1979 "Little Boy Soldiers" The Jam 1986 "Live In Peace" The Firm 2006 "Living With War" Neil Young 2001 "The Lost Children" Michael Jackson 1990 "Love Can Build a Bridge" The Judds 1973 "Love Train" The O'Jays 1970 "Lucky Man" Emerson, Lake and Palmer 1973 "Luglio, Agosto, Settembre (Nero)" Area 1967 "Ma Avarech (With What Shall I Bless Him)" Rachel Shapira/Yair Rosenblum 1982 "Major General Despair" Crass 1977 "Man of War" The Jacksons 1989 "Mandatory Suicide" Slayer 1997 "March With Me" Montserrat Caballé and Vangelis 1967 "La Marseillaise" Léo Ferré 1963 "Masters of War" Bob Dylan 1997 "Mercenary Song" Steve Earle 2005 "M.I.A." Avenged Sevenfold 1971 "Military Madness" Graham Nash 1961 "Miss Guéguerre" Léo Ferré 2008 "Mr. President" Janelle Monáe 1970 "Never Kill Another Man" Steve Miller Band 1984 "No Fuckin' War" The Dicks 1978 "No More Trouble" Bob Marley & The Wailers 1983 "Not Now John" Pink Floyd 2009 "One Day" Matisyahu 1982 "One Hundred Years" The Cure 1997 "One More Parade" Phil Ochs 1969 "One Tin Soldier" Original Caste 2007 "Our Solemn Hour" Within Temptation 1961 "Pacific Blues" Léo Ferré 1989 "Papa Stop the War" Chicco Twala featuring Mzwaki Mbuli 1982 "Part III" Bad Religion 1988 "Part IV (The Index Fossil)" Bad Religion 1981 "Peace" Roger Lee Hall 1986 "Peace Sells" Megadeth 1971 "Peace Train" Cat Stevens 1977 "Peace Will Come" Tom Paxton 1970 "Peace Will Come (According To Plan)" Melanie Safka 2003 "Peacekeeper" Fleetwood Mac 2000 "Pick Up the Bones" Alice Cooper 1982 "Pipes Of Peace" Paul McCartney 2002 "Poor Places" Wilco 1983 "Power & the Glory" Saxon 1986 "Potshot Heard 'Round the World" Dead Kennedys 1958 "Prayer for Peace" Perry Como 2002 "Prisoners of War" Funker Vogt 1976 "Protocol" Gordon Lightfoot 1981 "Rainbow Stew" Merle Haggard 1986 "Rambozo the Clown" Dead Kennedys 1979 "Ratziti Sheteda" Uzi Hitman 1961 "Regardez-les" Léo Ferré 2006 "Right in Two" Tool 2005 "Road to Joy" Bright Eyes 1993 "Rooster" Alice in Chains 1995 "Sacrifice" Motörhead 2006 "Saraba" The Gazette 1991 "Semper Fi" John Gorka 1993 "Shades of Grey" Billy Joel 1970 "Shir LaShalom" Lehakat HaNachal 1982 "Short Memory" Midnight Oil 1971 "Soldier Blue" Buffy Sainte-Marie 1966 "The Soldier Has Come Home" Barry Sadler 2005 "Soldier Side" System of a Down 2011 "Soldier's Angel" Stevie Nicks 2006 "Soldier's Poem" Muse 1981 "Soldiers" ABBA 1969 "Some Mother's Son" The Kinks 1995 "Still Spinning Shrapnel" Skyclad 2010 "Stop the War" Sugar Blue 1970 "Stop the War Now" Edwin Starr 1985 "Stupid, Stupid War" Dirty Rotten Imbeciles 1983 "Sunday Bloody Sunday" U2 2011 "Survivor Guilt" Rise Against 1992 "Systematic Execution" Malevolent Creation 1990 "Take No Prisoners" Megadeth

1978 "Tank" The Stranglers 1985 "Territories" Rush 1964 "There but for Fortune" Phil Ochs 2009 "This is War" Thirty Seconds to Mars 2009 "'Til the Last Shot's Fired" Trace Adkins 1980 "Tin Soldiers" Stiff Little Fingers 1993 "Too Young to Die" Jamiroquai 2010 "Trigger Happy Hands" Placebo 1966 "Trooper's Lament" Barry Sadler 1959 "Turn! Turn! Turn!" Pete Seeger 1971 "Ungena Za Ulimwengu (Unite the World)" The Temptations 1964 "Universal Soldier" Buffy Sainte-Marie 2006 "Unknown Soldier" Breaking Benjamin 1973 "Us and Them" Pink Floyd 1991 "Véto de Dieu" Alpha Blondy 2006 "Waiting on the World to Change" John Mayer 1979 "Walked in Line" Joy Division 1976 "War" Bob Marley & The Wailers 1970 "War" Edwin Starr 2014 "War" Linkin Park 2010 "War" The Tengelsens 1998 "War?" System of a Down 1987 "War Baby" Mick Jagger 1990 "War Ensemble" Slayer 2005 "War Is Not a Game" Bill Durston 1970 "War Pigs" Black Sabbath 2015 "War Soldier" Sky Destroyers 1984 "The War Song" Culture Club 1972 "War Song" Neil Young and Graham Nash 2006 "War Sucks, Let's Party!" Anti-Flag 1980 "Wardance" Killing Joke 1992 "Wargasm" L7 2004 "Warrior" Steve Earle 2015 "Wars for Nothing" Boggie 1980 "Washington Bullets" The Clash 1978 "Wasted Life" Stiff Little Fingers 2004 "We Are Here to Change the World" Michael Jackson 1981 "We Don't Need the Army" Slime 1984 "We're Not Gonna Take It" Twisted Sister 2005 "We've Got Nothing But Love to Prove" Faith Hill 2004 "We've Had Enough" Michael Jackson 2002 "What If We All Stopped Paying Taxes" Sharon Jones & The Dap Kings 2001 "What More Can I Give" Michael Jackson 1965 "What the World Needs Now Is Love" Hal David/Burt Bacharach 1971 "What's Going On" Marvin Gaye 2002 "What's Left of the Flag" Flogging Molly 1974 "(What's So Funny 'Bout) Peace, Love, and Understanding" Nick Lowe 1989 "When the Children Cry" White Lion 2011 "When We Stand Together" Nickelback 1961 "Where Have All the Flowers Gone?" Pete Seeger 2003 "Where Is the Love?" The Black Eyed Peas 2010 "White Flag Warrior" Flobots 1980 "Who's Gonna Win the War?" Hawkwind 1964 "With God on Our Side" Bob Dylan 2004 "World War" Yellowman 2006 "Worthless War" the GazettE 1981 "Wozu sind Kriege da?" Udo Lindenberg 1969 "The Yard Went On Forever" Richard Harris 1979 "Yihye Tov (It Will Be Good/Things Will Be Better)" David Broza 1995 "Yokel and Idiot" Yoshiji Goto 2009 "Young" Hollywood Undead 1994 "Zombie" The Cranberries 1968 "Zor and Zam" The Monkees American Civil War[edit] Main article: American Civil War Year Song Artist 2009 "Abraham Lincoln" Clutch 2013 "Accidental Racist" Brad Paisley (featuring L.L. Cool J) 1969 "Arkansas Grass" Axiom 1995 "Ben McCullough" Steve Earle 1962 "The Big Battle" Johnny Cash 1974 "Billy Don't Be a Hero" Paper Lace 2013 "Bloodshed" Soulfly 2011 "Broken Hymns" Dropkick Murphys 1984 "Charleston Town" Rob Lincoln 2004 "The Devil to Pay" Iced Earth 1987 "Gettysburg" The Brandos 1983 "God Bless Robert E. Lee" Johnny Cash 1963 "In the Hills of Shiloh" Shel Silverstein 1959 "Johnny Reb" Johnny Horton 1968 "The Klan" Richie Havens 2008 "Lone Pine Hill" Justin Townes Earle 1969 "The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down" The Band 1991 "Rebel Soldier" Waylon Jennings 1999 "Shiloh Town" Tim Hardin 1998 "Silent Reign of Heroes" Molly Hatchet 1978 "The Southland's Bleeding" Waylon Jennings 1986 "Swan Swan H" R.E.M. 2004 "Tears of God" Josh Turner 1993 "Two Soldiers" Bob Dylan World War I[edit] Main article: World War I Year Song Artist 1991 "1916" Motörhead 1999 "1917" Linda Ronstadt 1984 "The Accrington Pals" Mike Harding 1982 "All Quiet on the Western Front" Elton John 1990 "All Together Now" The Farm 1972 "And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda" Eric Bogle 2013 "Bloodshed" Soulfly 1968 "Butcher's Tale (Western Front 1914)" The Zombies 1981 "Cenotaph" This Heat 1977 "Christmas 1914" Mike Harding[1] 1984 "Christmas in the Trenches" John McCutcheon 1980 "Decades" Joy Division 1985 "Children's Crusade" Sting "Don't Sign Up for War" Alistair Hulett and Dave Swarbrick 1985 "Don't Wake the Lion (Too Old to Die Young)" Magnum 2007 "Field Of Poppies" Dave