro Ozawa ???? Streak ????? Tomu Suetaka ???? Summers ???~? Kazuki Otake ???? Masakazu Mimura ?????? Shinji Suwa ???? T edit Saburo Taihei ?????? Shiro Taihei ????? Taizo ???? Taka and Toshi ??????? Junji Takada ???? Bu Takagi ???? Casey Takamine ?????? Takeshi Gundan ????? Take Tamori ??? Kei Tani ?? Tanoshingo ???? Kenji Tamura ?????? Tanaka Kosaka ???? Yoshie Tanoue ????? Masashi Tashiro ????? Tashiro ?? Danshi Tatekawa ???? Tekken ?? Tenshin ?? Tent ??? Tetsu and Tomo ??and?? TIM Red Yoshida ????? Golgo Matsumoto ????? Time Machine San go ??????? ? TKO Takehiro Kimoto ???? Takayuki Kinoshita ???? Tobi ishi Renkyu ???? George Tokoro ????? Tokyo Dynamite ???????? Tokyo ?? Cozy Tomita ?????? Tommys ???? Tonny Tani ???? Tomochika ?? Tomoike Nakabayashi ???? Tomonori Jinnai ???? Total Tenbosch ???????? The Touch ?•??? Minoru Torihada ??? Toro Salmon ?????? Oniyakko Tsubaki ??? Shiro Tsubuyaki ??????? Shigeo Tsujimoto ???? Edamame Tsumami ????? Tunnels ????? Takaaki Ishibashi ???? Norisuke Kinashi ???? Tutorial ??????? Tenjikunezumi ??? U edit Katsunori Uchiba ???? Hitoshi Ueki ??? Koichi Ukawa ???? Unabara Yasuyo Tomoko ?????•??? Yasuyo Unabara ????? Tomoko Unabara ????? Unbalance ?????? Ungirls ?????? Takushi Tanaka ???? Yoshiaki Yamane ???? UN JASH ??????? Ken Watabe ??? Kazuya Kojima ???? U ji Koji U??? Untouchable ???????? Hidetsugu Shibata ???? Hironari Yamazaki ???? Up down ?????? Takumi Takemori ??? Hiroki Abe ?? ?? U tchan Nan chan ?????????? Teruyoshi Uchimura ???? Kiyotaka Nanbara ???? Utopia ????? V edit Vickys ????? Viking ????? W edit Wagaya ??? Osamu Wakai ????? Warai Meshi ??? Y edit Hanako Yamada ???? Hosei Yamasaki ???? Passion Yara ??????? Yarusenasu ????? Yasei Bakudan ???? Yasu Kiyo ???? Yasushi Yokoyama ????? Kiyoshi Nishikawa ????? Shin nosuke Yasuo ????? Yasuda Dai Circus ??????? Yoiko ??? Masaru Hamaguchi ??? Shin ya Arino ???? Yokoyama Hot Brothers ?????????? Knock Yokoyama ????? Hiro Yoshida ???? Itoshi Yumeji ????? Yurioka Cho Tokkyu ??????Q Yutaro ????? Z edit Zenjiro ????? Idols male edit MR Chip Daiki Arioka Goro Inagaki Hikaru Yaotome Hiroki Uchi Jin Akanishi Jun Matsumoto Junnosuke Taguchi Junichi Okada Kanata Hongo Katori Shingo Kazunari Ninomiya Kazuya Kamenashi Kei Inoo Keiichiro Koyama Keita Tachibana Keito Okamoto Kimura Takuya Koichi Domoto Koike Teppei Kota Yabu Kusano Hironori Masahiro Nakai Masaki Aiba Ryutaro Morimoto Shingo Murakami Ryo Nishikido Ryohei Chiba Ryuichi Ogata Ryosuke Yamada Satoshi Ohno Shigeaki Kato Shingo Murakami Shintaro Morimoto Sho Sakurai Shota Yasuda Subaru Shibutani Takahisa Masuda Tanaka Koki Tatsuya Ueda Tsuyoshi Domoto Tsuyoshi Kusanagi Tomohisa Yamashita Toma Ikuta Yu Yokoyama Yuichi Nakamaru Yuma Nakayama Yuto Nakajima Yuuri Chinen Yuya Tegoshi Yuya Takaki Idols female edit Kanako Momota Shiori Tamai Ayaka Sasaki Momoka Ariyasu Reni Takagi Akiyama Rina Airi & Meiri Aya Ueto Koike Eiko Nakagawa Shoko Natsukawa Jun Uehara Takako Yamamoto Azusa Maeda Atsuko Oshima Yuko Itano Tomomi Chise Nakamura Haruna Iikubo Haruka Kudo Ayumi Ishida Masaki Sato Mizuki Fukumura Erina Ikuta Riho Sayashi Kanon Suzuki Umika Kawashima Sayumi Michishige Kusumi Koharu Erina Mano Aya Matsuura Yuki Kashiwagi Mayu Watanabe Jurina Matsui Rena Matsui Minami Takahashi Minami Minegishi Haruna Kojima Aki Takajo Mariko Shinoda Akimoto Sayaka Tomomi Kasai Rie Kitahara Rino Sashihara Models edit Aki Hoshino Riyo Mori Ebihara Yuri Fujiwara Norika Horiuchi Yoko Inoue Waka Mariya Nishiuchi May J Meisa Kuroki Oshikiri Moe Umemiya Anna Yamada Yu Josh Snow Kanata Hongo Tao Okamoto Suzuka Morita Oishi Megumi Musicians Singers male edit Eiichi Ohtaki Eikichi Yazawa Gackt Haruomi Hosono hide Hiromi Go Kiyoshiro Imawano Hideaki Tokunaga Hyde Kazumasa Oda Keisuke Kuwata Koshi Inaba Koji Tamaki Kyosuke Himuro Miyavi Noriyuki Makihara Ryuichi Sakamoto Saijo Hideki Takanori Nishikawa Tamio Okuda Tatsuya Ishii Tatsuro Yamashita Tomoyasu Hotei Toshi Kubota Toshiki Kadomatsu Yasuyuki Okamura Yoshiki Yosui Inoue Yukihiro Takahashi Musicians Singers female edit Ai Otsuka Ai Takahashi Aiko Kayo Akiko Wada Alisa Durbrow Angela Aki Anna Tsuchiya Airi Suzuki ARIA Asami Fujimura Aya Hirano Aya Matsuura Aya Ueto Ayaka Hirahara Ayaka Komatsu Ayaka Ayumi Hamasaki Ayumi Kinoshita Beni Arashiro Bonnie Pink Chiaki Kuriyama Chihiro Onitsuka Chisaki Hama Chitose Hajime Crystal Kay Erika Sawajiri Emi Hinouchi Emi Maria Emyli Garnet Crow Goto Maki Hagiwara Mai Halna Hikaru Nishida Hiro Hiroko Anzai Hiroko Shimabukuro hitomi Ikue Sakakibara Imai Eriko JASMINE JAMOSA Jhené Aiko Jun Natsukawa Junko Sakurada JYONGRI Kiyoe Yoshioka Kanako Enomoto Kanbe Miyuki Kanon Wakeshima Kawabe Chieco Kawase Tomoko Keiko Kitagawa Kia Sakara Kumi Koda Kusumi Koharu Lia Lisa Yamaguchi Maaya Sakamoto Maeda Atsuko May J Mari Amachi Masako Mori Meisa Kuroki Megumi Odaka Megumi Megumi Hayashibara Melody Mew Azama MiCHi Mihiro Taniguchi Miho Komatsu Miho Nakayama Miho Yoshioka Miki Fujimoto Miliyah Kato MINMI Miyu Sawai Mizuki Nana Momoe Yamaguchi Myco Mika Nakashima Namie Amuro Natsuyaki Miyabi Noriko Sakai Reina Tanaka Reon Kadena Ribbon Ryoko Hirosue Saori Minami Sayaka Sayumi Michishige Seiko Matsuda Shoko Nakagawa Takako Ohta Takako Uehara Thelma Aoyama Tomomi Itano Tsugunaga Momoko Utada Hikaru Waka Inoue Yui Yui Makino Yukiko Okada Yuko Ogura Yuna Ito Tarento edit Aya Ueto Becky Kazushige Nagashima Kano sisters Obi Tenaka Mina Fukui Momoiro Clover Z Actors edit Main article List of Japanese actors Eita Kamakari Kenta Fujiwara Tatsuya Ishihara Yujiro Ikuta Toma Matsudaira Ken Shun Oguri Ryuhei Matsuda Takeru Satoh Seto Koji Satoshi Tsumabuki Shota Matsuda Ken Watanabe A edit Hiroshi Abe Tsuyoshi Abe Asahi Uchida Aiba Hiroki Kazuyuki Aijima Show Aikawa Akanishi Jin Kousei Amano Anan Kenji Masanobu Ando Aoyama Sota Arai Hirofumi Hirofumi Araki Arata Asano Tadanobu Kai Ato Atsumi Kiyoshi B edit Ban Daisuke Bando Eiji C edit Sonny Chiba Shinichi Chiba Chishu Ryu D edit Tsuyoshi Domoto Koichi Domoto E edit Eita Eguchi Yosuke Endo Kenichi Enomoto Kenichi F edit Tatsuya Fuji Fujimoto Takahiro Fujioka Hiroshi Fujita Makoto Fujiwara Tatsuya Fukikoshi Mitsuru Seizo Fukumoto Fukuyama Masaharu Akira Fuse G edit H edit Takashi Hagino Hagiwara Masato Kento Handa Harada Yoshio Hideji Otaki Higashi Sonomanma Hirata Hiroaki Hiro Mizushima Hiroshi Tamaki Hiroya Matsumoto Takahiro Hojo Hongo Kanata Horie Kei Horiuchi Masami Shigeki Hosokawa I edit Ichikawa Raizo Ichikawa Utaemon Ikariya Chosuke Ikebe Ryo Ikuta Toma Inoue Mao Isaka Tatsuya Iseya Yusuke Renji Ishibashi Ishibashi Ryo Ishida Takuya Ishihara Yujiro Ishikura Saburo Atsushi Ito Shigeru Izumiya J edit K edit Takeshi Kaga Kagawa Teruyuki Kamenashi Kazuya Masaki Kaji Bando Kakitsu I Kenta Kamakari Yusuke Kamiji Ryunosuke Kamiki Ryuji Kamiyama Kaname Jun Miyuki Kanbe Kane Kosugi Kaneshiro Takeshi Mitsuru Karahashi Kenzie Taylor Tsurutaro Kataoka Kazuki Kato Katori Shingo Ryo Katsuji Kazama Morio Kazunari Ninomiya Kazuya Kamenashi Keaton Yamada Ken Watanabe Kenichi Matsuyama Kimura Takuya Kishi Yuji Shin Kishida Kitamura Eiki Takeshi Kitano Kobayashi Akira Kaoru Kobayashi Kobayashi Keiju Masahiro Kobayashi actor Masahiro Kobayashi director Kobayashi Nenji Koki Tanaka Koike Teppei Koyuki Yoshikazu Kotani Kubozuka Yousuke Kurata Yasuaki L edit M edit Maeda Atsuko Maruse Taro Masanobu Ando Masahiko Kondo Masuda Takahisa Matsuda Kenji Matsuda Ryuhei Matsuda Shota Ken Matsudaira Yusaku Matsuda Matsukata Hiroki Matsukawa Naruki Matsumoto Jun Kenichi Matsuyama Takashi Matsuyama Toshiro Mifune Akifumi Miura Miura Haruma Miura Tomokazu Miyaguchi Seiji Yuya Miyashita Miyavi Hiro Mizushima Ryoji Morimoto Morishige Hisaya Moriyama Mirai Motoki Masahiro Hiroaki Murakami Murata Kazumi N edit Anzu Nagai Nagase Masatoshi Akira Nagata Nagayama Takashi Nakadai Tatsuya Kiichi Nakai Nakai Masahiro Nakamaru Yuichi Katsuo Nakamura Yuichi Nakamura actor Yuichi Nakamura voice actor Narimiya Hiroki Nezu Jinpachi Nishida Toshiyuki Hidetoshi Nishijima Nishikido Ryo Nishimura Masahiko O edit Oda Yuji Joe Odagiri Ogata Ken Oguri Shun Suzuka Ohgo Oizumi You Masumi Okada Masi Oka Okochi Denjiro Okuchi Kengo Oshinari Shugo Osugi Ren P edit Q edit R edit Ryohei Odai Ryu Kohata S edit Saito Takumi Sakai Masato Sanada Hiroyuki Sandayu Dokumamushi Takashi Sasano Koichi Sato Sato Takeru Yuki Sato Kenta Satoi Kotaro Satomi Sawaki Tetsu Sawamura Ikki Seto Koji Jyoji Shibue Shimomoto Shiro Shimura Takashi Shin Koyamada Shinjiro Atae Shirota Yuu Shishido Jo Shoei Sorimachi Takashi Takamasa Suga Sugi Ryotaro Hiroki Suzuki Shogo Yamaguchi T edit Takizawa Hideaki Taguchi Tomorowo Taguchi Junnosuke Tak Sakaguchi Takahashi Hideki Takakura Ken Takaoka Sosuke Takashima Masahiro Takashima Masanobu Kaku Takashina Tetsuya Takeda Takenaka Naoto Takenouchi Yutaka Takeshi Kaneshiro Tamba Tetsuro Tamba Yoshitaka Tamayama Tetsuji Tamura Masakazu Ryo Tamura Tanabe Seiichi


abby-lane abby-rode abigail-clayton ada-tauler addie-juniper addison-cain adele-wiesenthal adeline-lange adeline-pollicina adriana-amante adrianna-laurenti adrianna-russo agnes agnes-ardant agnes-zalontai aimee-addison aisha-sun aja aleena-ferari alessandra-schiavo aletta-ocean alexandra-nice alexandria-cass alexa-parks alex-dane alex-foxe alexia-knight alexis-devell alexis-firestone alexis-greco alexis-payne alexis-x alex-storm alex-white aliana-love alice-springs alicia-alighatti alicia-monet alicia-rio alicyn-sterling alighiera-olena ali-moore aline-santos alissa-ashley allysin-chaynes alysin-embers alyssa-love alyssa-reece amanda-addams amanda-blake amanda-blue amanda-jane-adams amanda-rae amanda-stone amanda-tyler amber-hunt amberlina-lynn amber-lynn amber-michaels amber-peach amber-wild amber-woods ambrosia-fox amia-miley ami-rodgers amy-allison amy-brooke amy-rose amy-starz anastasia-christ anastasia-sands andrea-adams andrea-brittian andrea-lange andrea-true andy angel angela-baron angela-summers angel-barrett angel-cash angel-cruz angel-cummings angel-ducharme angelica-sin angelika-reschner angelina-brasini angelina-korrs angelina-valentine angel-kelly angel-long angel-west angie-knight anita-andic anita-blond anita-cannibal anita-dark anna-belle anna-malle anna-nikova anna-pierce anna-ventura anna-veruska anne-bie-warburg anne-libert anne-magle anne-sand annette-haven annie-sprinkle ann-kiray ann-marie-michelle antonia-dorian april-flowers april-may april-west arcadia-lake ariana-bali ariana-jollee arlana-blue ashley-anne ashley-brooks ashley-coda ashley-fires ashley-lauren ashley-long ashley-marie ashley-nicole ashley-perk ashley-renee ashley-robbins ashley-welles ashley-wells ashley-winger ashlyn-gere astrid-bone athena-star aubrey-nichols aurora aurora-snow autumn-bliss autumn-rayne ava-devine ava-lauren avalon ava-marteens avy-lee-roth bailey-monroe bambi-allen barbara-bourbon barbara-boutet barbara-dare barbara-doll barbara-moose barbarella 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christine-black christine-chavert christine-neona christine-rigoler christy-canyon cicciolina cindi-stephens cindy-carver cindy-crawford cindy-more cindy-shepard cindy-wong cinthya-marinho clair-dia claire-robbins claude-janna claudia-jackson claudia-jamsson claudia-mehringer claudia-nero claudia-van-statt claudia-zante claudine-beccarie clea-carson cleo-nichole cleo-patra cody-lane cody-love cody-nicole coffee-brown colleen-brennan connie-bennett connie-peterson constance-money copper-penny coreena corey-everson corinne-lemoine corneliah cory-everson cory-wolf courtney courtney-cummz courtney-james cris-cassidy crissy-moran cris-taliana crystal-breeze crystal-dawn crystal-holland crystal-knight crystal-lake crystal-lovin crystal-sync csilla-kalnay cuban-bee cynara-fox cyndee-summers cynthia-black cynthia-brooks cynthia-hammers cynthia-lavigne dagmar-lost daisy-layne dallas-miko dana-dylan dana-lynn danica-rhea daniela-nanou daniela-schiffer daniele-troeger daniella daniella-schiffer 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kapri-styles kara-nox karen-summer kari-foxx karine-gambier karin-schubert karli-sweet karmen-kennedy karol-castro kascha kassi-nova kat kate-frost kate-jones kathia-nobili kathleen-gentry kathleen-white kathy-divan kathy-harcourt kathy-heart kathy-kash katie-cummings katja-love kat-langer katrina-isis katrina-kraven katy-borman katy-caro kaycee-dean kayla-kupcakes kay-parker k-c-valentine keama-kim keira-moon keisha keli-richards kelli-tyler kelly-adams kelly-blue kelly-broox kelly-hearn kelly-kay kelly-kline kelly-nichols kelly-royce kelly-skyline kendra-kay kenzi-marie keri-windsor ketthy-divan kianna-dior kiley-heart kim-alexis kimber-blake kimberly-carson kimberly-kane kimberly-kyle kim-de-place kim-holland kimi-gee kimkim-de kim-kitaine kimmie-lee kimmy-nipples kina-kara kira-eggers kira-red kirsty-waay kitty-langdon kitty-lynxxx kitty-marie kitty-shayne kitty-yung kora-cummings kris-lara krista-lane krista-maze kristara-barrington kristarah-knight kristi-klenot kristina-blonde 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pascale-vital pat-manning pat-rhea patricia-dale patricia-diamond patricia-kennedy patricia-rhomberg patrizia-predan patti-cakes patti-petite paula-brasile paula-harlow paula-morton paula-price paula-winters pauline-teutscher penelope-pumpkins penelope-valentin petra-hermanova petra-lamas peyton-lafferty phaedra-grant pia-snow piper-fawn pipi-anderson porsche-lynn porsha-carrera precious-silver priscillia-lenn purple-passion queeny-love rachel-ashley rachel-love rachel-luv rachel-roxxx rachel-ryan rachel-ryder racquel-darrian rane-revere raven reagan-maddux rebecca-bardoux regan-anthony regine-bardot regula-mertens reina-leone reka-gabor renae-cruz renee-foxx renee-lovins renee-morgan renee-perez renee-summers renee-tiffany rhonda-jo-petty rikki-blake riley-ray rio-mariah rita-ricardo roberta-gemma roberta-pedon robin-byrd robin-cannes robin-everett robin-sane rochell-starr rosa-lee-kimball rosemarie roxanne-blaze roxanne-hall roxanne-rollan ruby-richards sabina-k sabre 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shyla-foxxx shy-love sierra-sinn sierra-skye sigrun-theil silver-starr silvia-bella silvia-saint silvie-de-lux silvy-taylor simone-west sindee-coxx sindy-lange sindy-shy siobhan-hunter skylar-knight skylar-price skyler-dupree smokie-flame smoking-mary-jane solange-shannon sonya-summers sophia-santi sophie-call sophie-duflot sophie-evans sophie-guers stacey-donovan stacy-lords stacy-moran stacy-nichols stacy-silver stacy-thorn starla-fox starr-wood stefania-bruni stella-virgin stephanie-duvalle stephanie-rage stephanie-renee stevie-taylor summer-knight summer-rose sunny-day sunset-thomas sunshine-seiber susan-hart susanne-brend susan-nero susi-hotkiss suzanne-mcbain suzan-nielsen suzie-bartlett suzie-carina suzi-sparks sweet-nice sweety-pie sybille-rossani sylvia-benedict sylvia-bourdon sylvia-brand sylvia-engelmann syreeta-taylor syren-de-mer syvette szabina-black szilvia-lauren tai-ellis taija-rae taisa-banx talia-james tamara-lee tamara-longley tamara-n-joy tamara-west tami-white tammy tammy-lee tammy-reynolds tania-lorenzo tantala-ray tanya-danielle tanya-fox tanya-foxx tanya-lawson tanya-valis tara-aire tasha-voux tatjana-belousova tatjana-skomorokhova tawnee-lee tawny-pearl tayla-rox taylor-wane teddi-austin teddi-barrett tera-bond tera-heart tera-joy teresa-may teresa-orlowski teri-diver teri-weigel terri-dolan terri-hall tess-ferre tess-newheart thais-vieira tia-cherry tianna tiara tiffany-blake tiffany-clark tiffany-duponte tiffany-rayne tiffany-rousso tiffany-storm tiffany-towers tiffany-tyler tiger-lily tigr timea-vagvoelgyi tina-blair tina-burner tina-evil tina-gabriel tina-loren tina-marie tina-russell tish-ambrose tommi-rose tonisha-mills topsy-curvey tori-secrets tori-sinclair tori-welles tracey-adams traci-lords traci-topps traci-winn tracy-duzit tracy-love tracy-williams tricia-devereaux tricia-yen trinity-loren trisha-rey trista-post trixie-tyler ultramax ursula-gaussmann ursula-moore uschi-karnat valentina valerie-leveau valery-hilton vanessa-chase vanessa-del-rio vanessa-michaels vanessa-ozdanic vanilla-deville velvet-summers veri-knotty veronica-dol veronica-hart veronica-hill veronica-rayne veronica-sage veronika-vanoza via-paxton vicky-lindsay vicky-vicci victoria-evans victoria-gold victoria-knight victoria-luna victoria-paris victoria-slick victoria-zdrok viper virginie-caprice vivian-valentine vivien-martines wendi-white wendy-divine whitney-banks whitney-fears whitney-wonders wonder-tracey wow-nikki xanthia-berstein yasmine-fitzgerald yelena-shieffer yvonne-green zara-whites zsanett-egerhazi zuzie-boobies

twentieth century, existing Christian denominations were joined by the Brethren and Pentecostal churches. Although some denominations thrived, after World War II there was a steady overall decline in church attendance and resulting church closures for most denominations.[21] Modern Christianity[edit] Church of Scotland[edit] Main article: Church of Scotland Stained glass showing the burning bush and the motto "nec tamen consumebatur", St. Mungo's Cathedral, Glasgow. The British Parliament passed the Church of Scotland Act 1921, recognising the full independence of the Church in matters spiritual, and as a result of this, and passage of the Church of Scotland (Property and Endowments) Act, 1925, which settled the issue of patronage in the Church, the Church of Scotland was able to unite with the United Free Church of Scotland in 1929. The United Free Church of Scotland was itself the product of the union of the former United Presbyterian Church of Scotland and the majority of the Free Church of Scotland in 1900.[20] The 1921 Act recognised the kirk as the national church and the monarch became an ordinary member of the Church of Scotland, represented at the General Assembly by their Lord High Commissioner.[23][24] In the second half of the twentieth century the Church was particularly affected by the general decline in church attendance. Between 1966 and 2006 numbers of communicants in the Church of Scotland dropped from over 1,230,000 to 504,000.[25] Formal membership reduced from 446,000 in 2010 to 398,389 or 7.5% of the total population by yearend 2013.[26] In the twenty-first century the Church faced a financial issues, with a £5.7 million deficit in 2010. In response the church adopted a "prune to grow" policy, cutting 100 posts, introducing job-shares and unpaid ordained staff.[27] Catholicism[edit] Main article: Catholicism in Scotland For much of the twentieth and twentieth-first centuries significant numbers of Catholics emigrated to Scotland from Italy, Lithuania[28] and Poland.[29] However, the church has been affected by the general decline in churchgoing. Between 1994 and 2002 Roman Catholic attendance in Scotland declined 19%, to just over 200,000.[30] By 2008, The Bishops' Conference of Scotland estimated that 184,283 attended mass regularly in 2008 - 3.6% of Scotland's population at that time.[31] According to the 2011 census, Catholics comprise 16% of the overall population.[32] In 2011, Catholics outnumbered adherents of the Church of Scotland in several council areas, including North Lanarkshire, Inverclyde, West Dunbartonshire and the most populous one: Glasgow City.[33] Percentage claiming to be Roman Catholic in the 2011 census in Scotland In early 2013, Cardinal O'Brien resigned as Archbishop of St Andrews and Edinburgh after allegations of sexual misconduct were made against him.[34] Subsequently, allegations were made that several other cases of alleged sexual misconduct took place involving other priests.[35] Scottish Episcopal Church[edit] Main article: Scottish Episcopal Church The Scottish Episcopal Church is the member church of the Anglican Communion in Scotland. It is made up of seven dioceses, each with their own bishop.[36] It dates from the Glorious Revolution in 1689 when the national church was defined as presbyterian instead of episcopal in government. The bishops and those that followed them became the Scottish Episcopal Church.[37] For 2013, the Scottish Episcopal Church reported its numbers as 34,119 members (all ages).[38] On the 2011 Census it was not listed as a separate option on the religion question, but the written answers which would be Anglican included Scottish Episcopal Church (8,048), Episcopalian (21,289), Anglican (4,490), Church of England (66,717), Church of Ireland (2,020), and Church in Wales (453).[3] Other denominations[edit] After the reunification of the Church of Scotland and the United Free Church, some independent Scottish Presbyterian denominations still remained. These included the Free Church of Scotland (formed of those congregations which refused to unite with the United Presbyterian Church in 1900), the United Free Church of Scotland (formed of congregations which refused to unite with the Church of Scotland in 1929), the Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland (which broke from the Free Church of Scotland in 1893), the Associated Presbyterian Churches (which emerged as a result of a split in the Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland in the 1980s) and the Free Church of Scotland (Continuing) (which emerged from a split in the Free Church of Scotland in 2000).[39] Non-Presbyterian denominations that had entered Scotland, usually from England, before the twentieth century included the Quakers, Baptists, Methodists and Brethren. By 1907 the Open Brethren had 196 meetings and by 1960 it was 350, with perhaps 25,000 people. The smaller Exclusive Brethren had perhaps another 3,000. Both were geographically and socially diverse, but particularly recruited in fishing communities in the Islands and East.[39] The Evangelical Pentecostal churches were present from 1908 and by the 1920s there were three streams: Elim, Assemblies of God and the Apostolic Church. A Holiness movement, inspired by Methodism, emerged in 1909 and by 1915 was part of the American Church of the Nazarene.[40][3] Sectarianism[edit] See also: Sectarianism in Glasgow An Orange Order march in Glasgow Sectarianism became a serious problem in the twentieth century. In the interwar period religious and ethnic tensions between Protestants and Catholics were exacerbated by economic depression. Tensions were heightened by the leaders of the Free Church and Church of Scotland and later the reunified church, who orchestrated a racist campaign against the Catholic Irish in Scotland. Key figures leading the campaign were George Malcolm Thomson and Andrew Dewar Gibb. This focused on the threat to the "Scottish race" based on spurious statistics that continued to have influence despite being discredited by official figures in the early 1930s. This created a climate of intolerance that led to calls for jobs to be preserved for Protestants.[41] After the Second World War the Church became increasingly liberal in attitude and moved away from hostile attitudes. Sectarian attitudes continued to manifest themselves in football rivalries between predominately Protestant and Catholic teams. This was most marked in Glasgow in the traditionally Roman Catholic team, Celtic, and the traditionally Protestant team, Rangers. Celtic employed Protestant players and managers, but Rangers have had a tradition of not recruiting Catholics.[42][43] This is not a hard and fast rule however, as evidenced by Rangers signing of the Catholic player Mo Johnston (b. 1963) in 1989 and in 1999 their first Catholic captain, Lorenzo Amoruso.[44][45] From the 1980s the UK government passed several acts that had provision concerning sectarian violence. These included the Public Order Act 1986, which introduced offences relating to the incitement of racial hatred, and the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, which introduced offences of pursuing a racially-aggravated course of conduct that amounts to harassment of a person. The 1998 Act also requiring courts to take into account where offences are racially motivated, when determining sentence. In the twenty-first century the Scottish Parliament legislated against sectarianism. This included provision for religiously aggravated offences in the Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2003. The Criminal Justice and Licensing (Scotland) Act 2010 strengthened statutory aggravations for racial and religiously motivated crimes. The Offensive Behaviour at Football and Threatening Communications (Scotland) Act 2012, criminalised behaviour which is threatening, hateful or otherwise offensive at a regulated football match including offensive singing or chanting. It also criminalised the communication of threats of serious violence and threats intended to incite religious hatred.[46] Ecumenism[edit] Plaque on Scottish Church House, Dunblane, one of the major centres of the ecumenical movement in Scotland in the twentieth century Relations between Scotland's churches steadily improved during the second half of the twentieth century and there were several initiatives for cooperation, recognition and union. The Scottish Council of Churches was formed as an ecumenical body in 1924.[47] The foundation of the ecumenical Iona Community in 1938, on the island of Iona off the coast of Scotland, led to a highly influential form of music, which was used across Britain and the US. Leading musical figure John Bell (b. 1949) adapted folk tunes or created tunes in a folk style to fit lyrics that often emerged from the spiritual experience of the community.[48] Proposals in 1957 for union with the Church of England were rejected over the issue of bishops and were severely attacked in the Scottish press. The Scottish Episcopal church opened the communion table up to all baptised and communicant members of all the trinitarian churches and church canons were altered to allow the interchangeability of ministers within specific local ecumenical partnerships.[49] The Dunblane consultations, informal meetings at the ecumenical Scottish Church House in Dunblane in 1961-69, attempted to produce modern hymns that retained theological integrity. They resulted in the British "Hymn Explosion" of the 1960s, which produced multiple collections of new hymns.[50] In 1990, the Scottish Churches' Council was dissolved and replaced by Action of Churches Together in Scotland (ACTS), which attempted to bring churches together to set up ecumenical teams in the areas of prisons, hospitals, higher education and social ministries and inner city projects.[51] At the end of the twentieth century the Scottish Churches Initiative for Union (SCIFU), between the Episcopal Church, the Church of Scotland, the Methodist Church and the United Reformed Church, put forward an initiative whereby there would have been mutual recognition of all ordinations and that subsequent ordinations would have satisfied episcopal requirements, but this was rejected by the General Assembly in 2003.[49] Secularisation[edit] Church attendance in all denominations declined after World War I. Reasons that have been suggested for this change include the growing power of the nation state, socialism and scientific rationalism, which provided alternatives to the social and intellectual aspects of religion. By the 1920s roughly half the population had a relationship with one of the Christian denominations. This level was maintained until the 1940s when it dipped to 40 per cent during World War II, but it increased in the 1950s as a result of revivalist preaching campaigns, particularly the 1955 tour by Billy Graham, and returned to almost pre-war levels. From this point there was a steady decline that accelerated in the 1960s. By the 1980s it was just over 30 per cent. The decline was not even geographically, socially, or in terms of denominations. It most affected urban areas and the traditional skilled working classes and educated working classes, while participation stayed higher in the Catholic Church than the Protestant denominations.[41] In the 2011 census roughly 54 per cent of the population identified with a form of Christianity and 36.7 per cent stated they had no religion.[1] 5.5 per cent did not state a religion. In 2001, there were a significantly lower 27.5 per cent who stated that they had no religion (which compares with 15.5 per cent in the UK overall).[52][53] A study carried out on behalf of the British Humanist Association at the same time as the 2011 census suggested that those not identifying with a denomination, or who see themselves as non-religious, may be much higher at between 42 and 56 per cent, depending on the form of question asked.[54] Other faiths[edit] Islam[edit] Main article: Islam in Scotland Edinburgh Central Mosque Islam is the next religious viewpoint after Christianity and non-religious in Scotland. The first Muslim student in Scotland was Wazir Beg from Bombay (now "Mumbai"). He is recorded as being a medical student who studied at the University of Edinburgh between 1858-59.[55] The production of goods and Glasgow's busy port meant that many lascars were employed there. Dundee was at the peak of importing jute; hence, sailors from Bengal were a feature at the port. Records from the Glasgow Sailors' Home show that, in 1903, nearly a third (5,500) of all boarders were Muslim lascars. Most immigration of Muslims to Scotland is relatively recent. The bulk of Muslims in Scotland come from families who immigrated during the late 20th century, with small numbers of converts.[56] In Scotland Muslims represent 1.4 per cent of the population (76,737). Two important mosques in Scotland are Edinburgh Central Mosque, which took more than six years to complete at a cost of £3.5m,[57] and has a main hall that can hold over one thousand worshippers,[58] and Glasgow Central Mosque. Sikhism[edit] Main article: Sikhism in Scotland Maharajah Duleep Singh moved to Scotland in 1854, taking up residence at the Grandtully estate in Perthshire.[59] According to the Scottish Sikh Association, the first Sikhs settled in Glasgow in the early 1920s with the first Gurdwara established in South Portland Street.[60] However, the bulk of Sikhs in Scotland come from families who immigrated during the late 20th century. In the 2001 Census there were 6,572 Sikhs, predominantly in Glasgow and Edinburgh, but also in Dundee and Aberdeen. Judaism[edit] Religion in the United Kingdom and in the countries that preceded it has been dominated, for over 1,400 years, by various forms of Christianity. However, regular church attendance has steadily decreased since the middle of the twentieth century, with more individuals rejecting religion, though immigration has dampened the trend, and increased adherence to other religions.[1] Religious affiliations of United Kingdom citizens are recorded by regular surveys, the four major ones being the UK Census, the Labour Force Survey, the British Social Attitudes survey and the European Social Survey. According to the 2011 UK census, Christianity is the major religion, followed by Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Judaism and Buddhism in terms of number of adherents. This, and the relatively large number of individuals with nominal or no religious affiliations, has led commentators to variously describe the United Kingdom as a multi-faith, secularised, or post-Christian society. The United Kingdom was formed by the union of previously independent countries from 1707, and consequently most of the largest religious groups do not have UK-wide organisational structures. While some groups have separate structures for the individual countries of the United Kingdom, others may have a single structure covering England and Wales or Great Britain. Similarly, due to the relatively recent creation of Northern Ireland in 1921, most major religious groups in Northern Ireland are organised on an all-Ireland basis. Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Statistics 2.1 Surveys 2.2 Religious affiliations 2.3 Attendance 2.4 Belief 2.5 Jedi census phenomenon 3 Christianity 3.1 Anglicanism 3.2 Roman Catholicism 3.3 Presbyterianism and Congregationalism 3.4 Methodism 3.5 Baptists 3.6 Charismatic and Pentecostalism 3.7 Eastern Orthodox 3.8 Oriental Orthodox 3.9 Other Trinitarian denominations 3.10 Non-Trinitarian denominations 3.10.1 Latter-day Saints 3.10.2 Other Non-Trinitarian denominations 3.11 Quakers 4 Other Abrahamic faiths 4.1 Islam 4.2 Judaism 4.3 Bahá'í Faith 5 Indian religions 5.1 Buddhism 5.2 Hinduism 5.3 Jainism 5.4 Sikhism 6 Neopaganism 6.1 Wicca 6.2 Druidry 7 Religion and society 7.1 Religion and politics 7.2 Religion and education 7.3 Religion and prison 7.4 Religion and the media 7.5 Interfaith dialogue, tolerance, religious discrimination and secularism 8 Main religious leaders 9 Notable places of worship 10 See also 11 References 12 External links 12.1 General 12.2 Christianity 12.3 Islam 12.4 Hinduism 12.5 Sikhism 12.6 Buddhism 12.7 No religion 13 Notes History[edit] Fourth century Chi-Rho fresco from Lullingstone Roman Villa, Kent, which contains the only known Christian paintings from the Roman era in Britain.[2] Pre-Roman forms of religion in Britain included various forms of ancestor worship and paganism.[3] Little is known about the details of such religions (see British paganism). Forms of Christianity have dominated religious life in what is now the United Kingdom for over 1,400 years. It was introduced by the Romans to what is now England, Wales, and Southern Scotland. The doctrine of Pelagianism, declared heretical in the Council of Carthage of 418, originated with a British-born ascetic, Pelagius. The Anglo-Saxon invasions briefly re-introduced paganism in the 5th and 6th centuries; Christianity was again brought to Great Britain by Roman Catholic and Irish-Scottish missionaries in the course of the 7th century (see Anglo-Saxon Christianity).[4] Insular Christianity as it stood between the 6th and 8th centuries retained some idiosyncrasies in terms of liturgy and calendar, but it had been nominally united with Roman Christianity since at least the Synod of Whitby of 664. Still in the Anglo-Saxon period, the archbishops of Canterbury established a tradition of receiving their pallium from Rome to symbolize the authority of the Pope. Roman Catholicism remained the dominant form of Western Christianity, including in Britain, throughout the Middle Ages, but the (Anglican) Church of England became the independent established church in England and Wales from 1534 as a result of the English Reformation.