Gwyther 2009 "Harry Farr" Stray 2009 "Harry Patch (In Memory Of)" Radiohead 1914 "I Didn't Raise My Boy to Be a Soldier" Peerless Quartet 1996 "It Could Happen Again" Collin Raye 1936 "Johnny Johnson (musical)" Kurt Weill 1999 "Lost Soldier Son" Chris Brashear 1976 "No Man's Land" aka "Green Fields of France" Eric Bogle 1984 "Northwinds" The Stranglers 2014 "Nuclear" Mike Oldfield 1963 "Oh, What a Lovely War! (musical)" Joan Littlewood 1994 "On Christmas Day" Magnum 1988 "One" Metallica 2003 "Paschendale" Iron Maiden 2008 "The Price of a Mile" Sabaton "The Red Clydesiders" Alistair Hulett and Dave Swarbrick 1988 "Recruiting Seargent" The Pogues "The Rose of York" Ken Thompson and Lesley Hale 2007 "Scream Aim Fire" Bullet for My Valentine 1969 "Some Mother's Son" The Kinks 1967 "Snoopy's Christmas The Royal Guardsmen 1927 "The Soldier's Sweetheart" Jimmy Rodgers 1914 "Stay Down Here Where You Belong" Irving Berlin 1969 "Yes Sir, No Sir" The Kinks 1979 "Verdun" Michel Sardou 1916 "War Babies" Al Jolson Mexican–American War[edit] Main article: Mexican–American War Year Song Artist 1845 "Once to Every Man and Nation" James R. Lowell Spanish Civil War[edit] Main article: Spanish Civil War Year Song Artist 1997 "1936" Sin Dios 1984 "For Whom the Bell Tolls" Metallica 1998 "If You Tolerate This Your Children Will Be Next" Manic Street Preachers "Jamie Foyers" Ewan MacColl 2010 "Last Lincoln Vet" Lev Svetek-Zorin 1990 "Lorca's Novena" The Pogues 2003 "Skeletons of Quinto" The Folksmen 1983 "Sketches of Spain" The Nits 1979 "Spanish Bombs" The Clash 1983 "Viva la Quinta Brigada" Christy Moore Spanish–American War[edit] Main article: Spanish–American War Year Song Artist 1926 "The Battleship Maine" Mary C. Mann 1969 "Galveston" Glen Campbell 1975 "Lequi of the National Guard" Bob Connely American Indian Wars[edit] Main article: American Indian Wars Year Song Artist 1964 "Apache Tears" Johnny Cash 2008 "Battle at Little Big Horn" White Lion 1980 "Buffalo Soldier" Bob Marley 1997 "Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee" Walela 2010 "Calico Indians" Rasputina 1967 "Castles Made of Sand" Jimi Hendrix 1986 "Cherokee" Europe 1960 "Comanche (The Brave Horse)" Johnny Horton 1997 "Cowboy Dan" Modest Mouse 2004 "Creek Mary's Blood" Nightwish 1969 "Custer Died for Your Sins" Floyd Westerman 2007 "Custer Got His... (Anti-Custer Song)" S-cuk Gogs 1992 "Freedom" Rage Against the Machine 1971 "Indian Reservation (The Lament of the Cherokee Reservation Indian)" Paul Revere & The Raiders 1987 "Indians" Anthrax 2001 "Mick Ryan's Lament" Tim O'Brien and Robert Dunlap 1960 "Mr. Custer" Larry Verne 2006 "Noble Indian Chief" Hand Full of Peter 1982 "Run to the Hills" Iron Maiden 1971 "Soldier Blue" Buffy Sainte-Marie 2001 "Stars and Stripes" Anti-Flag 2002 "Wampum Prayer" Tori Amos 1973 "We Were All Wounded at Wounded Knee" Redbone 1976 "White Man" Queen World War II[edit] Main article: World War II "170" – Kaizer's Orchestra (2001) "Stalingrad" – Accept (2012) "Angel of Death" – Slayer (1986) "Another Brick in the Wall (Part 1)" – Pink Floyd (1979) "At Mail Call Today" – Gene Autry (1945) "Attero Dominatus" – Sabaton (2006) "Auschwitz" – Francesco Guccini "The Ballad of Ira Hayes" – Johnny Cash (1964) "The Beaches of St. Valery" – Davy Steele "Bloodshed" – Soulfly (2013) "Blood on the Risers" – World War II paratrooper song "Bring the Boys Back Home" – Pink Floyd (1979) "Corporal Clegg" – Pink Floyd (1968) "Day of the Lords" – Joy Division (1979) "Do the Mussolini (Headkick)" – Cabaret Voltaire (1978) "Enola Gay" – Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (1980) "Goodbye Blue Sky" – Pink Floyd (1979) "Hiroshima Mon Amour" – Alcatrazz (1983) "In the Flesh" – Pink Floyd (1979) "Johnny Come Lately" – Steve Earle (1988) "Kenji" – Fort Minor (2005) "Laybo" – Rafi Weinstock (1995) "Let Me Live" – Angel Dust (2000) "The Longest Day" – Iron Maiden (2006) "Manhattan Project" – Rush (1986) "Mr. Churchill Says" – The Kinks (1969) "Nagasaki Nightmare" – Crass (1981) "Never Again" – Disturbed (2010) "No More War" – Heidi Little (2005) "Northwinds" – The Stranglers (1984) "Primo Victoria" – Sabaton (2005) "Reality Asylum" – Crass (1979) "Red Sector A" – Rush (1984) "Red Ball Express" – Scott Miller (2003) "Roads to Moscow" – Al Stewart (1973) "Rotterdam" – Sky Destroyers (2015) "Semper Fi" – John Gorka (1991) "Soldiers Last Letter" – Ernest Tubb (1944) "Stalingrad" – Nightingale (2005) "Sullivan" – Caroline's Spine (1993) "Tailgunner" – Iron Maiden (1990) "Thank You, Mr Churchill" – Peter Frampton (2010) "The Rain" – Scott Miller (2000) "The War" – Angels and Airwaves (2005) "The War" – Lucero (2005) " To Hell and Back" – Sabaton (2014) "Uprising" – Sabaton (2011) "Vera" – Pink Floyd (1979) "War is Hell (On the Homefront Too)" – T.G. Sheppard (1982) "When the Tigers Broke Free" – Pink Floyd (1982) "Etiópia" – Edson Gomes (1999) Korean War[edit] Main article: Korean War "The Door" – George Jones (1974) "Freedom" – Rob Lincoln (1991) "I Bombed Korea" – Cake (1994) "Jutlandia" – Kim Larsen (1979) "Korea Blues" – J.B. Lenoir (1970) "Missing In Action" – Ernest Tubb (1952) "Roll Call" – Johnny Cash (1967) "Rotation Blues" – Elton Britt (1951) "Suicide Is Painless" – Johnny Mandel from the film, M*A*S*H (1970) Vietnam War Era[edit] Main article: Vietnam War See also: List of songs about the Vietnam War "8th of November" – Big and Rich (2006) "19" – Paul Hardcastle (1985) "2 + 2 = ?" – Bob Seger System (1968) "21st Century Schizoid Man" – King Crimson (1969) "50,000 Names" – George Jones (2001) "Alice's Restaurant Massacree" – Arlo Guthrie (1967) "Era Um Garoto Que Como Eu Amava os Beatles e os Rolling Stones" – Os Incríveis (1967) "American Woman" – The Guess Who (1970) "Back in Vietnam" – Lenny Kravitz (2008) "Ball of Confusion (That's What the World Is Today)" – The Temptations (1970) "Ballad of Ho Chi Minh" – Ewan MacColl (1958) "Ballad of Penny Evans" – Steve Goodman (1971) "Beelzebub's Laughter" - Hoyt Axton (1972) "The Big Parade" – 10,000 Maniacs (1989) "Big Time In The Jungle" – Old Crow Medicine Show (2004) "Black Steel in the Hour of Chaos" – Public Enemy (1989) "Born in the USA" – Bruce Springsteen (1984) "Born on the Fourth of July" – Tom Paxton (1977) "Bring The Boys Home" – Freda Payne (1971) "Bring Them Home" – Pete Seeger (1966) "Business Goes on as Usual" – Chad Mitchell Trio (1965) "Calley" – Dog Faced Hermans (1994) "Charlie Don't Surf" – The Clash (1980) "Child in Time" – Deep Purple (1970) "Commando" – The Ramones (1977) "Copperhead Road" – Steve Earle (1988) "Daddy Won't Be Home Anymore" – Dolly Parton (1988) "Daniel" – Elton John (1973) "Dear Uncle Sam" – Loretta Lynn (1965) "Draft Morning" – The Byrds (1968) "Draft Resister" – Steppenwolf (1970) "Disk of Sun" – Ewan MacColl (1969) "Duty Called" – Greg Wilson (2000) "Eve