[5] It retains a representation in the UK Parliament and the British monarch is its Supreme Governor.[6] In Scotland, the Presbyterian Church of Scotland, established in a separate Scottish Reformation in the sixteenth century, is recognised as the national church. It is not subject to state control and the British monarch is an ordinary member, required to swear an oath to "maintain and preserve the Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Government" upon his or her accession.[7][8] The adherence to Roman Catholicism continued at various levels in different parts of Britain, especially among recusants and in the north of England,[9] but most strongly in Ireland. This would expand in Great Britain, partly due to Irish immigration in the nineteenth century,[10] the Catholic emancipation and the Restoration of the English hierarchy. Particularly from the mid-seventeenth century, forms of Protestant nonconformity, including Congregationalists, Baptists, Quakers and, later, Methodists, grew outside of the established church.[11] The (Anglican) Church in Wales was disestablished in 1920 and, as the (Anglican) Church of Ireland was disestablished in 1870 before the partition of Ireland, there is no established church in Northern Ireland.[12] The Jews in England were expulsed in 1290 and only emancipated in the 19th century. British Jews had numbered fewer than 10,000 in 1800 but around 120,000 after 1881 when Russian Jews settled permanently in Britain.[13] The substantial immigration to the United Kingdom since the 1920s has contributed to the growth of foreign faiths, especially of Islam, Hinduism and Sikhism,[14] Buddhism in the United Kingdom experienced growth partly due to immigration and partly due to conversion (especially when including Secular Buddhism).[15] As elsewhere in the western world, religious demographics have become part of the discourse on multiculturalism, with Britain variously described as a post-Christian society,[16] as "multi-faith",[17] or as secularised.[18] Statistics[edit] The statistics for current religion (not religion of upbringing where also asked) from the 2011 census and the corresponding statistics from the 2001 census are set out in the tables below. [hide]Religion (2011) England[19] Wales[19] England and Wales[19] Scotland[20] Great Britain Northern Ireland[21][22] United Kingdom Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Christianity 31,479,876 59.4 1,763,299 57.6 33,243,175 59.3 2,850,199 53.8 36,093,374 58.8 1,490,588 82.3 37,583,962 59.5 Islam 2,660,116 5.0 45,950 1.5 2,706,066 4.8 76,737 1.4 2,782,803 4.5 3,832 0.21 2,786,635 4.4 Hinduism 806,199 1.5 10,434 0.34 816,633 1.5 16,379 0.3 833,012 1.4 2,382 0.13 835,394 1.3 Sikhism 420,196 0.8 2,962 0.1 423,158 0.8 9,055 0.2 432,213 0.7 216 0.01 432,429 0.7 Judaism 261,282 0.5 2,064 0.1 263,346 0.5 5,887 0.1 269,233 0.4 335 0.02 269,568 0.4 Buddhism 238,626 0.5 9,117 0.3 247,743 0.4 12,795 0.2 260,538 0.4 1,046 0.06 261,584 0.4 Other religion 227,825 0.4 12,705 0.4 240,530 0.4 15,196 0.3 255,726 0.4 7,048 0.39 262,774 0.4 Total non-Christian religion 4,614,244 8.7 83,232 2.7 4,697,476 8.4 136,049 2.6 4,833,525 7.9 14,859 0.8 4,848,384 7.7 No religion 13,114,232 24.7 982,997 32.1 14,097,229 25.1 1,941,116 36.7 16,038,345 26.1 183,164 10.1 16,221,509 25.7 Religion not stated 3,804,104 7.2 233,928 7.6 4,038,032 7.2 368,039 7.0 4,406,071 7.2 122,252 6.8 4,528,323 7.2 No religion and Religion not stated 16,918,336 31.9 1,216,925 39.7 18,135,261 32.3 2,309,155 43.6 20,444,416 33.3 305,416 16.9 20,749,832 32.8 Total population 53,012,456 100.0 3,063,456 100.0 56,075,912 100.0 5,295,403 100.0 61,371,315 100.0 1,810,863 100.0 63,182,178 100.0 [show]Religion (2001) England[23] Wales[23] England and Wales[23] Scotland[24] Great Britain Northern Ireland[25][26] United Kingdom Percentage of respondents in the 2011 census in the UK who said they were Christian. Surveys[edit] Religious affiliations of UK citizens are recorded by regular surveys, the four major ones being the UK Census,[27] the Labour Force Survey,[28] the British Social Attitudes survey[29] and the European Social Survey.[30] The different questions asked by these surveys produced different results: The census for England and Wales asked the question "What is your religion?".[31] In 2001 14.81 per cent[32] and in 2011 around a quarter (25.1 per cent) of the population said they had "none".[33] The census for Scotland asked the question "What religion, religious denomination or body do you belong to?".[31] In 2001 27.55 per cent[34] and in 2011 36.7 per cent, selected 'none'.[20] The Labour Force Survey asked the question "What is your religion even if you are not currently practising?" with a response of 15.7 per cent selecting 'no religion' in 2004 and 22.4 per cent selecting 'no religion' in 2010.[35] The British Social Attitudes survey asked the question "Do you regard yourself as belonging to any particular religion?"[36] with 41.22 per cent of respondents selecting 'no religion' in 2001 and 50.67 per cent selecting 'no religion' in 2009.[37] The European Social Survey asked the question "Which religion or denomination do you belong to at present?" with 50.54 per cent of respondents selecting 'no religion' in 2002 and 52.68 per cent selecting 'no religion' in 2008.[38] The wording of the question affects the outcome of polls as is apparent when comparing the results of the Scottish census with that of the English and Welsh census.[32][34][39][40] An ICM poll for The Guardian in 2006 asked the question "Which religion do you yourself belong to?" with a response of 64 per cent stating 'Christian' and 26 per cent stating 'None'. In the same survey, 63 per cent claimed they are not religious with just 33 per cent claiming they are.[41] This suggests that almost a third of the non-religious UK population identify with Christianity out of habit.[42] The British Social Attitudes surveys and the European Social Surveys are fielded to adult individuals.[36][38] In contrast, the United Kingdom Census and the Labour Force Surveys are household surveys; the respondent completes the questionnaire on behalf of each member of the household,[39][40][43] including children,[35] as well as for themselves. The 2010 Labour Force Survey claimed that 54 per cent of children aged from birth to four years were Christian, rising to 59 per cent for children aged between 5 and 9 and 65 per cent for children aged between 10 and 14.[35] The inclusion of children with adult-imposed religions influences the results of the polls.[42][44] Other major polls agree with the British Social Attitudes surveys and the European Social Surveys, with a YouGov survey fielded in February 2012 indicating that 43 per cent of respondents claimed to belong to a religion and 76 per cent claimed they were not very religious or not religious at all.[45] An Ipsos MORI survey fielded in August 2003 indicated that 18 per cent of respondents claimed to be "a practising member of an organised religion" and 25 per cent claimed "I am a non-practising member of an organised religion".[46] Religious affiliations[edit] Religions in Great Britain – BSA 2009 Religion/Denomination Percent % No religion 50.7 Church of England 19.9 Roman Catholic 8.6 Presbyterian/Church of Scotland 2.2 Methodist 1.3 Other Protestant 1.2 Christian (no denomination) 9.3 Other Christian 0.4 Muslim 2.4 Hindu 0.9 Sikh 0.8 Judaism 0.4 Other religions 0.3 Refused / NA 0.4 Time series from the British Social Attitudes Survey showing the religion to which people consider themselves to belong.[37] Source: BSA Survey 2009.[47][48] In the 2011 census, Christianity was the largest religion, being claimed by 59.5 per cent of respondents.[19][20][22] This figure was found to be 53 per cent in the 2007 Tearfund survey,[49] 42.9 per cent in the 2009 British Social Attitudes Survey[37] and 42.98 per cent in the EU-funded European Social Survey published in April 2009[38] for those claiming to be Christian. Although there was no UK-wide data in the 2001 or the 2011 census on adherence to individual Christian denominations,[50] Ceri Peach has estimated that 62 per cent of Christians are Anglican, 13.5 per cent Roman Catholic, 6 per cent Presbyterian and 3.4 per cent Methodist, with small numbers in other Protestant denominations and the Orthodox church.[51] The 2009 British Social Attitudes Survey, which covers Great Britain but not Northern Ireland, indicated that over 50 per cent would self-classify as not religious at all, 19.9 per cent were part of the Church of England, 9.3 per cent non-denominational Christian, 8.6 per cent Roman Catholic, 2.2 per cent Presbyterian/Church of Scotland, 1.3 per cent Methodist, 0.53 per cent Baptist, 1.17 per cent other Protestant, 0.23 per cent United Reformed Church/Congregational, 0.06 per cent Free Presbyterian, 0.03 per cent Brethren and 0.41 per cent other Christian.[37] In a 2015 survey conducted by BSA (British Social Attitudes) on religious affiliation; 49% of respondents indicated 'no religion', while 42% indicated they where Christians, followed by 8% who affiliated with other religions (e.g., Islam, Hinduism, Judaism etc.)[52] Religions other than Christianity, such as Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism and Judaism, have established a presence in the United Kingdom, both through immigration and by attracting converts. Others that have done so include the Bahá'í Faith, the Rastafari movement and Neopaganism. Attendance[edit] Society in the United Kingdom is markedly more secular than it was in the past and the number of churchgoers fell over the second half of the 20th century.[53] The Ipsos MORI poll in 2003 reported that 18 per cent were "a practising member of an organised religion".[46] The Tearfund Survey in 2007 found that only 7 per cent of the population considered themselves as practising Christians. Ten per cent attend church weekly and two-thirds had not gone to church in the past year.[49][54] The Tearfund Survey also found that two thirds of UK adults (66 per cent) or 32.2 million people have no connection with the Church at present (nor with another religion). These people were evenly divided between those who have been in the past but have since left (16 million) and those who have never been in their lives (16.2 million). Currently, regular church attendance in the United Kingdom stands at 6 per cent of the population with the average age of the attendee being 51. This shows a decline in church attendance since 1980, when regular attendance stood at 11 per cent with an average age of 37. It is predicted that by 2020, attendance will be around 4 per cent with an average age of 56.[53] This decline in church attendance has forced many churches to close down across the United Kingdom, with the Church of England alone being forced to close 1,500 churches between 1969 and 2002. Their fates include dereliction, demolition and residential conversion.[55] A survey in 2002 found Christmas attendance at Anglican churches in England varied between 10.19 per cent of the population in the diocese of Hereford, down to just 2.16 per cent in Manchester.[56] Church attendance at Christmas in some dioceses was up to three times the average for the rest of the year. Overall church attendance at Christmas has been steadily increasing in recent years; a 2005 poll found that 43 per cent expected to attend a church service over the Christmas period, in comparison with 39 per cent and 33 per cent for corresponding polls taken in 2003 and 2001 respectively.[57] A December 2007 report by Christian Research showed that Roman Catholicism's services had become the best-attended services of Christian denominations in England, with average attendance at Sunday Mass of 861,000, compared to 852,000 attending Anglican services. Attendance at Anglican services had declined by 20 per cent between 2000 and 2006, while attendance at Catholic services, boosted by large-scale immigration from Poland and Lithuania, had declined by only 13 per cent. In Scotland, attendance at Church of Scotland services declined by 19 per cent and attendance at Catholic services fell by 25 per cent.[58] British Social Attitudes Surveys have shown the proportion of those in Great Britain who consider they "belong to" Christianity to have fallen from 66 per cent in 1983 to 43 per cent in 2009.[37] One study shows that in 2004 at least 930,000 Muslims attended a mosque at least once a week, just outnumbering the 916,000 regular church goers in the Church of England.[59] Muslim sources claim the number of practising Muslims is underestimated as many of them pray at home.[60] Belief[edit] European Social Survey (UK) "Do you consider yourself as belonging to any particular religion or denomination?" Year Yes No 2008 47.32% 52.64% 2006 48.45% 51.34% 2004 50.55% 49.24% 2002 49.46% 50.49% Source: European social survey 2002–2010[61] There is a disparity between the figures for those identifying themselves with a particular religion and for those proclaiming a belief in a God: In a 2011 YouGov poll, 34 per cent of UK citizens claimed they believed in a God or gods.[62] A Eurobarometer opinion poll in 2010 reported that 37 per cent of UK citizens "believed there is a God", 33 per cent believe there is "some sort of spirit or life force" and 25 per cent answered "I don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force".[63] The 2008 European Social Survey suggests that 46.94 per cent of UK citizens never pray and 18.96 per cent pray daily.[38] A survey in 2007 suggested that 42 per cent of adults resident in the United Kingdom prayed, with one in six praying on a daily basis.[64] Jedi census phenomenon[edit] Main article: Jedi census phenomenon In the 2001 census, 390,127 individuals (0.7 per cent of total respondents) in England and Wales self-identified as followers of the Jedi faith. This Jedi census phenomenon followed an internet campaign that stated, incorrectly, that the Jedi belief system would receive official government recognition as a religion if it received enough support in the census. An email in support of the campaign, quoted by BBC News, invited people to 'do it because you love Star Wars ... or just to annoy people'.[65] Christianity[edit] Christian bodies of the UK v t e UK Interchurch[show] Anglican[show] Baptist[show] Catholic[show] Holiness & Pietist[show] Lutheran[show] Methodist & Wesleyan[show] New Church Movement[show] Orthodox[show] Pentecostal[show] Presbyterian & Reformed[show] Other[show] The United Kingdom was formed by the union of previously independent states from 1707,[66][67][68] and consequently most of the largest religious groups do not have UK-wide organisational structures. While some groups have separate structures for the individual countries of the United Kingdom, others may have a single structure covering England and Wales or Great Britain. Similarly, due to the relatively recent creation of Northern Ireland in 1921, most major religious groups in Northern Ireland are organised on an all-Ireland basis. Anglicanism[edit] Main articles: Anglicanism, Church of England, Church of Ireland, Church in Wales and Scottish Episcopal Church See also: Anglican Communion The Church of England is the established church in England.[5] Its most senior bishops sit in the national parliament and the Queen is its supreme governor. It is also the "mother church" of the worldwide Anglican Communion. The Church of England separated from the Roman Catholic Church in 1534 and became the established church by an act of parliament in the Act of Supremacy, beginning a series of events known as the English Reformation.[69] Historically it has been the predominant Christian denomination in England and Wales, in terms of both influence and number of adherents. The Scottish Episcopal Church, which is part of the Anglican Communion (but not a "daughter church" of the Church of England),[70] dates from the final establishment of Presbyterianism in Scotland in 1690, when it split from the Church of Scotland. In the 1920s, the Church in Wales became disestablished and independent from the Church of England, but remains in the Anglican Communion.[71] During the years 2012 to 2014 the number of members of the Church of England dropped by around 1.7 million.[72][73][74] Roman Catholicism[edit] Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral, Liverpool Main article: Roman Catholicism in the United Kingdom See also: Roman Catholicism in England and Wales, Roman Catholicism in Scotland and Roman Catholicism in Ireland The Roman Catholic Church has separate national organisations for England and Wales, for Scotland and for Ireland, which means there is no single hierarchy for Roman Catholicism in the United Kingdom. The Roman Catholic Church in England and Wales is the second largest Christian church with around five million members, mainly in England.