of Destruction" – Barry McGuire and P.F. Sloan (1965) "Fixin to Die Rag" – Country Joe McDonald (1967) "For What It's Worth" - Buffalo Springfield (1967) "Fortunate Son" – Creedence Clearwater Revival (1969) "Front Line" - Stevie Wonder (1977) "The Grave" – Don McLean (1971) "Galveston" – Glen Campbell (1969) "Galveston Bay" – Bruce Springsteen (1995) "Gimme Shelter" – Rolling Stones (1969) "The Girl Next Door" – Country Joe MacDonald (1984) "Give Peace a Chance" – The Plastic Ono Band (1969) "Goodbye to Vietnam" – Kitty Hawkins (1965) "Goodnight Saigon" – Billy Joel (1981) "The Great Compromise" – John Prine (1972) "Guns, Guns, Guns" – The Guess Who (1972)[citation needed] "Hallelujah Day" – Jackson 5 (1973)[citation needed] "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" – John Lennon & Yoko Ono/The Plastic Ono Band (1971) "Harvest for the World" – The Isley Brothers (1976) "I Ain't Marching Anymore" – Phil Ochs (1965) "I Am a Lucky One" – Barry Sadler (1966) "I Don't Wanna Go To Vietnam" – John Lee Hooker (1968) "I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-To-Die Rag" – Country Joe and the Fish (1967) "I have seen the rain" – Pink "I Should Be Proud" – Martha and the Vandellas (1970) "I Was Only Nineteen (A Walk in the Light Green)" – Redgum (1983) "I'm Your Captain (Closer to Home)" – Grand Funk Railroad (1970) "In The Army Now" – Status Quo (1986) "Inoculated City" – The Clash (1982) "Into The Fire" – Sabaton (2005) "It Better End Soon" – Chicago (1970) "It's All Happening Now" – Peggy Seeger (1968) "Jackknife Johnny" – Alice Cooper (1978) "Jimmy Newman" – Tom Paxton (1969) "Jimmy's Road" – Willie Nelson (1965) "Johnny" – Graeme Allwright (1979) "Johnny Come Lately" – Steve Earle (1988) "Karen's Song" – Podipto (1970) "Kay" – John Wesley Ryles (1968)[2][3] "Kent State Massacre" – Jack Warshaw (1970) "Khe Sanh" – Cold Chisel (1978) "Kill for Peace" – The Fugs (1966) "Kill Your Sons" – Lou Reed (1970) "Kim's Nightmare" – Miss Saigon Soundtrack (1989) "Last Train To Clarksville" – The Monkees (1966) "Last Train to Nuremberg" – Pete Seeger (1970) "Lay Down (Candles in the Rain)" – Melanie Safka (1970) "Letter From Vietnam" – Barry Sadler (1966) "Live Those Songs Again" – Kenny Chesney (2002) "Lost in the Flood" – Bruce Springsteen (1973) "Love Vigilantes" – New Order (1985) "Lyndon Johnson Told The Nation" – Tom Paxton (1965) "Machine Gun" – Jimi Hendrix (1970) "Mama Bake a Pie (Daddy Kill a Chicken)" – Tom T. Hall (1970) "Man in Black" – Johnny Cash (1971) "March" – Jackopierce (1992) "March to the Witch's Castle" – Funkadelic (1973) "Moratorium" – Buffy Sainte-Marie (1971) "More Than a Name on a Wall" – The Statler Brothers (1989) "My Son John" – Tom Paxton (1966) "One More Parade" – Phil Ochs "Orange Crush" – R.E.M. (1988) "Old Hippie" – The Bellamy Brothers (1985) "Path of Glory" – Petula Clark (1967) "People, Let's Stop the War" – Grand Funk Railroad (1971) "Pull Out The Pin" – Kate Bush (1982) "Readjustment Blues" – John Denver (1972) "Requiem for the Masses" – The Association (1967) "Rooster" – Alice in Chains "Running Gun Blues" – David Bowie (1970) "Saigon Bride" – Joan Baez (1967) "Salute to the Nurses" – Barry Sadler (1966) "Sam Stone" – John Prine (1971) "Shut Out the Light" – Bruce Springsteen (1984) "Silent Homecoming" – Ringo Starr (1970) "Simple Song of Freedom" – Bobby Darin (1968) "Singing in Vietnam Talking Blues" – Johnny Cash (1971) "Sit Down Young Stranger" – Gordon Lightfoot (1970) "Sky Pilot" – Eric Burdon and The Animals (1968) "Smiley" – Ronnie Burns (1969) "Something to Believe In" – Poison (1990) "Song for the Dead" – Randy Newman (1983) "Still in Saigon" – the Charlie Daniels Band (1982) "Stoned Love" – The Supremes (1970) "Straight to Hell" – The Clash (1982) "Sunshine" – Jonathan Edwards (1971) "Super Bird" – Country Joe and the Fish (1967) "Sweet Cherry Wine" – Tommy James and the Shondells (1969) "Talkin' Vietnam" – Phil Ochs (1964) "Talking Vietnam Potluck Blues" – Tom Paxton (1968) "That Old Porch Swing" – Eddy Arnold (2005) "The End" – The Doors "The Soldier Has Come Home" – Barry Sadler (1966) "The War Drags On" – Donovan (1965) "This Ain't Nothing" – Craig Morgan (2010) "This Is My Rifle" – Mark Maysey (1999) "Three-Five-Zero-Zero" – from the musical, Hair (1968) "To Susan on the West Coast Waiting" – Donovan (1969) "Travelin' Soldier" – Dixie Chicks (2002) "Uncommon Valor: A Vietnam Story" – Jedi Mind Tricks (2006) "Unknown Soldier" – The Doors (1968) "Vietcong Blues" – Junior Wells (1966) "Vietnam" – Phil Ochs (1962) "Vietnam" – Jimmy Cliff (1970) "Vietnamerica" – The Stranglers (1981) "Vietnam Blues" – Kris Kristofferson (1966) "Vietnam Glam" – Indochine (1993) "Waist Deep in the Big Muddy" – Pete Seeger (1967) "The Wall" – Bruce Springsteen (2003) "War" – Edwin Starr (1970) "War Games" – the Monkees (1968) "The War Is Over" – Phil Ochs (1968) "War Movie" – Jefferson Airplane (1971) "War Pigs" – Black Sabbath (1971) "Wasted Life" – Stiff Little Fingers (1978) "Wasted Words" – the Motions with Robbie van Leeuwen(1969) "We Didn't Know" – Tom Paxton (1965) "What Did You Learn in School Today?" – Tom Paxton (1964) "What's Going On" – Marvin Gaye (1971) "Welterusten meneer de president (Sleep Well Mr. President)" – Boudewijn de Groot (1966) "Where Are You Now, My Son?" – Joan Baez (1973) "White Boots Marching In A Yellow Land" – Phil Ochs (1968) "Wild Irish Rose" – George Jones (1998) "Wooden Ships" – Crosby, Stills & Nash and Jefferson Airplane (1969) ""Woodstock"" – Joni Mitchell and Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young (1970) "World of Trouble" – Molly Hatchet (1998) "Your Flag Decal Won't Get You Into Heaven Anymore" – John Prine (1971) Vietnam War Era Kent State Shootings[edit] Main article: Kent State shootings Year Song Artist 1970 "Ohio" Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young 1971 "Student Demonstration Time" The Beach Boys Dominican Republic[edit] Year Song Artist 1966 "The Marines Have Landed on the Shores of Santo Domingo" Phil Ochs The "Troubles" of Northern Ireland[edit] Main article: The Troubles "78 RPM" – Stiff Little Fingers (1978) "Alternative Ulster" – Stiff Little Fingers (1978) "La Ballade Nord-Irlandaise" – Renaud (1991) "Belfast Child" – Simple Minds (1989) "Belfast" – Elton John (1995) "Bloody Sunday" – Stiff Little Fingers (1979) "Corridor Or Cells" – Test Dept (1986) "Damned to Be Free" – Bad Religion (1982) "Drunken Lullabies" – Flogging Molly (2002) "Each Dollar A Bullet" – Stiff Little Fingers (1991) "Easter" – Marillion (1989) "Ether" – Gang of Four (1979) "Fly the Flag" – Stiff Little Fingers (1980) "Fuck Religion" – The Exploited (1990) "Get Your Dead Hand Off My Shoulder" – Therapy? (2012) "Give Ireland Back to the Irish" – Paul McCartney and Wings (1972) "Heal This Land" – Maire Brennan (1998) "Holy