[75] There is, however, a single apostolic nuncio to Great Britain, presently Archbishop Antonio Mennini. The Roman Catholic Church in Scotland is Scotland's second largest Christian church, representing a sixth of the population.[76] The apostolic nuncio to the whole of Ireland (both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland) is Charles Brown. Eastern Rite Catholics in the United Kingdom are served by their own clergy and do not belong to the Latin Church dioceses but are still in full communion with the Bishop of Rome. Presbyterianism and Congregationalism[edit] See also: Presbyterianism, English Presbyterianism and Congregational church In Scotland, the Church of Scotland (informally known by its Scots language name, "the Kirk"), is recognised as the national church.[77] It is not subject to state control and the British monarch is an ordinary member, required to swear an oath to "maintain and preserve the Protestant Religion and Presbyterian Church Government" upon his or her accession.[78] Splits in the Church of Scotland, especially in the 19th century, led to the creation of various other Presbyterian churches in Scotland, including the Free Church of Scotland, which claims to be the constitutional continuator of the Church in Scotland and was founded in 1843. The Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland was formed in 1893 by some who left the Free Church over alleged weakening of her position and likewise claims to be the spiritual descendant of the Scottish Reformation. The Evangelical Presbyterian Church in England and Wales was founded in the late 1980s and declared themselves to be a presbytery in 1996. As of 2013 they had ten churches.[79] The Presbyterian Church in Ireland is the largest Protestant denomination and second largest church in Northern Ireland. The Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster was founded on 17 March 1951 by the cleric and politician Ian Paisley. It has about 60 churches in Northern Ireland. The Presbyterian Church of Wales seceded from the Church of England in 1811 and formally formed itself into a separate body in 1823. The Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland has 31 congregations in Northern Ireland,[80] with the first Presbytery being formed in Antrim in 1725.[81] The United Reformed Church (URC), a union of Presbyterian and Congregational churches, consists of about 1,500 congregations[82] in England, Scotland and Wales. There are about 600 Congregational churches in the United Kingdom. In England there are three main groups, the Congregational Federation, the Evangelical Fellowship of Congregational Churches, and about 100 Congregational churches that are loosely federated with other congregations in the Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches, or are unaffiliated. In Scotland the churches are mostly member of the Congregational Federation and in Wales which traditionally has a larger number of Congregationalists, most are members of the Union of Welsh Independents. Methodism[edit] The Methodist church at Haroldswick is the most northerly church in the United Kingdom The Methodist movement traces its origin to the evangelical awakening in the 18th century. The British Methodist Church, which has congregations throughout Great Britain, the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man, Malta and Gibraltar, has around 290,000 members,[83] and 5,900 churches,[83] though only around 3,000 members in 50 congregations are in Scotland. In the 1960s, it made ecumenical overtures to the Church of England, aimed at church unity. Formally, these failed when they were rejected by the Church of England's General Synod in 1972. However, conversations and co-operation continued, leading on 1 November 2003 to the signing of a covenant between the two churches.[84] The Methodist Church in Ireland covers the whole of the island of Ireland, including Northern Ireland where it is the fourth-largest denomination. Other Methodist denominations in Britain include the Salvation Army, founded in 1865;[85] the Free Methodist Church, a holiness church; and the Church of the Nazarene. Baptists[edit] The Baptist Union of Great Britain, despite its name, covers just England and Wales.[86] There is a separate Baptist Union of Scotland and the Association of Baptist Churches in Ireland is an all-Ireland organisation.[87] Charismatic and Pentecostalism[edit] Assemblies of God in Great Britain are part of the World Assemblies of God Fellowship with over 600 churches in Great Britain.[88] Assemblies of God Ireland cover the whole of the island of Ireland, including Northern Ireland. The Apostolic Church commenced in the early part of the 20th century in South Wales and now has over 110 churches across the United Kingdom. Elim Pentecostal Church as of 2013 had over 500 churches across the United Kingdom.[88] There is also a growing number of independent, charismatic churches that encourage Pentecostal practices as part of their worship. These are broadly grouped together as the British New Church Movement and could number up to 400,000 members. The phenomenon of immigrant churches and congregations that began with the arrival of the SS Empire Windrush from the West Indies in 1948 stands as a unique trend. West Indian congregations that started from this time include the Church of God, New Testament Assembly and New Testament Church of God. Africans began to arrive in the early 1980s and established their own congregations. Foremost among these are Matthew Ashimolowo from Nigeria and his Kingsway International Christian Centre in London that may be the largest church in Western Europe.[89] Eastern Orthodox[edit] The Cathedral of the Dormition of the Most-Holy Mother of God and the Holy Royal Martyrs (Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia), in Gunnersbury Russian Orthodox Church: the Diocese of Sourozh covers Great Britain and Ireland.[90] Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia also has a diocese that covers Great Britain and Ireland.[91] Greek Orthodox Church: Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain, led by Archbishop Gregorios,[92] that covers England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland as well as Malta. The Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch has 15 parishes and 7 missions within the Deanery of the United Kingdom and Ireland.[93] Serbian Orthodox Church: the Diocese of Britain and Scandinavia has nine parishes in the United Kingdom and missions in Dublin and Malta.[citation needed] Other Eastern Orthodox Churches represented in the United Kingdom include the Georgian Orthodox Church, the Romanian Orthodox Church and the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. Oriental Orthodox[edit] The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria has two regional Dioceses in the United Kingdom: the Diocese of Ireland, Scotland, North East England and its Affiliated Areas is led by Bishop Antony of Newcastle and the Diocese of the Midlands and its Affiliated Areas is led by Bishop Missael of Birmingham. There is also (part of the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate) the British Orthodox Church, (covering the British Isles) which is led by Metropolitan Seraphim of Glastonbury. In addition, there is one General Bishop in Stevenage, Bishop Angaelos. There are many Coptic Orthodox Churches in the United Kingdom that are directly the responsibility of His Holiness Pope Tawadros II of Alexandria. Other Oriental Orthodox Churches represented in the United Kingdom include the Syriac Orthodox Church, the Armenian Apostolic Church, the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church and the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Other Trinitarian denominations[edit] Other denominations and groups include the Seventh-day Adventist Church, the Seventh Day Baptists, the Plymouth Brethren,[94] and Newfrontiers.[95] Non-Trinitarian denominations[edit] Latter-day Saints[edit] Main article: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the United Kingdom London England Temple (LDS) The first missionaries from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints to proselyte in the British Isles arrived in 1837. By 1900 as many as 100,000 converts had joined the faith, but most of these early members soon emigrated to the United States to join the main body of the church. From the 1950s emigration to the United States began to be discouraged and local congregations grew more rapidly. Today the church claims just over 186,000 members across the United Kingdom, in over 330 local congregations, known as 'wards' or 'branches'. The church also maintains two temples in England, the first opening in the London area in 1958, and the second completed in 1998 in Preston and known as the Preston England Temple. Preston is also the site of the first preaching by LDS missionaries in 1837, and is home to the oldest continually existing Latter Day Saint congregation anywhere in the world.[96][97] Restored 1994–2000, the Gadfield Elm Chapel in Worcestershire is the oldest extant chapel of the LDS Church.[98] Other Non-Trinitarian denominations[edit] Jehovah's Witnesses had 135,823 publishers in the United Kingdom in 2011.[99] The Church of Christ, Scientist is also represented in the UK. The General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches is the umbrella organisation for Unitarian, Free Christian and other liberal religious congregations in the United Kingdom. The Unitarian Christian Association was formed in 1991. Quakers[edit] The Britain Yearly Meeting is the umbrella body for the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Great Britain, the Channel Isles and the Isle of Man. It has 14,260 adult members.[100] There Northern Ireland comes under the umbrella of the Ireland Yearly Meeting. Other Abrahamic faiths[edit] Islam[edit] Main articles: Islam in England, Islam in Northern Ireland, Islam in Scotland and Islam in Wales Shah Jahan Mosque is the oldest purpose-built mosque in the United Kingdom. Estimates in 2009 suggested a total of about 2.4 million Muslims over all the United Kingdom.[101][102] According to Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, the number of Muslims in Britain could be up to 3 million.[103] The vast majority of Muslims in the United Kingdom live in England and Wales: of 1,591,126 Muslims recorded at the 2001 Census, 1,546,626 were living in England and Wales, where they form 3 per cent of the population; 42,557 were living in Scotland, forming 0.8 per cent of the population;[104] and 1,943 were living in Northern Ireland.[105] Between 2001 and 2009 the Muslim population increased roughly 10 times faster than the rest of society.[106] Most Muslim immigrants to the United Kingdom came from former colonies. The biggest groups of Muslims are of Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Indian and Arab origins,[107] with the remainder coming from Muslim-dominated areas such as Southwest Asia, Somalia, Malaysia, and Indonesia.[108] During the 18th century, lascars (sailors) who worked for the British East India Company settled in port towns with local wives.[109] These numbered only 24,037 in 1891 but 51,616 on the eve of World War I.[110] Naval cooks, including Sake Dean Mahomet, also came from what is now the Sylhet Division of Bangladesh.[111] From the 1950s onwards, the growing Muslim population has led to a number of notable Mosques being established, including East London Mosque, London Central Mosque, Manchester Central Mosque, London Markaz, and the Baitul Futuh of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. According to Kevin Brice, a researcher at the University of Wales, Trinity Saint David, thousands convert to Islam annually and there are approximately 100,000 converts to Islam in Britain, where they run two mosques.[112] According to a Labour Force Survey estimate, the total number of Muslims in Great Britain in 2008 was 2,422,000, around 4 per cent of the total population.[113] Between 2004 and 2008, the Muslim population grew by more than 500,000.[113] In 2010, The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life estimated 2,869,000 Muslims in Great Britain.[114] The largest age-bracket within the British Muslim population were those under the age of 4, at 301,000 in September 2008.[113] The Muslim Council of Britain and the Islamic Forum of Europe are the umbrellas organisations for many local, regional and specialist Islamic organisations in the United Kingdom, although it is disputed how representative this organisation is of British Muslims as a whole. Muslims are by far the poorest religious community in the UK. For comparison, the median net wealth for Jews stands at £422 000, Sikhs at £229 000, Christians at £223 000 and Hindus at £ 206 000 while for Muslims the figure stands at £42 000.[115] Muslims also happen to be the most disproportionately represented religious group facing arrest, trial and imprisonment, with 13.1% of prisoners being Muslims while the community represents only 4% of those aged 15 years or older within the general population.[116] Judaism[edit] Main articles: History of the Jews in England, History of the Jews in Scotland, History of the Jews in Wales and History of the Jews in Ireland Singers Hill Synagogue, Birmingham, England. The Jewish Naturalisation Act, enacted in 1753, permitted the naturalisation of foreign Jews, but was repealed the next year. The first graduate from the University of Glasgow who was openly-known to be Jewish was in 1787. Unlike their English contemporaries, Scottish students were not required to take a religious oath. In 1841 Isaac Lyon Goldsmid was made baronet, the first Jew to receive a hereditary title. The first Jewish Lord Mayor of the City of London, Sir David Salomons, was elected in 1855, followed by the 1858 emancipation of the Jews. On 26 July 1858, Lionel de Rothschild was finally allowed to sit in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom when the law restricting the oath of office to Christians was changed. (Benjamin Disraeli, a baptised, teenage convert to Christianity of Jewish parentage, was already an MP at this time and rose to become Prime Minister in 1874.) In 1884 Nathan Mayer Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild became the first Jewish member of the British House of Lords; again Disraeli was already a member. British Jews number around 300,000 with the United Kingdom having the fifth largest Jewish community worldwide.[117] However, this figure did not include Jews who identified 'by ethnicity only' in England and Wales or Scottish Jews who identified as Jewish by upbringing but held no current religion. A report in August 2007 by University of Manchester historian Dr Yaakov Wise stated that 75 per cent of all births in the Jewish community were to ultra-orthodox, Haredi parents, and that the increase of ultra-orthodox Jewry has led to a significant rise in the proportion of British Jews who are ultra-orthodox. However various studies suggest that within some Jewish communities and particularly in some strictly Orthodox areas, many residents ignored the voluntary question on religion following the advice of their religious leaders resulting in a serious undercount, therefore it is impossible to give an accurate number on the total UK Jewish population. It may be even more than double the official estimates, heavily powered by the very high birth rate of orthodox families and British people who are Jewish by origin but not religion; as it currently stands, the Jewish as ethnicity section is not documented on the census.[118] Bahá'í Faith[edit] Main article: Bahá'í Faith in the United Kingdom See also: Bahá'í Faith in England, Bahá'í Faith in Scotland and Bahá'í Faith in Wales The Bahá'í Faith in the United Kingdom has a historical connection with the earliest phases of the Bahá'í Faith starting in 1845 and has had a major effect on the development of communities of the religion in far flung nations around the world. It is estimated that between 1951 and 1993, Bahá'ís from the United Kingdom settled in 138 August January Resigned after the “Grand Coalition of the Three Pro Constitution Parties” collapsed Kato was then reinvited by the Prince Regent to form a new government with his own party Kenseito Today however his second term is generally regarded as continuation of his first Died in office of natural causes During this interval Interior Minister Wakatsuki Reijiro ?? ??? Wakatsuki Reijiro was the Acting Prime Minister Wakatsuki Reijiro ?? ??? Wakatsuki Reijiro – January April Kenseikai Wakatsuki I — Prime Ministers during the Showa period – edit Under the Showa Emperor ? Prime Minister Term of office Political Party Government Elected Ref Portrait Name Took Office Left Office Days Tanaka Giichi ?? ?? Tanaka Giichi – April July Rikken Seiyukai Tanaka G Osachi Hamaguchi ?? ?? Hamaguchi Osachi – July April Rikken Minseito Hamaguchi Incapacitated due to serious wound from assassination plot on November Foreign Minister Shidehara Kijuro served as Deputy Prime Minister until Hamaguchi s return to the office on March Wakatsuki Reijiro ?? ??? Wakatsuki Reijiro – April December Rikken Minseito Wakatsuki II — Inukai Tsuyoshi ?? ? Inukai Tsuyoshi – December May Rikken Seiyukai Inukai Assassinated During this interval Finance Minister Takahashi Korekiyo ?? ?? Takahashi Korekiyo was the Acting Prime Minister Saito Makoto ?? ? Saito Makoto – May July Military Navy Saito — Keisuke Okada ?? ?? Okada Keisuke – July March Military Navy Okada Thought to be killed by renegade soldiers during the February Incident Interior Minister Goto Fumio served as Deputy Prime Minister until Okada was found alive on February Koki Hirota ?? ?? Hirota Koki – March February None Hirota — Senjuro Hayashi ? ??? Hayashi Senjuro – February June Military Army Hayashi Fumimaro Konoe ?? ?? Konoe Fumimaro – June January None Konoe I — Hiranuma Kiichiro ?? ??? Hiranuma Kiichiro – January August None Hiranuma — Nobuyuki Abe ?? ?? Abe Nobuyuki – August January Military Army Abe N — Mitsumasa Yonai ?? ?? Yonai Mitsumasa – January July Military Navy Yonai — Fumimaro Konoe ?? ?? Konoe Fumimaro – July July Taisei Yokusankai Konoe II — July October Konoe III — Hideki Tojo ?? ?? Tojo Hideki – October July Taisei Yokusankai Tojo Kuniaki Koiso ?? ?? Koiso Kuniaki – July April Military Army Koiso — Kantaro Suzuki ?? ??? Suzuki Kantaro – April August Taisei Yokusankai Suzuki K — Higashikuni Naruhiko ???? ?? ? Higashikuni no miya Naruhiko o – August October Imperial Family Higashikuni — The only member of the Imperial Family to serve as Prime Minister Kijuro Shidehara ?? ??? Shidehara Kijuro – October May None Shidehara — Shigeru Yoshida ?? ? Yoshida Shigeru – May May Japan Liberal Yoshida I Prime Ministers during the Showa period – edit Under the Showa Emperor ? Prime Minister Term of office Political Party Government Elected Ref Portrait Name Took Office Left Office Days Gen Coun Tetsu Katayama ?? ? Katayama Tetsu – Rep for Kanagawa rd May March JSP Nihon Shakaito Katayama JSP–DP–PCP Under Allied Occupation The first Prime Minister and the first socialist to serve as Prime Minister of Japan Member of Diet from to Formed a coalition government with the Democratic Party and the People s Cooperative Party Hitoshi Ashida ?? ? Ashida Hitoshi – Rep for Kyoto nd March October DP Minshuto Ashida DP–JSP–PCP — — Under Allied Occupation Ashida s cabinet resigned after seven months in office due to alleged ministerial corruption in the Showa Electric scandal Shigeru Yoshida ?? ? Yoshida Shigeru – Rep for Kochi At large October February DLP Minshu Jiyuto Yoshida II DLP — — February October Liberal Jiyuto Yoshida III Reshuffle DLP Lib –DP October May Yoshida IV Liberal — May December Yoshida V Liberal Under Allied Occupation until the Treaty of San Francisco came into force on April Developed the Yoshida Doctrine prioritising economic development and reliance on United States military protection Ichiro Hatoyama ?? ?? Hatoyama Ichiro – Rep for Tokyo st December March JDP Nihon Minshuto Hatoyama I I JDP — — March November Hatoyama I II JDP — November December LDP Jiminto Hatoyama I III LDP — — Rebuilt diplomatic ties with the Soviet Union Favored parole for some of the Class A war criminals who had been sentenced to life imprisonment at the Tokyo Trial Tanzan Ishibashi ?? ?? Ishibashi Tanzan – Rep for Shizuoka nd December February LDP Jiminto Ishibashi LDP — Incapacitated due to minor stroke on January Foreign Minister Kishi Nobusuke served as Deputy Prime Minister until February Nobusuke Kishi ? ?? Kishi Nobusuke – Rep for Yamaguchi st February June LDP Jiminto Kishi I Reshuffle LDP — — June July Kishi II Reshuffle LDP Hayato Ikeda ?? ?? Ikeda Hayato – Rep for Hiroshima nd July December LDP Jiminto Ikeda I LDP — — December December Ikeda II Reshuffle LDP December November Ikeda III Reshuffle LDP — Eisaku Sato ?? ?? Sato Eisaku – Rep for Yamaguchi nd November February LDP Jiminto Sato I Reshuffle LDP — February January Sato II Reshuffle LDP January July Sato III Reshuffle Kakuei Tanaka ?? ?? Tanaka Kakuei – Rep for Niigata rd July December LDP Jiminto Tanaka K I LDP — — December December Tanaka K II Reshuffle LDP — Takeo Miki ?? ?? Miki Takeo – Rep for Tokushima At large December December LDP Jiminto Miki Reshuffle LDP — Takeo Fukuda ?? ?? Fukuda Takeo – Rep for Gunma rd December December LDP Jiminto Fukuda T Reshuffle LDP Masayoshi Ohira ?? ?? Ohira Masayoshi – Rep for Kagawa nd December November LDP Jiminto Ohira I LDP — — November June Ohira II LDP — Died in office of natural causes During this interval Chief Cabinet Secretary Masayoshi Ito ?? ?? Ito Masayoshi was the Acting Prime Minister Zenko Suzuki ?? ?? Suzuki Zenko – Rep for Iwate st July November LDP Jiminto Suzuki Z Reshuffle LDP Yasuhiro Nakasone ??? ?? Nakasone Yasuhiro – Rep for Gunma rd November December LDP Jiminto Nakasone I LDP — — December July Nakasone II Reshuffle LDP–NLC July November Nakasone III LDP Noboru Takeshita ?? ? Takeshita Noboru – Rep for Shimane At large November June LDP Jiminto Takeshita Reshuffle LDP — — Prime Ministers during the Heisei period –present edit Under Emperor Akihito ? Prime Minister Term of office Political Party Government Elected Ref Portrait Name Took Office Left Office Days Gen Coun Sosuke Uno ?? ?? Uno Sosuke – Rep for Shiga At large June August LDP Jiminto Uno LDP — Soon after he was elected Prime Minister allegations arose that he had an extramarital relationship with a geisha which damaged his reputation and his party s performance in the House of Councillors election for which he resigned He died in Served as Minister of Defense Chief of the Science and Technology Agency – Chief of the Civil Administration Agency – Minister of Economy Trade and Industry and Minister for Foreign Affairs – Member of the Diet from to Toshiki Kaifu ?? ?? Kaifu Toshiki – Rep for Aichi rd August February LDP Jiminto Kaifu I LDP — — February November Kaifu II Reshuffle LDP — Defeated in he was the longest serving member of the lower house of the Diet and he was also the first former prime minister to be defeated at a re election since Served as Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary – Minister of Education – – Member of the Diet from to Kiichi Miyazawa ?? ?? Miyazawa Kiichi – Rep for Hiroshima rd November August LDP Jiminto Kiichi Reshuffle LDP — Originally a bureaucrat in the Treasury Ministry he accompanied Prime Minister Shigeru Yoshida at the Treaty of San Francisco A firm critic of the revision of the constitution he advocated peace throughout his political career After his party s stunning defeat in the general election he was forced to resign the Prime Ministership but became Minister of Finance in the cabinet of Keizo Obuchi and Yoshiro Mori from to He died in Served as Minister of Economy Trade and Industry – – – – Chief Cabinet Secretary – Minister of Finance – Minister of Posts and Telecommunications and Minister of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries Member of the House of Councillors – Symbols Flag Coat of Arms Notable people Gallery See also References External links History edit The city of Yauco was named after the river Yauco which was originally known as coayuco by the Taínos meaning "yucca plantation" The area of Yauco was considered as the capital of "Boriken" Taíno name of Puerto Rico and was governed by Agüeybana the most powerful Taíno "cacique" chief in the island All the other Caciques were subject to and had to obey Agüeybaná even though they governed their own tribes Upon Agüeybaná s death in his nephew Güeybaná also known as Agüeybaná II became the most powerful Cacique in the island Agüeybaná II had his doubts about the "godly" status of the Spaniards He came up with a plan to test these doubts he and Urayoán cacique of Añasco sent some of their tribe members to lure a Spaniard by the name of Diego Salcedo into a river and drown him They watched over Salcedo s body to make sure that he would not resuscitate Salcedo s death was enough to convince him and the rest of the Taíno people that the Spaniards were not gods This in turn led to the failed Taíno rebellion of In the Spanish settlers of the region built a small chapel and named it "Nuestra Señora del Santísimo Rosario" Our Lady of the Rosary The settlers sent Fernando Pacheco as their representative to the Spanish Government to request the establishment of a municipality since one of the requisites to such a request the establishment of a place of worship had been met On February the King of Spain granted the settlers their request and the town of Yauco was established Fernando Pacheco was named First Lieutenant of War of the new town th century Corsican immigration edit Early Yauco Coffee Plantation Pre Main article Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico The island of Puerto Rico is very similar in geography to the island of Corsica and therefore appealed to the many Corsicans who wanted to start a "new" life Under the Spanish Royal Decree of Graces the Corsicans and other immigrants were granted land and initially given a "Letter of Domicile" after swearing loyalty to the Spanish Crown and allegiance to the Catholic Church After five years they could request a "Letter of Naturalization" that would make them Spanish subjects Hundreds of Corsicans and their families immigrated to Puerto Rico from as early as and their numbers peaked in the s The first Spanish settlers settled and owned the land in the coastal areas the Corsicans tended to settle the mountainous southwestern region of the island primary in the towns of Adjuntas Lares Utuado Ponce Coamo Yauco Guayanilla and Guánica However it was Yauco whose rich agricultural area attracted the majority of the Corsican settlers The three main crops in Yauco were coffee sugar cane and tobacco The new settlers dedicated themselves to the cultivation of these crops and within a short period of time some were even able to own and operate their own grocery stores However it was with the cultivation of the coffee bean that they would make their fortunes Cultivation of coffee in Yauco originally began in the Rancheras and Diego Hernández sectors and later extended to the Aguas Blancas Frailes and Rubias sectors The Mariani family created a machine out of a cotton gin in the s which was used in the dehusking of coffee This represented a significant improvement in Puerto Rico s coffee appearance and an opportunity to stand out in the international coffee market By the s the Corsican settlers were the leaders of the coffee industry in Puerto Rico and seven out of ten coffee plantations were owned by Corsicans Intentona de Yauco edit Flag flown by Fidel Vélez and his men during the "Intentona de Yauco" revoltMain article Intentona de Yauco The second and last major revolt against Spanish colonial rule in Puerto Rico by Puerto Rico s pro independence movement known as the Intentona de Yauco a k a the "Attempted Coup of Yauco" was staged in Yauco The revolt which occurred on of March was organized by Antonio Mattei Lluberas Mateo Mercado and Fidel Vélez and was backed up by leaders of "El Grito de Lares" the first major independence attempt who were in exile in New York City as members of the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee

countries.[119] Indian religions[edit] Buddhism[edit] Kagyu Samyé Ling Monastery and Tibetan Centre in Scotland Main article: Buddhism in the United Kingdom See also: Buddhism in England, Buddhism in Scotland and Buddhism in Wales The earliest Buddhist influence on Britain came through its imperial connections with Southeast Asia, and as a result the early connections were with the Theravada traditions of Burma, Thailand, and Sri Lanka. The tradition of study resulted in the foundation of the Pali Text Society, which undertook the task of translating the Pali Canon of Buddhist texts into English. Buddhism as a path of practise was pioneered by the Theosophists, Madame Blavatsky and Colonel Olcott, and in 1880 they became the first Westerners to receive the refuges and precepts, the ceremony by which one traditionally becomes a Buddhist. In 1924 London's Buddhist Society was founded, and in 1926 the Theravadin London Buddhist Vihara. The rate of growth was slow but steady through the century, and the 1950s saw the development of interest in Zen Buddhism. In 1967 Kagyu Samyé Ling Monastery and Tibetan Centre, now the largest Tibetan Buddhist centre in Western Europe, was founded in Scotland. The first home-grown Buddhist movement was also founded in 1967, the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order (now the Triratna Buddhist Community). There are some Soka Gakkai groups in the United Kingdom. Hinduism[edit] The Neasden Temple is the second largest temple of Hinduism in Europe. Main article: Hinduism in the United Kingdom Hinduism was the religion of 558,810 people in Great Britain according to the 2001 census[120] but an estimate in a British newspaper in 2007 has put the figure as high as 1.5 Million.[121] One Non-governmental organisation estimated as of 2007 that there are 800,000 Hindus in the United Kingdom.[122] Although most British Hindus live in England, with half living in London alone,[123] small but growing Hindu communities also exist in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Jainism[edit] Main article: Jainism in the United Kingdom The Jain Centre in Leicester As of 2006, there are around 25,000 Jains in the United Kingdom.[124] One of the first Jain settlers, Champat Rai Jain, was in England during 1892-1897 to study law. He established the Rishabh Jain Lending Library in 1930. Later, he translated several Jain texts into English.[125] Leicester houses one of the world's few Jain temples outside of India.[126] There is an Institute of Jainology at Greenford, London.[127] Sikhism[edit] Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha, Southall, UK Main article: Sikhism in the United Kingdom See also: Sikhism in England, Sikhism in Scotland and Sikhism in Wales Sikhism was recorded as the religion of 336,149 people in the United Kingdom at the time of the 2001 Census.[128] While England is home to the majority of Sikhs in the United Kingdom, small communities also exist in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The first recorded Sikh settler in the United Kingdom was Maharaja Duleep Singh, dethroned and exiled in 1849 at the age of 14, after the Anglo-Sikh wars. The first Sikh Gurdwara (temple) was established in 1911, in Putney, London. The first wave of Sikh migration came in the 1950s, mostly of men from the Punjab seeking work in industries such as foundries and textiles. These new arrivals mostly settled in London, Birmingham and West Yorkshire. Thousands of Sikhs from East Africa followed. Neopaganism[edit] Neo-druids. Main article: Neopaganism in the United Kingdom In the 2001 Census, a total of 42,262 people from England, Scotland, and Wales declared themselves to be pagans or adherents of Wicca. However, other surveys have led to estimates of around 250,000 or even higher.[129][130] Wicca[edit] In the United Kingdom, census figures do not allow an accurate breakdown of traditions within the Pagan heading, as a campaign by the Pagan Federation before the 2001 Census encouraged Wiccans, Heathens, Druids and others all to use the same write-in term 'Pagan' in order to maximise the numbers reported. For the first time, respondents were able to write in an affiliation not covered by the checklist of common religions, and a total of 42,262 people from England, Scotland and Wales declared themselves to be Pagans by this method. These figures were not immediately analysed by the Office for National Statistics, but were released after an application by the Pagan Federation of Scotland.[131] Druidry[edit] During the Iron Age, Celtic polytheism was the predominant religion in the area now known as England. Neo-Druidism grew out of the Celtic revival in 18th century Romanticism. A 2012 Druid analysis estimates that there are roughly 11,000 Druids in Britain.[132] Religion and society[edit] Religion and politics[edit] Though the main political parties are secular, the formation of the Labour Party was influenced by Christian socialism and by leaders from a nonconformist background, such as Keir Hardie. On the other hand, the Church of England has sometimes been nicknamed "the Conservative Party at prayer".[133] Some minor parties are explicitly 'religious' in ideology: two 'Christian' parties – the Christian Party and the Christian Peoples Alliance, fielded joint candidates at the 2009 European Parliament elections and increased their share of the vote to come eighth, with 249,493 votes (1.6 per cent of total votes cast), and in London, where the CPA had three councillors,[134] the Christian parties picked up 51,336 votes (2.9 per cent of the vote), up slightly from the 45,038 gained in 2004.