Wars...The Punishment Due" – Megadeth (1990) "If They Come in the Morning" aka "No Time for Love" – Jack Warshaw (1976) "The Island" – Paul Brady "My Youngest Son Came Home Today" – Eric Bogle (1993) "No More of That" – Stiff Little Fingers (1979) "Oliver's Army" – Elvis Costello and the Attractions (1979) "Out in the Fields" – Gary Moore and Phil Lynott (1985) "Paper Sun (Def Leppard song) – Def Leppard (1999) "Peace on Earth" – U2 (2000) "Scaling The Derry Wall" – The Exploited (1987) "Soldier" – Harvey Andrews (1972) "State of Emergency" – Stiff Little Fingers (1979) "Streets of Sorrow/Birmingham Six" – The Pogues (1988) "Sunday Bloody Sunday" – U2 (1983) "Troops Out" - The Passage (1981) "The More I See (The Less I Believe)" – Fun Boy Three (1983)[4] "This is Not Your Country" – Morrissey (1997) "Through the Barricades" - Spandau Ballet (1986) "The Troubles" – U2 (2014) "Ulster" – Sham 69 (1977) "Wasted Life" – Stiff Little Fingers (1978) "White Noise" – Stiff Little Fingers (1979) "Zombie" – The Cranberries (1994) listen: anti-war songs (The Troubles) playlist Anti-draft[edit] Main article: Draft evasion "Alice's Restaurant Massacree" – Arlo Guthrie (1967) "All I Want" – The Offspring (1997) "Any King's Shilling" – Elvis Costello (1989) "Bad Company" – Bad Company" (1974) "Black Steel in the Hour of Chaos" – Public Enemy (1989) "B.Y.O.B." – System of a Down (2005) "The Call Up" – The Clash (1980) "Draft Dodger Rag" – Phil Ochs (1965) "Draft Morning" – The Byrds (1967) "Draft Resister" – Steppenwolf (1969) "Fuck a War" – Geto Boys (1991) "G.I. Blues" – Elvis Presley (1960) "I Don't Wanna Get Drafted" – Frank Zappa (1981) "Kill the President" – The Offspring (1989) "Know Your Enemy" – Angry Mic (2008) "Legion of Stoopid" – Machinae Supremacy (2004) "My Uncle" – The Flying Burrito Brothers (1969) "One Man Rock and Roll Band" – Roy Harper (1971) "Phone Call from Leavenworth" – Chris Whitley (1991) "Refuse/Resist" – Sepultura (1994) "Sgt Baker" – Primus (1991) "Square Dance" – Eminem (2002) "Take it Back" – Cream "They Were All Out of Step But Jim" – Irving Berlin (1918) "This Is The Army, Mr. Jones" – Irving Berlin (1942) "War Party" – Eddy Grant (1982) "War/No More War" – Heidi Little/LIGHT/Dreams of Grandeur (2005–2010) "When Ya Get Drafted" – Dead Kennedys (1980) Cold War/Nuclear Annihilation[edit] Main article: Cold War "1983... (A Merman I Should Turn to Be)" – The Jimi Hendrix Experience (1968) "1999" – Prince (1982) "2 Minutes to Midnight" – Iron Maiden (1984) "20 Tons of TNT" – Flanders and Swann "99 Luftballons" and "99 Red Balloons" – Nena (1983) "The American" – Simple Minds (1991) "Atomic Garden" – Bad Religion (1992) "Balls to the Wall" – Accept (1983) "Battalions of Fear" – Blind Guardian (1988) "Be Not Always" – The Jacksons (1984) "Big Joe Blues" – Pete Seeger (2007) "Blackened" – Metallica (1988) "Black Planet" – The Sisters of Mercy (1985) "Brighter than a Thousand Suns" – Iron Maiden (2006) "Breathing" – Kate Bush (1980) "Burning in the Skies" – Linkin Park (2010) "Children of the Grave" – Black Sabbath (1971) "Cold War" – Funker Vogt (2000) "Come Away Melinda" – Harry Belafonte "Curfew" – The Stranglers (1978) "Dancing With Tears In My Eyes" – Ultravox (1984) "Destruction Preventer" – Sonata Arctica (1999) "Do the Russians Want War?" – Mark Bernes (1961) "Down from the Sky" – Trivium (2008) "Dumb All Over" – Frank Zappa (1981) "Eagle Fly Free" – Helloween (1988) "East at Easter" – Simple Minds (1983) "Electric Funeral" – Black Sabbath (1970) "Eve of Destruction" – P.F. Sloan (also recorded by Barry McGuire and The Turtles) (1965) "Fuel the Hate" – Soulfly (2005) "Fight Fire with Fire" – Metallica (1984) "Final Day" – Young Marble Giants (1980) "Fire in the Sky" – Saxon (1981) "Future Legend"/"Diamond Dogs" – David Bowie (1974) "The Future's So Bright, I Gotta Wear Shades" – Timbuk3 (1986) "Heatwave" – Fay Ray (1982) "Hiroshima" – Wishful Thinking (1971) "I Come and Stand at Every Door" (based on a poem by Nazim Hikmet) – Pete Seeger (1962); The Byrds (1966) "If I Had A Rocket Launcher" - Bruce Cockburn (1985) "It only takes two to tango" – The Stranglers (1981) "It's a Mistake" – Men at Work (1983) "John Wayne" – Zuma II (1986) "Kuiama" – Electric Light Orchestra (1973) "Killer of Giants" – Ozzy Osbourne (1986) "Killing Fields" – Scanner (1988) "Land of Confusion" – Genesis (1986) "Leningrad" – Billy Joel (1989) "Let Us Begin" – John Denver with Alexander Gradsky (1986) "Manhattan Project" – Rush (1985) "Minutes to Midnight" – Midnight Oil (1984) "Mother" – Pink Floyd (1979) "Moya" – Southern Death Cult (1983) "A Mushroom Cloud" – Sammy Salvo "Mutually Assured Destruction" – Gillan (1981) "New Year's Day" – U2 (1983) "No Nuclear War" – Peter Tosh (1987) "No One Would Riot For Less – Bright Eyes (2007) "Nuclear Winter" – Funker Vogt (2000) "Overkill" - Men At Work (1983) "Paint Your Windows White" – Alien Stash Tin (2011) "Part IV (The Index Fossil)" – Bad Religion (1988) "People are People" – Depeche Mode (1984) "Pre-War America" – The Beatnigs (1988) "My Radiation Baby (My Teenage Fallout Queen) – George McKelvey "Radio K.A.O.S." – Roger Waters (1987) "Red Skies" – The Fixx (1982) "Rival Leaders" – The Exploited (1983) "Russians" – Sting (1985) "Rust in Peace" – Megadeth (1990) "Seconds" – U2 (1983) "Set the World Afire" – Megadeth (1988) "Seven Minutes to Midnight" – Wah! Heat (1980) "So Long, Mom (A Song for World War III)" – Tom Lehrer "Showdown at Big Sky" – Robbie Robertson (1987) "Standing in the Dark" – Platinum Blonde (1983) "Stop the World" – The Clash (1980) "Strike Zone" – Loverboy (1983) "Surfin' USSR" – Ray Stevens (1988) "Survival of the Fittest" – Slave Raider (1986) "Thank God For the Bomb" – Ozzy Osbourne (1986) "They've Got a Bomb" – Crass (1979) "Thirteen Women and Only One Man in Town" – Bill Haley and the Comets "Time After Time" – Electric Light Orchestra (1983) "Two Suns in the Sunset" – Pink Floyd (1983) "US Forces" – Midnight Oil (1982) "When Two Worlds Collide" – Simple Minds (1981) "Who's Next?" – Tom Lehrer "???? ? ?????" ("Will and Reason") – Aria / Master (1985) "Wind of Change" – Scorpions (1990) Philippine–American War[edit] Main article: Philippine–American War Year Song Artist 1901 "The Battle Hymn of the Republic, Updated" Mark Twain Turkish invasion of Cyprus[edit] Main article: Turkish invasion of Cyprus Year Song Artist 1976 "Panagia Mou, Panagia Mou" Mariza Koch and Michael Fotiades Falklands War[edit] Main article: Falklands War "Another Man's Cause" – The Levellers (band) (1992) ""Brothers in Arms"" – Dire Straits (1985) "Como Estais Amigos" – Iron Maiden (1998) "Falklands" – Steve Dahl and Teenage Radiation (1979) "Get Your Filthy Hands off My Desert" – Pink Floyd (1983) "Forgotten Sons" – Marillion (1983)- It's about Northern Ireland "Troubles"!!! "How Does It Feel (To Be The Mother Of A Thousand Dead)?" – Crass (1982) "I Love a Man in Uniform" – Gang of Four (1982) "Is That What You Fought the War For?" – Stiff Little Fingers (1982) "Island of No Return" – Billy Bragg (1984) "Let's Start a War – The Exploited (1983) "Mentioned In Dispatches" – Television Personalities (1985) "No Bombardeen Buenos Aires" – Charly García (1982) "The Post War Dream" – Pink Floyd (1983) "Qué Es Dios?" – Las Pastillas Del Abuelo (2008) "Sheep Farming in the Falklands" – Crass (1982) "Shipbuilding" – Elvis Costello and the Attractions (1983) "Southampton Dock" – Pink Floyd (1983) "Spirit of the Falklands" – New Model Army (1982) "Tango Atlantico" – Joe Jackson (1986) "Where the Rose is Sown/ Come Back to Me" – Big Country (1984) "Yes Sir, I Will" – Crass (1983) "Wha Dat" – Yellowman (1984) Contras, Latin America[edit] Main article: Contras "All She Wants to Do Is Dance" – Don Henley (1984) "Bleed for Me" – Dead Kennedys (1982) "Bullet the Blue Sky" – U2 (1987) "El Salvador" – Noel Stookey and Jim Wallis (1983) "El Salvador" – White Lion (1985) "If I Had a Rocket Launcher" – Bruce Cockburn (1984) "Lives in the Balance" – Jackson Browne (1985) "Nicaragua" – Bruce Cockburn (1984) "No Más!" – John McCutcheon (1984) "Student Visas" – Corb Lund (2007) "Untitled Song For Latin America" – The Minutemen (1984) "Washington Bullets" – The Clash (1980) "Wish I Was in El Salvador" – Jello Biafra with D.O.A. (1989) "Young Willie" – Garnet Rogers (1992) Yugoslav Wars[edit] Main article: Yugoslav Wars "Crv" – Angel's Breath (1994) "Covek sa mesecom u ocima" – Ðorde Balaševic (1993) "Dok gori nebo nad Novim Sadom" – Ðorde Balaševic (2000) "Gde si" – Bajaga i Instruktori (1993) "Krivi smo mi" – Ðorde Balaševic (1993) "Kad sve ovo bude juce" – Dino Merlin (1995) "Miss Sarajevo" – Passengers (1995) "Necu III svetski" – Babe (1995) "Nebo, nebo plavo je" – Obojeni Program (1991) "Ovo je Balkan" – Bajaga i Instruktori (1993) "Regruteska" – Ðorde Balaševic (1993) "Sevdalinka" – Ðorde Balaševic (2000) "Slušaj 'vamo" – Rimtutituki (1992) "Samo da rata ne bude – Ðorde Balaševic (1993) "Stop the War in Croatia" – Tomislav Ivcic (1991) Gulf War(s), Iraq, 9/11, and the War on Terror[edit] Main articles: September 11 attacks, War on Terrorism and Iraq War "11th Hour" – Lamb of God (2002) "20 Dollar Nose Bleed" – Fall Out Boy (2008) "21 Guns" – Green Day (2009) "911 For Peace" – Anti-Flag (2002) "A Song to Stifle Imperial Progress" – The Used 2014 "A Farewell to Arms" – Machine Head 2007 "Act III Scene 2 (Shakespeare)" – Saul Williams (2004) "Afraid to Shoot Strangers" – Iron Maiden (1992) "All the Young Fascists" – Shihad (2005) "America (Just Say No)" – Alien Stash Tin (2003) – Also covered by Betty Swallaux (2011) "America First" – Merle Haggard (2005) "American Blood" – Reckless Kelly (2008) "American Life" – Madonna (2003) "American Idiot" – Green Day (2004) "American Jesus" – Bad Religion (1993) "Another Bag of Bones" – Kevin Devine (2009) "Apocalypse Please" – Muse (2004) "Audience Of One" – Rise Against (2008) "Atomic Garden" – Bad Religion (1992) "Autopista de Basora" – Siniestro Total (1993) "Baghdad" – The Offspring (1991) "Beneath The Remains" – Sepultura (1989) "Bin Laden" – Immortal Technique (2005) "Black Rain" – Ozzy Osbourne (2007) "Blessed are the Landmines" – Brave Saint Saturn (2008) "Bloodsports" – New Model Army (2007) "B.O.B" – Outkast (2000) "Boom!" – System of a Down (2002) "The Bravery of Being Out of Range" – Roger Waters (1992) "Bush" – David Banner (2003) "The Bushes and The President" – Dawn Called Malice (2003) "B.Y.O.B." – System of a Down (2005) "Camilo" – [State Radio] (2005) We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors, soldiers and airmen, and we are trying, too, to bear our share of the danger and sadness of war. We know, every one of us, that in the end all will be well.[28] Elizabeth in Auxiliary Territorial Service uniform, April 1945 Princess Elizabeth (left, in uniform) on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with (left to right) her mother Queen Elizabeth, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, King George VI, and Princess Margaret, 8 May 1945 In 1943, at the age of 16, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the Grenadier Guards, of which she had been appointed colonel the previous year.[29] As she approached her 18th birthday, the law was changed so that she could act as one of five Counsellors of State in the event of her father's incapacity or absence abroad, such as his visit to Italy in July 1944.[30] In February 1945, she joined the Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service as an honorary second subaltern with the service number of 230873.[31] She trained as a driver and mechanic and was promoted to honorary junior commander five months later.[32][33] At the end of the war in Europe, on Victory in Europe Day, Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret mingled anonymously with the celebratory crowds in the streets of London. Elizabeth later said in a rare interview, "We asked my parents if we could go out and see for ourselves. I remember we were terrified of being recognised ... I remember lines of unknown people linking arms and walking down Whitehall, all of us just swept along on a tide of happiness and relief."[34] During the war, plans were drawn up to quell Welsh nationalism by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Wales. Proposals, such as appointing her Constable of Caernarfon Castle or a patron of Urdd Gobaith Cymru (the Welsh League of Youth), were abandoned for various reasons, which included a fear of associating Elizabeth with conscientious objectors in the Urdd, at a time when Britain was at war.[35] Welsh politicians suggested that she be made Princess of Wales on her 18th birthday. The idea was supported by the Home Secretary, Herbert Morrison, but rejected by the King because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a Prince of Wales and the Prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent.[36] In 1946, she was inducted into the Welsh Gorsedd of Bards at the National Eisteddfod of Wales.[37] In 1947, Princess Elizabeth went on her first overseas tour, accompanying her parents through southern Africa. During the tour, in a broadcast to the British Commonwealth on her 21st birthday, she made the following pledge: I declare before you all that my whole life, whether it be long or short, shall be devoted to your service and the service of our great imperial family to which we all belong.[38] Marriage and family Main article: Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten, Duke of Edinburgh Elizabeth met her future husband, Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, in 1934 and 1937.