[135] The Church of England is represented in the UK Parliament by 26 bishops (the Lords Spiritual) and the British monarch is a member of the church (required under Article 2 of the Treaty of Union) as well as its Supreme Governor.[136] The Lords Spiritual have seats in the House of Lords and debate government policies affecting the whole of the United Kingdom. The Church of England also has the right to draft legislative measures (related to religious administration) through the General Synod that can then be passed into law by Parliament.[137] The Prime Minister, regardless of personal beliefs, plays a key role in the appointment of Church of England bishops, although in July 2007 Gordon Brown proposed reforms of the Prime Minister's ability to affect Church of England appointments.[138] Religion and education[edit] Religious education and Collective Worship are compulsory in many state schools in England and Wales by virtue of clauses 69 and 70 of the School Standards and Framework Act 1998. Clause 71 of the act gives parents the right to withdraw their children from Religious Education and Collective Worship[139] and parents should be informed of their right in accordance with guidelines published by the Department for Education; "a school should ensure parents or carers are informed of this right".[140] The content of the religious education is decided locally by the Standing Advisory Council on Religious Education. In England and Wales, a significant number of state funded schools are faith schools with the vast majority Christian (mainly either of Church of England or Roman Catholic) though there are also Jewish, Muslim and Sikh faith schools. Faith schools follow the same national curriculum as state schools, though with the added ethos of the host religion. Until 1944 there was no requirement for state schools to provide religious education or worship, although most did so. The Education Act 1944 introduced a requirement for a daily act of collective worship and for religious education but did not define what was allowable under these terms. The act contained provisions to allow parents to withdraw their children from these activities and for teachers to refuse to participate. The Education Reform Act 1988 introduced a further requirement that the majority of collective worship be "wholly or mainly of a broadly Christian character".[141] According to a 2003 report from the Office for Standards in Education, a "third of governing bodies do not fulfil their statutory duties adequately, sometimes because of a failure to pursue thoroughly enough such matters as arranging a daily act of collective worship."[142] In Scotland, the majority of schools are non-denominational, but separate Roman Catholic schools, with an element of control by the Roman Catholic Church, are provided within the state system. The Education (Scotland) Act 1980 imposes a statutory duty on all local authorities to provide religious education and religious observance in Scottish schools. These are currently defined by the Scottish Government's Curriculum for Excellence (2005).[143] Northern Ireland has a highly segregated education system. 95 per cent of pupils attend either maintained (Catholic) schools or controlled schools, which are open to children of all faiths and none, though in practise most pupils are from the Protestant community.[citation needed] Religion and prison[edit] Prisoners are given religious freedom and privileges while in prison. This includes access to a chaplain or religious advisor, authorised religious reading materials,[144] ability to change faith, as well as other privileges.[145] Several faith-based outreach programmes that provide faith promoting guidance and counselling.[146][147][148] Every three months, the Ministry of Justice collects data, including religious affiliation, of all UK prisoners and is published as the Offender Management Caseload Statistics.[149] This data is then compiled into reports and published in the House of Commons library. In June 2011 the prison population of England and Wales was recorded as 50 per cent Christian, 13 per cent Muslim, 2 per cent Buddhist, 3 per cent other religions and 29 per cent no religion.[150] Religion and the media[edit] The Communications Act 2003 requires certain broadcasters in the United Kingdom to carry a "suitable quantity and range of programmes" dealing with religion and other beliefs, as part of their public service broadcasting.[151] Prominent examples of religious programming include the BBC television programme Songs of Praise, aired on a Sunday evening with an average weekly audience of 2.5 million,[152] and the Thought for the Day slot on BBC Radio 4. Channels also offer documentaries on, or from the perspective of a criticism of organised religion. A significant example is Richard Dawkins' two-part Channel 4 documentary, The Root of all Evil?. Open disbelief of, or even mockery of organised religion, is not regarded as a taboo in the British media, though it has occasionally provoked controversy. British comedy has a history of parody on the subject of religion. Interfaith dialogue, tolerance, religious discrimination and secularism[edit] Interfaith dialogue London neighbours, the Fieldgate Street Great Synagogue and the East London Mosque The Interfaith Network for the United Kingdom encompasses the main faith organisations of the United Kingdom, either directly with denominational important representatives or through joint bodies for these denominations, promotes local interfaith cooperation, promotes understanding between faiths and convenes meetings and conferences where social and religious questions of concern to the different faith communities can be examined together, including meetings of the Network’s ‘Faith Communities Consultative Forum’.[153] Ecumenical friendship and cooperation has gradually developed between Christian denominations and where inter-sect prejudice exists this has via education and employment policy been made a pressing public matter in dealing with its two prominent examples – sectarianism in Glasgow and Northern Ireland - where segregation is declining. Tolerance and Religious Discrimination In the early 21st century, the Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006 made it an offence in England and Wales to incite hatred against a person on the grounds of their religion. The common law offences of blasphemy and blasphemous libel were abolished with the coming into effect of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 on 8 July 2008. 2005-2010 polls have shown that public opinion in the United Kingdom generally tends towards a suspicion or outright disapproval of radical or evangelical religiosity, though moderate groups and individuals are rarely subject to less favourable treatment from society or employers.[154] The Equality Act 2010 prohibits discrimination against people on the basis of religion, in the supply of goods and services and selection for employment, subject to very limited exceptions (such as the right of schools and religious institutions to appoint paid ministers). Secularism There is no strict separation of church and state in the United Kingdom. Accordingly, most public officials may display the most common identifiers of a major religion in the course of their duties – for example, turbans. Chaplains are provided in the armed forces (see Royal Army Chaplains' Department, RAF Chaplains Branch) and in prisons. Although school uniform codes are generally drawn up flexibly enough to accommodate compulsory items of religious dress, some schools have banned wearing the crucifix in a necklace, arguing that to do so is not a requirement of Christianity where they prohibit all other necklaces. Post-adolescence, the wearing of a necklace is permitted in some F.E. colleges who permit religious insignia necklaces on a wider basis, which are without exception permitted at universities.[155] Some churches have warned that the Equality Act 2010 could force them to go against their faith when hiring staff.[156] In 2011 two judges of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales upheld previous statements in the country's jurisprudence that the (non-canon) laws of the United Kingdom 'do not include Christianity'. Therefore, a local authority was acting lawfully in denying a Christian married couple the right to foster care because of stated negative views on homosexuality. In terms of the rights recognised "in the case of fostering arrangements at least, the right of homosexuals to equality should take precedence over the right of Christians to manifest their beliefs and moral values."[157] Main religious leaders[edit] The established religion in England is the Anglican Church of England, a denomination of Christianity headed by the Queen and with special position within the Constitution. Other Christian traditions include Roman Catholicism, Methodism, and the Baptists. After Christianity, the religions with the most adherents are Islam, Hinduism, Neopaganism, Sikhism, Judaism, Buddhism, and the Bahá'í Faith. There are also organisations promoting irreligion, atheist humanism, secularism, and Satanism. Other religions have been notable in the past: Celtic paganism and Druidry in Iron-Age Britain; Roman and Gallo-Roman paganism and Mithraism under the Romans, and Anglo-Saxon and Norse paganism during the Middle Ages. Many of England's most notable buildings and monuments are religious in nature: Stonehenge, the Angel of the North, Westminster Abbey, and Canterbury and St Paul's Cathedral. The festivals of Christmas and Easter are widely celebrated in the country. Contents [hide] 1 Statistics 2 Christianity 2.1 Anglican 2.2 Roman Catholic 2.3 Others 3 Other Abrahamic religions 3.1 Islam 3.2 Judaism 3.3 Bahá'í Faith 4 Indian religions 4.1 Hinduism 4.2 Sikhism 4.3 Buddhism 5 Neopaganism 5.1 Wicca 5.2 Heathenism 5.3 Druidism 6 Other religions 7 Historic faiths 7.1 Gallo-Roman religion 7.2 Germanic paganism 8 Notable places of worship 9 Irreligion 10 See also 11 References 12 External links 13 Further reading Statistics[edit] Circle frame.svg Religion in England (2011)[1] Christianity (59.4%) Non-religious (24.7%) Not stated (7.2%) Islam (5.0%) Other religions (2.2%) Hinduism (1.5%) Note that Christians were not counted by denomination in the 2011 census in England and Wales, although they were in Scotland and Northern Ireland. The largest Christian denomination is the Church of England, which is also the state church; the second largest is Roman Catholicism. Free church Protestants account for most of the remaining Christians. Religion 2001[2] 2011[1] Number % Number % Christianity 35,251,244 71.7 31,479,876 59.4 Islam 1,524,887 3.1 2,660,116 5.0 Hinduism 546,982 1.1 806,199 1.5 Sikhism 327,343 0.7 420,196 0.8 Judaism 257,671 0.5 261,282 0.5 Buddhism 139,046 0.3 238,626 0.5 Other religion 143,811 0.3 227,825 0.4 No religion 7,171,332 14.6 13,114,232 24.7 Religion not stated 3,776,515 7.7 3,804,104 7.2 Total population 49,138,831 100.0 53,012,456 100.0 Christianity[edit] The illuminated Chi-rho page of the 8th-century Lichfield Gospels. See also: History of Christianity in England Saint George is recognised as the patron saint of England and the flag of England consists of his cross. Prior to Edward III, the patron saint was St Edmund and St Alban is also honoured as England's first martyr. Anglican[edit] Main article: Church of England The established religion of the realm is the Church of England, whose Supreme Governor is Queen Elizabeth II although the worldwide Anglican Communion is governed by the General Synod of its bishops under the authority of Parliament. 26 of the church's 42 bishops are Lords Spiritual, representing the church in the House of Lords. The dioceses of England are divided between the two provinces of Canterbury and York, both of whose archbishops are considered primates. The church regards itself as the continuation of the Catholic church introduced by St Augustine's 6th-century mission to Kent, although this is disputed owing to procedural and doctrinal changes introduced by the 16th-century English Reformation, particularly the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion and the Book of Common Prayer. In 2010, the Church of England counted 25 million baptised members out of the 41 million Christians in Great Britain's population of about 60 million;[3][4] around the same time, it also claimed to baptise one in 8 newborn children.[5] Generally, anyone in England may marry or be buried at their local parish church, whether or not they have been baptised in the church.[6] Actual attendance has declined steadily since 1890,[7] with around one million attending Sunday services and three million joining Christmas Eve and Christmas services.[8] It has around 18?000 active and ordained clergy.[9] The Free Church of England is another Anglican denomination which separated from the High Church in the 19th century in opposition to shifts in doctrine and ceremony that brought it closer to Catholicism. The Free Church is in communion with the Reformed Episcopal Church in the United States and Canada. Roman Catholic[edit] Main articles: Catholic Church in England and Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom The Catholic Church in England and Wales is directed by its Bishops' Conference, whose current president—the Archbishop of Westminster—considers himself the continuation of the see at Canterbury. The Catholic Church is forbidden from using the names of the Anglican dioceses by the 1851 Ecclesiastical Titles Act. It is divided among five provinces headed by the archbishops of Westminster, Liverpool, Birmingham, and Southwark in England and Cardiff in Wales. The Catholic Church considers itself a continuation of the earliest Celtic Christian communities, although its formal hierarchy needed to be refounded by the Gregorian mission to the Saxon kingdoms in the 6th and 7th centuries and again following the English Reformation. Papal recognition of George III as the legitimate ruler of the United Kingdom in 1766 opened the way for the Catholic Emancipation, easing and ultimately eliminating the anti-Catholic Penal Laws and Test Acts. This process sometimes faced great popular opposition, as during the 1780 Gordon Riots in London. Daniel O'Connell was the first Catholic member of Parliament.[10] The influx of large numbers of Irish Catholics during the Great Famine of the 1840s and '50s permitted the 1850 papal bull Universalis Ecclesiae to formally reconstitute the dormant dioceses of the Catholic church in Britain. More recently, the royal family has been permitted to marry Roman Catholics without fear of abdication.[11] Recent immigration from Catholic countries, particularly Poland and Lithuania, has increased the church's numbers still more.[12] Polling in 2009 suggested there were about 5.2 million Catholics in England and Wales, about 9.6% of the population,[13] concentrated in the northwest. Some studies show that weekly attendance at Catholic masses now exceeds that of the Anglican services.[12] Others[edit] No other church in England has more than a million members, with most quite small. Pentecostal churches are continuing to grow and, in terms of church attendance, are now third after the Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church.[14] There are three main denominations of Pentecostal churches: the Assemblies of God in Great Britain (part of the World Assemblies of God Fellowship), the Apostolic Church, and the Elim Pentecostal Church. Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion is a small society of evangelical churches, founded in 1783, which today has 23 congregations in England. There is also a growing number of independent, charismatic churches that encourage Pentecostal practices at part of their worship, such as Kingsgate Community Church in Peterborough, which started with 9 people in 1988 and now has a congregation in excess of 1,500. Methodism developed from the 18th century onwards. The Methodist revival was started in England by a group of men including John Wesley and his younger brother Charles as a movement within the Church of England, but developed as a separate denomination after John Wesley's death. The primary church in England is the Methodist Church of Great Britain. The Salvation Army dates back to 1865, when it was founded in East London by William and Catherine Booth. Its international headquarters are still in London, near St Paul's Cathedral. There is one Mennonite congregation in England, the Wood Green Mennonite Church in London.