[39] They are second cousins once removed through King Christian IX of Denmark and third cousins through Queen Victoria. After another meeting at the Royal Naval College in Dartmouth in July 1939, Elizabeth—though only 13 years old—said she fell in love with Philip and they began to exchange letters.[40] Their engagement was officially announced on 9 July 1947.[41] The engagement was not without controversy: Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born (though a British subject who had served in the Royal Navy throughout the Second World War), and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links.[42] Marion Crawford wrote, "Some of the King's advisors did not think him good enough for her. He was a prince without a home or kingdom. Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip's foreign origin."[43] Elizabeth's mother was reported, in later biographies, to have opposed the union initially, even dubbing Philip "The Hun".[44] In later life, however, she told biographer Tim Heald that Philip was "an English gentleman".[45] Before the marriage, Philip renounced his Greek and Danish titles, converted from Greek Orthodoxy to Anglicanism, and adopted the style Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, taking the surname of his mother's British family.[46] Just before the wedding, he was created Duke of Edinburgh and granted the style His Royal Highness.[47] Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey. They received 2500 wedding gifts from around the world.[48] Because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war, Elizabeth required ration coupons to buy the material for her gown, which was designed by Norman Hartnell.[49] In post-war Britain, it was not acceptable for the Duke of Edinburgh's German relations, including his three surviving sisters, to be invited to the wedding.[50] The Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII, was not invited either.[51] Elizabeth gave birth to her first child, Prince Charles, on 14 November 1948. One month earlier, the King had issued letters patent allowing her children to use the style and title of a royal prince or princess, to which they otherwise would not have been entitled as their father was no longer a royal prince.[52] A second child, Princess Anne, was born in 1950.[53] Following their wedding, the couple leased Windlesham Moor, near Windsor Castle, until 4 July 1949,[48] when they took up residence at Clarence House in London. At various times between 1949 and 1951, the Duke of Edinburgh was stationed in the British Crown Colony of Malta as a serving Royal Navy officer. He and Elizabeth lived intermittently, for several months at a time, in the hamlet of Gwardamanga, at Villa Guardamangia, the rented home of Philip's uncle, Lord Mountbatten. The children remained in Britain.[54] Reign Accession and coronation Elizabeth in crown and robes next to her husband in military uniform Coronation portrait of Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh, June 1953 Coronation of Elizabeth II Main article: Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II During 1951, George VI's health declined and Elizabeth frequently stood in for him at public events. When she toured Canada and visited President Harry S. Truman in Washington, D.C., in October 1951, her private secretary, Martin Charteris, carried a draft accession declaration in case the King died while she was on tour.[55] In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of Kenya. On 6 February 1952, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, Sagana Lodge, after a night spent at Treetops Hotel, when word arrived of the death of the King and consequently Elizabeth's immediate accession to the throne. Philip broke the news to the new Queen.[56] Martin Charteris asked her to choose a regnal name; she chose to remain Elizabeth, "of course".[57] She was proclaimed queen throughout her realms and the royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom.[58] She and the Duke of Edinburgh moved into Buckingham Palace.[59] With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed probable that the royal house would bear her husband's name, becoming the House of Mountbatten, in line with the custom of a wife taking her husband's surname on marriage. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Elizabeth's grandmother, Queen Mary, favoured the retention of the House of Windsor, and so on 9 April 1952 Elizabeth issued a declaration that Windsor would continue to be the name of the royal house. The Duke complained, "I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children."[60] In 1960, after the death of Queen Mary in 1953 and the resignation of Churchill in 1955, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles.[61] Amid preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret informed her sister that she wished to marry Peter Townsend, a divorcé‚ 16 years Margaret's senior, with two sons from his previous marriage. The Queen asked them to wait for a year; in the words of Martin Charteris, "the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess, but I think she thought—she hoped—given time, the affair would peter out."[62] Senior politicians were against the match and the Church of England did not permit remarriage after divorce. If Margaret had contracted a civil marriage, she would have been expected to renounce her right of succession.[63] Eventually, she decided to abandon her plans with Townsend.[64] In 1960, she married Antony Armstrong-Jones, who was created Earl of Snowdon the following year. They were divorced in 1978; she did not remarry.[65] Despite the death of Queen Mary on 24 March, the coronation on 2 June 1953 went ahead as planned, as Mary had asked before she died.[66] The ceremony in Westminster Abbey, with the exception of the anointing and communion, was televised for the first time.[67][d] Elizabeth's coronation gown was embroidered on her instructions with the floral emblems of Commonwealth countries:[71] English Tudor rose; Scots thistle; Welsh leek; Irish shamrock; Australian wattle; Canadian maple leaf; New Zealand silver fern; South African protea; lotus flowers for India and Ceylon; and Pakistan's wheat, cotton, and jute.[72] Continuing evolution of the Commonwealth Further information: Historical development of the Commonwealth realms, from the Queen's accession The Commonwealth realms (pink) and their territories and protectorates (red) at the beginning of Elizabeth II's reign A formal group of Elizabeth in tiara and evening dress with eleven politicians in evening dress or national costume. Elizabeth II and Commonwealth leaders at the 1960 Commonwealth Conference, Windsor Castle From Elizabeth's birth onwards, the British Empire continued its transformation into the Commonwealth of Nations.[73] By the time of her accession in 1952, her role as head of multiple independent states was already established.[74] Spanning 1953–54, the Queen and her husband embarked on a six-month around-the-world tour. She became the first reigning monarch of Australia and New Zealand to visit those nations.[75] During the tour, crowds were immense; three-quarters of the population of Australia were estimated to have seen her.[76] Throughout her reign, the Queen has undertaken state visits to foreign countries and tours of Commonwealth ones and she is the most widely travelled head of state.[77] In 1956, French Prime Minister Guy Mollet and British Prime Minister Sir Anthony Eden discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth. The proposal was never accepted and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, the precursor of the European Union.[78] In November 1956, Britain and France invaded Egypt in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal. Lord Mountbatten claimed the Queen was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it. Eden resigned two months later.[79] The absence of a formal mechanism within the Conservative Party for choosing a leader meant that, following Eden's resignation, it fell to the Queen to decide whom to commission to form a government. Eden recommended that she consult Lord Salisbury, the Lord President of the Council. Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir, the Lord Chancellor, consulted the British Cabinet, Winston Churchill, and the Chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee, resulting in the Queen appointing their recommended candidate: Harold Macmillan.[80] The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden's successor led in 1957 to the first major personal criticism of the Queen. In a magazine, which he owned and edited,[81] Lord Altrincham accused her of being "out of touch".[82] Altrincham was denounced by public figures and slapped by a member of the public appalled by his comments.[83] Aleksejs Širovs born – chess player Andris Škele born – politician Prime Minister of Latvia Armands Škele – basketball player Ksenia Solo born – actress Ernests Štalbergs – – architect ensemble of the Freedom Monument Izaks Nahmans Šteinbergs – – politician lawyer and author Maris Štrombergs – BMX cyclist gold medal winner at and Olympics T edit Esther Takeuchi born – materials scientist and chemical engineer Mihails Tals – – the th World Chess Champion Janis Roberts Tilbergs – – painter sculptor U edit Guntis Ulmanis born – president of Latvia Karlis Ulmanis – – prime minister and president of Latvia


abby-lane abby-rode abigail-clayton ada-tauler addie-juniper addison-cain adele-wiesenthal adeline-lange adeline-pollicina adriana-amante adrianna-laurenti adrianna-russo agnes agnes-ardant agnes-zalontai aimee-addison aisha-sun aja aleena-ferari alessandra-schiavo aletta-ocean alexandra-nice alexandria-cass alexa-parks alex-dane alex-foxe alexia-knight alexis-devell alexis-firestone alexis-greco alexis-payne alexis-x alex-storm alex-white aliana-love alice-springs alicia-alighatti alicia-monet alicia-rio alicyn-sterling alighiera-olena ali-moore aline-santos alissa-ashley allysin-chaynes alysin-embers alyssa-love alyssa-reece amanda-addams amanda-blake amanda-blue amanda-jane-adams amanda-rae amanda-stone amanda-tyler amber-hunt amberlina-lynn amber-lynn amber-michaels amber-peach amber-wild amber-woods ambrosia-fox amia-miley ami-rodgers amy-allison amy-brooke amy-rose amy-starz anastasia-christ anastasia-sands andrea-adams andrea-brittian andrea-lange andrea-true andy angel angela-baron angela-summers angel-barrett angel-cash angel-cruz angel-cummings angel-ducharme angelica-sin angelika-reschner angelina-brasini angelina-korrs angelina-valentine angel-kelly angel-long angel-west angie-knight anita-andic anita-blond anita-cannibal anita-dark anna-belle anna-malle anna-nikova anna-pierce anna-ventura anna-veruska anne-bie-warburg anne-libert anne-magle anne-sand annette-haven annie-sprinkle ann-kiray ann-marie-michelle antonia-dorian april-flowers april-may april-west arcadia-lake ariana-bali ariana-jollee arlana-blue ashley-anne ashley-brooks ashley-coda ashley-fires ashley-lauren ashley-long ashley-marie ashley-nicole ashley-perk ashley-renee ashley-robbins ashley-welles ashley-wells ashley-winger ashlyn-gere astrid-bone athena-star aubrey-nichols aurora aurora-snow autumn-bliss autumn-rayne ava-devine ava-lauren avalon ava-marteens avy-lee-roth bailey-monroe bambi-allen barbara-bourbon barbara-boutet barbara-dare barbara-doll barbara-moose barbarella barbie-angel barbie-doll barett-moore bea-fiedler beata beatrice-poggi beatrice-valle becky-savage becky-sunshine belinda-butterfield bella-donna bethany-sweet beverly-bliss beverly-glen biggi-stenzhorn bionca black-widow blond-cat blondi blue-angel bobbi-bliss bobbi-dean bobbie-burns bonnie-holiday brandee brandi-edwards brandy-alexandre brandy-dean brandy-lee brandy-smile brandy-wine bree-anthony breezy-lane brenda-basse briana-blair bridgette-belle bridgette-monet bridgette-monroe bridget-waters brigitte-lahaie brigitte-monnin brigitte-verbecq brittany brittany-stryker britt-corvin britt-morgan bronze brooke-bennett brooke-fields brooke-haven brooke-west brook-van-buuren buffy-davis bunnie-blake bunny-bleu bunny-hatton busty-belle cali-caramel calisyn-heart cameo cameron-love camila-sampaio camilla-rhodes camille-morgan camrie-foxxx candace-daley candi candida-royalle candie-evens candi-summers candy-apples candy-barr candy-hill candy-samples candy-stanton cara-lott caressa-savage carmel-nougat carmen-blonde carmen-de-la-torre carmen-moore carmen-rose carol-connors carol-cross carol-cummings carole-dubois carole-gire carole-pierac carol-titian carolyn-connoly carolyn-monroe carrie-cruise cassandra-leigh cassidy cassie-courtland cataline-bullock catherine-count catherine-crystal catherine-ringer catherine-tailleferre cathy-delorme cathy-menard cathy-stewart celeste-fox celine-gallone chanel-preston chanel-price chantal-virapin chanta-rose chantelle-stevens charisma charisma-cole charlie-latour charlie-waters charlotte-de-castille charmane-star chasey-lain chayse-manhattan chaz-vincent chelsea-sinclaire chennin-blanc cheri-janvier cheri-taylor cherry-hill chessie-moore cheyenne-hunter cheyenne-silver china-lee china-leigh china-moon chloe-cruize chloe-dior chloe-kez chloe-stevens chris-collins chris-jordan chris-petersen chrissie-beauchamp christa-abel christa-ludwig christie-ford christi-lake christina-berg christina-blond christina-evol christina-skye christine-black christine-chavert christine-neona christine-rigoler christy-canyon cicciolina cindi-stephens cindy-carver cindy-crawford cindy-more cindy-shepard cindy-wong cinthya-marinho clair-dia claire-robbins claude-janna claudia-jackson claudia-jamsson