[15] The Cathedral of the Dormition of the Most-Holy Mother of God and the Holy Royal Martyrs in Gunnersbury. Most Greek Orthodox Church parishes fall under the jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain, based in London and led by Gregorios,[16] the Archbishop of Thyateira and Great Britain. Created in 1932, it is the diocese of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople that covers England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland as well as Malta. A Greek Orthodox community already existed at the time the UK was formed, worshipping in the Imperial Russian Embassy in London. However, it was another 130 years until an autonomous community was set up in Finsbury Park in London, in 1837. The first new church was built in 1850, on London Street in the City. In 1882, St Sophia Cathedral was constructed in London, in order to cope with the growing influx of Orthodox immigrants. By the outbreak of World War I, there were large Orthodox communities in London, Manchester and Liverpool, each focused on its own church. World War II and its aftermath also saw a large expansion among the Orthodox Communities. Today, there are seven churches bearing the title of Cathedral in London as well as in Birmingham (the Dormition of the Mother of God and St Andrew) and Leicester. In addition to these, there are eighty-one churches and other places where worship is regularly offered, twenty-five places (including University Chaplaincies) where the Divine Liturgy is celebrated on a less regular basis, four chapels (including that of the Archdiocese), and two monasteries.[17] As is traditional within the Orthodox Church, the bishops have a considerable degree of autonomy within the Archdiocese. The Greek Orthodox Church of St Nicholas in Toxteth, Liverpool, was built in 1870. It is an enlarged version of St Theodore's church in Constantinople and is a Grade II Listed building. There are various Russian Orthodox groups in England. In 1962, Metropolitan Anthony (Bloom) of Sourozh founded and was for many years the bishop, archbishop and then metropolitan bishop of the diocese of the Russian Orthodox Diocese of Sourozh, the Moscow Patriarchate's diocese for Great Britain and Ireland.[18] It is the most numerous Russian Orthodox group in the country. There are also the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia churches as well as some churches and communities belonging to the Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes of Russian Tradition in Western Europe's Episcopal Vicariate in the UK. As well as the Russian and Greek Orthodox churches, there are also the Serbian Orthodox Church and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church all in London as well as a non-canonical Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church in Manchester. The Antiochian Orthodox Church have the St. George's Cathedral in London and a number of parishes across England.[19] All Coptic Orthodox parishes fall under the jurisdiction of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria Pope of Alexandria. The Coptic Orthodox Church in the United Kingdom is divided into three main parishes: Ireland, Scotland and North England; the Midlands and its affiliated areas; and South Wales. In addition, there is one Patriarchal Exarchate at Stevenage, Hertfordshire. Most British converts belong to the British Orthodox Church, which is canonically part of the Coptic Orthodox Church. There is also the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church and the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church in London. There is also the Armenian Apostolic Church in London. Other Abrahamic religions[edit] Islam[edit] Further information: Islam in England Muslim population in English local authority areas. 0.0%-0.9% 1%-1.9% 2%-4.9% 5%-9.9% 10%-19.9% 20+% The East London Mosque was one of the first mosques in England to be allowed to broadcast the adhan using loudspeakers.[20] According to the 2011 Census, 2.7 million Muslims live in England where they form 5.0% of the population.[1] Although Islam is generally thought of as being a recent arrival to the country, there has been contact with Muslims for many centuries. An early example would be the decision of Offa, the eighth-century King of Mercia (one of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms existing at that time), to have coins minted with an Islamic inscription on them—copies of coins issued by the near-contemporary Muslim ruler Al-Mansur. It is thought that they were minted to facilitate trade with the expanding Islamic empire in Spain.[21] Muslim scholarship was well-known among the learned in England by 1386, when Chaucer was writing. In the Prologue to the Canterbury Tales, there is among the pilgrims wending their way to Canterbury, a 'Doctour of Phisyk' whose learning included Razi, Avicenna (Ibn Sina, Arabic ??? ????) and Averroes (Ibn Rushd, Arabic ??? ???). Ibn Sina's canon of medicine was a standard text for medical students well into the 17th century. Today Islam is the second largest religion in England with 38% of Muslims living in London, where they make up 12.4% of the population. There are also large numbers of Muslims in Birmingham, Manchester, Bradford, Luton, Slough, Leicester and the mill towns of Northern England.[1] Notable mosques include the East London Mosque, London Central Mosque, Al-Rahma mosque, Jamea Masjid, Birmingham Central Mosque, Finsbury Park Mosque, Al Mahdi Mosque, London Markaz and Markazi mosque and the Baitul Futuh Mosque of the Ahmadiyya, which acts as its national headquarters. Judaism[edit] Further information: History of the Jews in England Singers Hill Synagogue, Birmingham, England. Until the 20th century, Judaism was the only noticeable non-Christian religion having first appeared in historical records during the Norman Conquest of 1066. In fact, from 1290 to 1656, Judaism did not officially exist in England due to an outright expulsion in 1290 and official restrictions that were not lifted until 1656 (though historical records show that some Jews did come back to England during the early part of the 17th century prior to the lifting of the restriction). Now, the presence of the Jewish culture and Jews in England today is one of the largest in the world. Bahá'í Faith[edit] See also: Bahá'í Faith in England The Bahá'í Faith started with the earliest mentions of the predecessor of the Bahá'í Faith, the Báb, in The Times on 1 November 1845, only a little over a year after the Báb first stated his mission.[22] Today there are Bahá'í communities across the country from Carlisle[23] to Cornwall.[24] Indian religions[edit] Main article: Indian religions Hinduism[edit] BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London Further information: Hinduism in England Early Hindus in England were mostly students during the 19th century. There have been three waves of migration of Hindus to England since then. Before India's Independence in 1947, Hindu migration was minuscule and largely temporary. The second wave of Hindu migration occurred in the 1970s after the expulsion of Gujarati Hindus from Uganda. Initially, Hindu immigration was limited to Punjabi and Gujarati Hindus, but, by 2000, small Hindu communities of every ethnicity could be found in England. England is also host to a large immigrant community of Sri Lankan Hindus who are mostly Tamils. The last wave of migration of Hindus has been taking place since the 1990s with refugees from Sri Lanka and professionals from India. However, there is becoming an increasing number of English Western Hindus in England, who have either converted from another faith or been an English Hindu from birth. Sikhism[edit] Further information: Sikhism in England The first Sikh Gurdwara (temple) was not established until 1911, at Putney in London. The first Sikh migration came in the 1950s. It was mostly of men from the Punjab seeking work in industries like foundries and textiles. These new arrivals mostly settled in London, Birmingham and West Yorkshire. Thousands of Sikhs from East Africa soon followed. This mass immigration was caused by Idi Amin's persecution of ethnic groups in Uganda, thousands forced to flee the region in fear of losing their lives.[citation needed] Buddhism[edit] Buddhist peace pagoda at Battersea Park, London Further information: Buddhism in England The earliest Buddhist influence on England came through the UK's imperial connections with South East Asia, and as a result the early connections were with the Theravada traditions of Burma, Thailand, and Sri Lanka. The tradition of study resulted in the foundation of the Pali Text Society, which undertook the task of translating the Pali Canon of Buddhist texts into English. In 1924 London's Buddhist Society was founded, and in 1926 the Theravadin London Buddhist Vihara. The rate of growth was slow but steady through the century, and the 1950s saw the development of interest in Zen Buddhism. Neopaganism[edit] Wooden god-head idol at Eallhalig Temple, The Wrekin, in Shropshire, a holy area for local Heathens. Further information: Neopaganism in the United Kingdom At the 2011 census 75,281[25] people in England identified as Pagan, doubling compared to the figures of the 2001 census. Paganism in England is dominated by Wicca, founded in England itself, the modern movement of Druidry, and forms of Heathenry. Wicca[edit] Wicca was developed in England in the first half of the 20th century.[26] Although it had various terms in the past, from the 1960s onward the name of the religion was normalised to Wicca.[27] Heathenism[edit] See also: Anglo-Saxon paganism Germanic Heathenism in Britain is primarily present in two forms: Odinism, an international Germanic movement and Anglo-Saxon Heathenry, Esetroth or Fyrnsidu (Old English: "Ancient Custom"), a movement represented by independent kindreds characterised by a focus on local folklore as the source for the reconstruction of the ethnic religion of the English people. With recent efforts to establish their own media influence through the agency English News. Both Odinism and Esetroth draw inspiration from the Anglo-Saxon identity and culture of England, with almost no difference between them, other than in terminology and organisation, with Esetroth movements having experienced a recent prominence and motivation. The Odinic Rite (OR) was founded in 1973 under the influence of Else Christensen's Odinist Study Group (Odinist Fellowship). In 1988 the Odinic Rite became the first polytheistic religious organisation to be granted "Registered Charity" status in the United Kingdom. Various independent Anglo-Saxon faith's kindreds exist such as the Wuffacynn of Suffolk and Northern Essex, the England-wide "English Esetroth" community organization, the Fealu Hlæw Þeod based in Hathersage and Peak District and the Þunorrad Þeod covering the Kingdom of Mercia. Folkish Anglo-Saxon kindreds have been primarily organising through "English Esetroth" since 2014 in a series of private gatherings. All the listed groups operate private moots, blots and sumbels, Anglo-Saxon kindred networking spiked in its frequency and web prominence during 2014 due to English News. Druidism[edit] During the Iron Age, Celtic polytheism was the predominant religion in the area now known as England. Neo-Druidism grew out of the Celtic revival in 18th-century Romanticism. The 2011 census states there are 4,189 Druids in England and Wales.[28] A 2012 analysis by the Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids estimates that there are between 6,000 to 11,000 Druids in Britain.[29] Other religions[edit] Other religions include:[30] Jedi Ravidissia Rastafarianism Taoism Zoroastrianism Satanism Shintoism New Age Shamanism Scientology Traditional African religion Animism Druze Confucianism Thelema Vodun Eckankar Brahma Kumari Occult Reconstructionism Historic faiths[edit] These faiths, all of which are considered to be pagan, have all been predominant in the regions that later made up England, though were all made extinct through Christianisation.[citation needed] Gallo-Roman religion[edit] Gallo-Roman religion formed when the Roman Empire invaded and occupied the Brythonic peoples. Elements of the native Brythonic Celtic religion such as the druids, the Celtic priestly caste who were believed to originate in Britain,[31] were outlawed by Claudius,[32] and in 61 they vainly defended their sacred groves from destruction by the Romans on the island of Mona (Anglesey).[33] However, under Roman rule the Britons continued to worship native Celtic deities, such as Ancasta, but often conflated with their Roman equivalents, like Mars Rigonemetos at Nettleham. The founding of a temple to Claudius at Camulodunum was one of the impositions that led to the revolt of Boudica. Eastern cults such as Mithraism also grew in popularity towards the end of the occupation. The Temple of Mithras is one example of the popularity of mystery religions among the rich urban classes. Germanic paganism[edit] In the Dark Ages, immigrants from the European continent arrived, bringing Anglo-Saxon paganism, a subset of Germanic paganism with them. Later, after most of the Anglo-Saxon peoples had converted to Christianity, Vikings from Scandinavia arrived, bringing with them Norse paganism. Notable places of worship[edit] has centres of worship for a multitude of faiths. According to the 2011 Census, the largest religious groupings are Christians (48.4 per cent), followed by those of no religion (20.7 per cent), no response (8.5 per cent), Muslims (12.4 per cent), Hindus (5.0 per cent), Jews (1.8 per cent), Sikhs (1.5 per cent), Buddhists (1.0 per cent) and other (0.6 per cent).[1] In 2001, the numbers were respectively Christians (58.2 per cent), followed by those of no religion (15.8 per cent), no response (8.7 per cent), Muslims (8.5 per cent), Hindus (4.1 per cent), Jews (2.1 per cent), Sikhs (1.5 per cent), Buddhists (0.8 per cent) and other (0.5 per cent). Contents [hide] 1 Distribution 2 Christianity in London 3 Islam in London 4 Hinduism in London 5 Judaism in London 6 Sikhism in London 7 See also 8 External links 9 References Distribution[edit] Distribution of religions in Greater London according to the 2011 census. Christianity Islam Judaism Hinduism Sikhism Buddhism Other religion No religion Christianity in London[edit] St Paul's Cathedral, the main Anglican church north of the Thames Southwark Cathedral, its southern counterpart Westminster Cathedral, the main Catholic church of London Historically, London has been predominantly Christian. This is clear from the large number of churches around the area, particularly in the City of London, which alone contains around 50 churches. Anglicanism is the primary denomination, and the Archbishop of Canterbury's main residence is actually at Lambeth Palace. Most parts of London north of the Thames and west of the River Lee are within the diocese of London under the Bishop of London at the famous St Paul's Cathedral in the City, parishes east of the River Lee are within the Diocese of Chelmsford, whilst most parts south of the river are administered from Southwark Cathedral as the diocese of Southwark. Important national and royal ceremonies are divided between St Paul's and Westminster Abbey. The pre-eminent Catholic cathedral in England and Wales is Westminster Cathedral, from where the Archbishop of Westminster leads the English and Welsh Catholic church. Other Christian denominations also have headquarters in the city, including the United Reformed Church, the Salvation Army and the Quakers, and immigrant communities have established their own denominations or dioceses (e.g. Greek Orthodoxy). Evangelical churches are also present in the city. Islam in London[edit] Wembley's Parliament of Living Religions was part of the British Empire Exhibition of 1924, inviting famous representatives of important Living Religions within the British Empire. The Conference was held at the Imperial Institute, London, between 22 September to 3 October 1924.[1] The tradition of this and similar World Fairs go back to the early 18th century. Some of the more famous ones have been The Great Exhibition of 1851 in London and Parliament of the World's Religions in Chicago in 1893. Contents [hide] 1 Proposed Objectives 2 Dignitaries Gracing the Conference 3 Main Participants and Religious Representatives 4 References Proposed Objectives[edit] William Loftus Hare described the following ten objectives of such International Conferences. 1. To bring together in conference, for the first time in history, the leading representatives of the great Historic Religions of the world. 2. To show to men, in the most impressive way, what and how many important truths the various religions held and teach in common. 3. To promote and deepen the spirit of human brotherhood among religious men of diverse faiths, through friendly conference and mutual good understanding, while not seeking to foster the temper of indifferentism, and not striving to achieve any formal and outward unity. 4. To set forth, by those most competent to speak, what arc deemed the important distinctive truths held and taught by each religion, and by the various chief branches of Christendom. 5. To indicate the impregnable foundations of theism and the reasons for man's faith in immortality, and thus to unite and strengthen the forces which are adverse to a materialistic philosophy of the universe. 6. To secure from leading scholars, representing the Brahman. Buddhist, Confucian, Parsee. Mohammedan, Jewish and other faiths, and from representatives of the various churches of Christen- dom, full and accurate statements of the spiritual and other effects of the religions which they hold upon the literature, art, commerce, government, domestic and social life of the peoples among whom these faiths have prevailed. 7. To inquire what light each religion has afforded, or may afford, to the other religions of the world. Physicians scientists and inventors Politicians Sports Taínos Visual artists Miscellaneous Gallery See also Notes References Actors actresses comedians and directors edit A Henry Darrow Benicio del Toro Erik Estrada Political leaders edit Sherif Hussein ibn Ali King Abdullah I of Jordan King Talal of Jordan King Hussein I King Abdullah II of Jordan HE Wasfi Al Tal Queen Noor of Jordan Queen Rania of Jordan Politicians edit HE Sheikh Ali Abu Rubeiha Senator Faisal al Fayez Abdelsalam Al Majali Actors Filmmakers and Fashion Models edit Shaken Aimanov film director actor Timur Bekmambetov born film director Rashid Nugmanov born film director Gulshat Omarova born writer film director and actress Alyona Subbotina born international fashion model Artists edit Altynai Asylmuratova born ballerina Abylkhan Kasteev painter Businessmen edit Timur Kulibayev born businessman Oleg Novachuk businessman currently Chief Executive of Kazakhmys Composers and Musicians edit Kulyash Baiseitova opera singer Marat Bisengaliev born violinist and director of Orchestras Alan Buribaev born conductor Jambyl Jabayev akyn student of Suinbay Shamshi Kaldayakov composer Erik Kurmangaliev opera singer Makhambet Otemisuly akyn composer leader of rebellious movement against Russian Empire Roza Rymbaeva born singer Kurmangazy Sagyrbayuly composer instrumentalist and folk artist Tolkyn Zabirova born singer Roza Baglanova opera singer Heads of State edit Ablai Khan khan of Middle jüz leader of Kazakh Khanate Abul Khair Khan khan of Junior jüz Zhumabay Shayakhmetov First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR Jumabek Tashenov Prime Minister Dinmukhamed Kunayev First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR Prime Minister President Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences Nursultan Nazarbaev born President of Kazakhstan Kerei Khan founder and co leader of Kazakh Khanate Janybek Khan founder and co leader of Kazakh Khanate Burunduk Khan leader of the Kazakh Khanate Kasym Khan leader of the Kazakh Khanate Kenesary Khan Khan of all three jüzes Tauke Khan leader of the Kazakh Khanate Haknazar Khan leader of the Kazakh Khanate Shygai Khan leader of the Kazakh Khanate Tawekel Khan leader of the Kazakh Khanate Esim Khan leader of the Kazakh Khanate Salkam Jangir Khan leader of the Kazakh Khanate Batyr Khan leader of the Kazakh Khanate Philosophers edit Abay Qunanbayuli poet translator composer and philosopher Al Farabi scientist philosopher and mathematician Khoja Ahmad Yasavi poet and Sufi Muslim mystic Politicians edit Daniyal Akhmetov born Prime Minister Byrganym Aytimova born ambassador Minister Akhmet Baitursynov poet writer and politician Osman Batur also referred to as Ospan fighter for the freedom of the Qazaq people in Xinjiang Alikhan Bokeikhanov writer political activist and environmental scientist Mirjaqip Dulatuli poet writer and a leader of Alash Orda government Janabil born politician in China Gulzhana Karagusova born member of Majilis Minister of Labor and Social Protection Ashat Kerimbay born politician in China Eset Kotibaruli — leader of the anti colonial war against Russian Empire Bolat Nurgaliyev born diplomat Makhambet Otemisuly akyn composer leader of rebellious movement against Russian Empire Kanat Saudabayev born politician Secretary of State Minister of Foreign Affairs Zhumabay Shayakhmetov First Secretary of the Kazakh SSR Mustafa Shokay leader of the Kokand revolt against the Bolsheviks Olzhas Suleimenov born poet politician and anti nuclear activist Imangali Tasmagambetov born Prime Minister Marat Tazhin born Foreign Minister Isatay Taymanuly leader of rebellious movement against Russian Empire Kassym Jomart Tokayev born Foreign Minister Prime Minister Zhanseit Tuimebayev born Minister of Education and Science Aman Tuleev born governor of Kemerovo Oblast Russia Military edit Syrym Datuly leader of the Kazakhs of the Junior Jüz Nurken Abdirov fighter pilot Hero of Soviet Union Toktar Aubakirov born first Kazakh in space MP Raiymbek Batyr warrior in the th century against Dzungars Talgat Begeldinov born fighter pilot Hero of the Soviet Union of WWII Manshuk Mametova machine gunner Hero of the Soviet Union of WWII Baurzhan Momyshuly writer Hero of the Soviet Union of WWII Talgat Musabayev born test pilot former cosmonaut Director of Aerospace Agency of Republic of Kazakhstan Rakhimzhan Qoshqarbaev first soldier to raise the Soviet Flag over the Reichstag in Berlin Scientists edit Applied and Natural Science Ken Alibek born microbiologist Kaisha Atakhanova born genetic biologist Alikhan Bokeikhanov writer political activist and environmental scientist Shafik Chokin engineer President of Academy of Sciences Kanysh Satpayev engineer geologist President of Academy of Sciences Social Science Al Farabi scientist philosopher and mathematician Sarsen Amanzholov linguist Turkologist Orazak Ismagulov born anthropologist Zhenis Kembayev born jurist Marat Aldangorovich Sarsembaev born jurist Sportspersons edit Boxers edit Serik Konakbaev born silver medal winner of the Summer Olympics Bolat Niyazymbetov born bronze medal winner of the Summer Olympics Yermakhan Ibraimov born bronze medal winnerr of the Summer Olympics champion of the Summer Olympics Bekzat Sattarkhanov champion of the Summer Olympics Bulat Jumadilov born silver medal winner of the Summer Olympics and Summer Olympics Mukhtarkhan Dildabekov born silver medal winner of the Summer Olympics Bakhtiyar Artayev born champion of the Summer Olympics Serik Yeleuov born bronze medal winner of the Summer Olympics Bakhyt Sarsekbayev born champion of the Summer Olympics Yerkebulan Shynaliyev born bronze medal winner of the Summer Olympics Serik Sapiyev born boxer champion of the Summer Olympics Yerdos Zhanabergenov born boxer Gennady Golovkin born silver medal winner of the Summer Olympics current WBA Super Middleweight and IBO champion Wrestling edit Greek Roman Classic Style edit Shamil Serikov champion of the Summer Olympics Jacksylyk Ushkempirov born champion of the Summer Olympics Daulet Turlykhanov born silver medal winner of the Summer Olympics silver bronze vinner of the Summer Olympics Nurbakyt Tengizbayev born bronze medal winner of the Summer Olympics Asset Mambetov born bronze medal winner of the Summer Olympics Freestyle edit Maulen Mamyrov born bronze medal winner of the Summer Olympics Islam Bairamukov born silver medal winner of the Summer Olympics Soccer edit Seilda Baishakov born FC Kairat Kairat Ashirbekov born footballer Samat Smakov born footballer Nurbol Zhumaskaliyev born footballer Other edit Qajymuqan freestyle wrestler Assan Bazayev born cyclist Kaisar Nurmagambetov born flatwater canoer Darmen Sadvakasov born chess grandmaster Aliya Yussupova born athlete Yernar Yerimbetov born gymnast Radik Zhaparov born ski jumper Dias Keneshev born biathlete Askhat Zhitkeyev born judoka silver prize winner of the Summer Olympics Arman Chilmanov born taekwondo athlete bronze prize vinner of the Summer Olympics Alexander Vinokourov born cyclist Writers and Poets edit Abay Qunanbayuli poet composer and philosopher Ibrahim Altynsarin pedagogue writer Mukhtar Auezov writer public figure Bukhar zhirau Kalmakanov poet Akhmet Baytursinuli poet writer pedagogue and politician Alikhan Bokeikhanov writer political activist and environmental scientist Mirjaqip Dulatuli poet writer and a leader of Alash Orda government Qabdesh Jumadilov born writer Bakhytzhan Kanapyanov born poet and lyricist Mukaghali Makatayev akyn poet Kasym Amanjolov poet Baurzhan Momyshuly writer Hero of the Soviet Union of WWII Sabit Mukanov poet and writer Gabit Musirepov — writer playwright Saken Seyfullin poet and writer national activist Magjan Jumabayev writer publicist founder of modern Kazakh literature Mukhtar Shakhanov born writer lawmaker ambassador Olzhas Suleimenov born poet politician and anti nuclear activist Sultanmahmut Toraygirov poet and writer Shokan Walikhanuli scholar ethnographer and historian Khoja Akhmet Yassawi poet and Sufi Muslim mystic Tauman Torekhanov born writer journalist and executive editor Gallery edit Kassym Jomart Tokayev Assan Bazayev Shamshi Kaldayakov Talgat Musabayev Freedom heroes edit Koitalel Arap Samoei Me Katilili Wa Menza mother of colonial resistance Field Marshal Dedan Kimathi Field Marshal Musa Mwariama General Waruhiu Itote General China Jomo Kenyatta J M Kariuki Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Ramogi Achieng Oneko Paul Ngei Tom Mboya Masinde Muliro Tom Mboya Kubu Kubu Politicians edit Moody Awori Vice President August – December Nicholas Biwott Member of Parliament former Cabinet Ministère Cyrus Jirongo Josephat Karanja Vice President – J M Kariuki assassinated Uhuru Kenyatta son of the first President Jomo Kenyatta and th President of Kenya present Mwai Kibaki rd President of Kenya Dec – March Michael Wamalwa Kijana Vice President January – Aug Kenneth Matiba Tom Mboya Cabinet Minister assassinated Musalia Mudavadi Vice President November – December Joseph Murumbi Vice President – Simeon Nyachae Charity Ngilu first female to run for presidency Raila Odinga former Cabinet Minister Member of Parliament Son of Oginga Odinga and former Prime Minister Quincy Timberlake President Platinum Centraliser and Unionist Party of Kenya Appolo Ohanga James Orengo Robert Ouko Cabinet Minister assassinated Pio Gama Pinto assassinated Charles Rubia George Saitoti Vice President May – Dec Apr – August Makhan Singh freedom fighter Fitz R S de Souza Member of Parliament and Deputy Speaker – Kalonzo Musyoka Vice President Jan – March William Ruto Deputy Vice President April present Martha Karua John Michuki Njenga Karume Jeremiah Nyagah long serving cabinet minister and member of Parliament Barack Obama US President to date Obama held both U S and Kenyan citizenship as a child but lost his Kenyan citizenship automatically on his rd birthday Martin Nyaga Wambora the First Governor of Embu former chairman of Kenya Airports Authority successful Runyenjes MP and noted former Kenya s trade secretary Businesspeople edit Awadh Saleh Sherman Activists edit Fidelis Wainaina Wanjiru Kihoro Thomas Muguro Njoroge Administrators edit Edward H Ntalami Chris Kirubi Muthui Kariuki Patrick Emongaise Academics edit Dr Geoffrey William Griffin born June died June Louis Leakey paleontologist Dr Meave G Leakey paleontologist Mary Douglas Leakey paleontologist Dr Richard Leakey paleontologist environmentalist politician and former Director of Kenya Wildlife Services KWS Prof Wangari Maathai born environmentalist women s rights activist politician and Nobel Prize winner Prof Ali Mazrui Prof Ratemo Michieka Prof Peter Amollo Odhiambo thoracic and cardiovascular surgeon Prof Thomas R Odhiambo entomologist and environmental scientist Florence Wambugu born plant pathologist and virologist Prof Mike Boit Department of Sports Science Kenyatta University Prof Bethwell Allan Ogot Prof Calestous Juma Professor of the Practice of International Development Director Science Technology Globalization Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs Harvard University Prof Simeon Hongo OMINDE historian Writers edit See List of Kenyan writers Religious leaders edit Cardinal John Njue Cardinal Maurice Michael Otunga Archbishop John Njenga Apostle Doctor Peter Irimia Sportspersons edit Matthew Birir Amos Biwott Mike Boit Richard Chelimo Joyce Chepchumba Jason Dunford Paul Ereng Ben Jipcho Julius Kariuki Kipchoge Keino Ezekiel Kemboi Joseph Keter Wilson Kipketer born and raised in Kenya now a citizen of Denmark Wilson Boit Kipketer Moses Kiptanui Sally Kipyego All American runner for Texas Tech University Ismael Kirui Samson Kitur Daniel Komen Julius Korir Paul Korir Reuben Kosgei Bernard Lagat Tegla Loroupe Edith Masai Shekhar Mehta Catherine Ndereba Noah Ngeny John Ngugi Margaret Okayo Dennis Oliech soccer player now based in France Yobes Ondieki Henry Rono Peter Rono David Rudisha Moses Tanui William Tanui Naftali Temu Paul Tergat Steve Tikolo widely regarded in cricket as the best batsman outside of the test playing nations Robert Wangila McDonald Mariga soccer player now based in Italy plays for Serie A club Internazionale Victor Wanyama soccer player now based in England plays for Southampton and captains the Kenya national team Musicians edit Musa Juma Rhumba Maestro Fundi Konde David Kabaka Eric Wainaina musician Henrie Mutuku Daniel Owino Misiani Suzzana Owíyo Tony Nyadundo David Mathenge a k a Nameless Ken Ring Fadhili William of Malaika fame Jua Cali Stella Mwangi Nonini Roger Whittaker Dave Okumu Aakash Shah DJ Nairobi Joseph Kamaru Kikuyu songwriter Mukhtar Shakhanov Aliya Yussupova Dariga Nazarbayeva Absattar Derbisali Marat Tazhin Nayef Al Qadi Ali Abu al Ragheb Ali Khulqi Al Sharyri Ali Suheimat Sheikh Attallah Suheimat Salah Suheimat MP Dr Tareq Suheimat Bahjat Talhouni former Prime Minister Fayez Tarawneh Novelists poets researchers and writers edit Nasr Abdel Aziz Eleyan Samer Libdeh researcher writer Suleiman Mousa historian writer Haider Mahmoud poet writer Abdel Rahman Munif novelist Samer Raimouny poet activist Mustafa Wahbi Mustafa Wahbi Al Tal poet Military men edit Captain Muath al Kasasbeh Royal Jordanian Air Force pilot captured held hostage and burned alive by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Habis Al Majali Abdelsalam al Majali Brigadier General Abdullah Ayasrah General Muhammad Suheimat died Physicians edit Abdelsalam al Majali Daoud Hanania Tareq Suheimat Athletes edit Amer Deeb Dima and Lama Hattab ultramarathon runners Musicians edit Mahmoud Radaideh Former ambassadors edit Nabil Talhouni Business people edit Iman Mutlaq Mohammed Shehadeh José Ferrer Juano Hernández Jennifer Lopez Rita Moreno Choe Yong–Sool Seo Bok–Sub Sin Sang–Chul Kim Hak–Bong Kim Gwi–Chul Kim Jang–Sub Kim Jae–hee Kim gwi–hwa Artists edit Visual artists edit Main article List of Korean painters Media artists edit Paik Nam June Dancers edit Sujin Kang Hong Professional Break Dancer Red Bull BC One Halla Pai Huhm Filmmakers edit See also List of Korean film directors Ahn Byeong ki Bong Joon ho Hong Sang soo Im Kwon taek Jang Joon hwan Kim Jee woon Kim Ki duk Lee Chang dong Park Chan wook Nelson Shin Song Hae sung Yoon Je kyoon Poets and authors edit See also List of Korean language poets Baek Minseok Baek Seok Bang Hyun seok Chae Ho ki Chan Jeong Cheong Chi yong poet Choi Seung ho poet Cho Sung ki novelist Choi Il nam novelist Choi Soo cheol Chun Woon young Do Jong hwan poet Gu Hyo seo Ha Geun chan author Hailji author Han Bi ya a travel writer Han Mahlsook novelist Ha Seong ran author Heo Su gyeong poet Hong Sung won author Hwang In suk poet Hwang Ji u poet Hyun Kil un Jang Eun jin Jang Jeong il Jang Seok nam poet Jeon Gyeong rin Jeon Sang guk Jeong Do sang Jung Ihyun Jung Hansuk Jung Mi kyung Kim Byeol ah Kye Yong mook Han Chang hun author Kang Chol hwan an author of The Aquariums of Pyongyang Kang Sok kyong Kang Young sook Ko Un Kim Sa in Kim Eon Kim Gi taek Kim Gwangrim Kim Gyeong uk Kim Haki Kim Hu ran Kim Jae Young Kim Jong gil Kim Ju yeong Kim Kwang kyu Kim Kyung ju Kim Mi wol Kim Sang ok Kim Sinyong Kim Seon wu Kim Seong dong Kim Seung hee Kim Sowol Kim Tak hwan Kim Wonu Kim Yeong hyeon Kim Yong man Kwak Jae gu Kwon Jeong Saeng Kwon Yeo sun Lee Eun sang poet Lee Kang baek Korean playwright Lee Ho cheol Lee Hye gyeong Lee Hyeonggi born Lee In hwa Lee Jangwook author and poet Lee Ki ho author Lee Mun ku author Lee Oyoung author and critic Lee Soon won Lee Sungboo poet and novelist Lee Yuksa Lee Yun gi Lee Yuntaek dramatist and poet Ma Jonggi born Lee Mankyo Moon Chung hee Moon Taejun Nam Jung hyun Oh Kyu won born Oh Sangwon author Oh Soo yeon author Oh Taeseok Park Chong hwa novelist Paik Gahuim Park Hee jin Park Hyoung su Park Jaesam born Park Jeong dae Park Mok wol Park Kyung ni Ynhui Park Park Sang ryung Park Sangsoon Park Taesun Park Tae won Park Yeonghan Park Yong rae Han Yong un Ra Hee duk Seo Jeong in Seo Hajin Shin Yong mok born Sim Yunkyung So Young en Song Gisuk Song Giwon Song Sokze Song Yeong Sung Chan gyeong – Yi In seong Yi Kyoung ja Yun Dong ju Fashion designers edit Andre Kim Richard Chai Cho Young Wan Businesspeople edit See also Category South Korean businesspeople Ahn Cheol Soo Chung Ju yung Chung Mong hun Euh Yoon dae Lee Byung chul Lee Kun Hee David Chang Entertainers edit Actors edit See also List of South Korean actors Jang Keun suk Jung Joon ho Daniel Dae Kim Jung Il woo Kim Woo Bin Lee Dong wook Park Yoochun Comedians edit Ryan Bang Won Ho Chung Defconn H Eugene Margaret Cho Haha Jeong Hyeong don Jeong Jun ha