claudia-mehringer claudia-nero claudia-van-statt claudia-zante claudine-beccarie clea-carson cleo-nichole cleo-patra cody-lane cody-love cody-nicole coffee-brown colleen-brennan connie-bennett connie-peterson constance-money copper-penny coreena corey-everson corinne-lemoine corneliah cory-everson cory-wolf courtney courtney-cummz courtney-james cris-cassidy crissy-moran cris-taliana crystal-breeze crystal-dawn crystal-holland crystal-knight crystal-lake crystal-lovin crystal-sync csilla-kalnay cuban-bee cynara-fox cyndee-summers cynthia-black cynthia-brooks cynthia-hammers cynthia-lavigne dagmar-lost daisy-layne dallas-miko dana-dylan dana-lynn danica-rhea daniela-nanou daniela-schiffer daniele-troeger daniella daniella-schiffer danielle danielle-foxxx danielle-rodgers danny-ricci danyel-cheeks daphne daphne-rosen darby-lloyd-rains darla-crane darla-delovely davia-ardell dayton-rain debbie-northrup debbie-revenge debbie-van-gils debi-diamond debi-jointed debra-lynn deidra-hopkins deidre-holland delania-raffino delia-moore delphine-thail delta-force delta-white demi-moor denice-klarskov denise-derringer denise-dior denise-sloan desiree-cousteau desiree-foxx desiree-lane desiree-west deva-station devin-devasquez devinn-lane devon-shire dia diana-holt diana-kisabonyi diana-siefert diana-stevenson diane-dubois diane-richards diane-sloan diane-suresne dido-angel dillan-lauren dina-deville dina-jewel dina-pearl ditty-blue diva divinity-love djiana dolly-darkley dominique dominique-dewitt dominique-saint-claire donna-hart donna-marie dorle-buchner dorothy-lemay dorothy-onan drea drimla dru-berrymore dusty-rose dyanna-lauren ebony-ayes edina-blond edita-ungerova edwige-faillel eileen-wells elaine-southern elena-berkova elena-maria-ricci eleonore-melzer elisabeth-bure elis-black elise elise-di-medici elle-devyne elle-rio elodie-delage elsa-maroussia elza-brown emili-doll emily-evermoore emily-george emily-jewel emmanuelle-pareze envy-mi erica-boyer erica-eaton erica-havens erica-idol erica-lauren erika-bella erika-cool erika-heaven erika-lockett esme-monroe eva-allen eva-angel eva-dionisio eva-gross eva-kleber eva-lux eva-uettori eve-laurence evelyne-lang evie-delatosso fabiana-venturi faith-stevens fallon fanny-garreau fanny-steel faye-runaway flame flick-shagwell flore-soller flower france-lomay france-quenie francoise frankie-leigh gabriella gabriella-mirelba gabriella-vincze gail-force gail-palmer gail-sterling georgette-saunders georgia-peach georgina-spelvin gia-givanna gianna-lynn gili-sky gina-carrera gina-gianetti gina-janssen gina-lee gina-martell gina-valentino ginger-jay ginger-lee ginger-lynn ginny-noack giovanna gisela-schwarz giselle-monet gladys-laroche gloria-leonard gloria-todd golden-jade greta-carlson greta-milos guia-lauri-filzi gwenda-farnel hare-krane harley-raine hayley-jade hazel-young heather-deeley heather-ellis heather-hart heather-lere heather-lyn heather-manfield heather-thomas heather-torrance heather-wayne heather-young helen-madigan helen-thomas helga-sven helga-wild hillary-summers holly-hollywood holly-joy holly-page holly-ryder honey-winter hottie-hollie hyapatia-lee ida-fabry ildiko-smits illana-moor ines-ridere ingrid-choray isabella-dior isabella-soprano isabelle-allay isabelle-brell isabelle-marchall isobel-wren iveta ivette-blanche jackie-right jacqueline-lorians jacy-allen jada-stevens jade-east jade-hsu jade-marcela jade-summers jade-wong jahn-gold jamie-brooks jamie-james jamie-summers jana-irrova jana-mrazkova jane-baker jane-darling jane-iwanoff jane-lindsay jane-lixx janet-jacme janey-robbins jasmine-delatori jayden-simone jaylyn-rose jayna-woods jazella-moore jazmin-luna-gold jean-afrique jeanette-littledove jeanie-marie-sullivan jean-jennings jeanna-fine jeannie-pepper jenna-jameson jenna-jane jenna-presley jenna-wells jennifer-haussmann jennifer-janes jennifer-jordan jennifer-morante jennifer-noxt jennifer-stewart jennifer-welles jennifer-west jenny jenny-feeling jenny-fields jenny-wings jersey-jaxin jesie-st-james jesse-capelli jessica-bangkok jessica-bogart jessica-darlin jessica-fiorentino jessica-gabriel jessica-laine jessica-may jessica-road jessica-wylde jessi-foster jill-ferari jill-kelly joana-redgrave joan-devlon joanna-storm joanna-sweet jody-maxwell joelle-lequement joelle-petinot johnni-black jordana-james jordan-green jordan-nevaeh jordan-star josephine-carrington joslyn-james julia-chanel julia-dal-fuoco juliana-grandi julia-paes julia-parton julia-perrin julia-swen julia-thomas julie-meadows julie-rage julie-simone juliet-anderson juliet-graham juliette-carelton kacey-jordan kagney-linn-karter kaitlyn-ashley kalena-rios kami-andrews kamila-smith kandee-licks kandi-barbour kapri-styles kara-nox karen-summer kari-foxx karine-gambier karin-schubert karli-sweet karmen-kennedy karol-castro kascha kassi-nova kat kate-frost kate-jones kathia-nobili kathleen-gentry kathleen-white kathy-divan kathy-harcourt kathy-heart kathy-kash katie-cummings katja-love kat-langer katrina-isis katrina-kraven katy-borman katy-caro kaycee-dean kayla-kupcakes kay-parker k-c-valentine keama-kim keira-moon keisha keli-richards kelli-tyler kelly-adams kelly-blue kelly-broox kelly-hearn kelly-kay kelly-kline kelly-nichols kelly-royce kelly-skyline kendra-kay kenzi-marie keri-windsor ketthy-divan kianna-dior kiley-heart kim-alexis kimber-blake kimberly-carson kimberly-kane kimberly-kyle kim-de-place kim-holland kimi-gee kimkim-de kim-kitaine kimmie-lee kimmy-nipples kina-kara kira-eggers kira-red kirsty-waay kitty-langdon kitty-lynxxx kitty-marie kitty-shayne kitty-yung kora-cummings kris-lara krista-lane krista-maze kristara-barrington kristarah-knight kristi-klenot kristina-blonde kristina-king kristina-klevits kristina-soderszk kristine-heller kristin-steen krisztina-ventura krystal-de-boor krystal-steal kylee-karr kylee-nash kylie-brooks kylie-channel kylie-haze kylie-wylde kym-wilde kyoto-sun lachelle-marie lacy-rose lady-amanda-wyldefyre lady-stephanie laetitia-bisset lana-burner lana-cox lana-wood lara-amour lara-roxx lara-stevens lataya-roxx latoya laura-clair laura-lazare laura-lion laura-may laura-orsolya laura-paouck laura-zanzibar lauren-black laurence-boutin lauren-montgomery laurien-dominique laurien-wilde laurie-smith lauryl-canyon lauryn-may leah-wilde lea-magic lea-martini leanna-foxxx lee-caroll leigh-livingston leilani lenora-bruce leslie-winston lesllie-bovee letizia-bruni lexi-lane lexi-matthews lezley-zen lia-fire liliane-gray liliane-lemieuvre lili-marlene lily-gilder lily-labeau lily-rodgers lily-valentine linda-shaw linda-vale linda-wong linnea-quigley lisa-bright lisa-de-leeuw lisa-k-loring lisa-lake lisa-melendez lisa-sue-corey lise-pinson little-oral-annie liza-dwyer liza-harper lizzy-borden logan-labrent lois-ayres lola-cait long-jean-silver loni-bunny loni-sanders loona-luxx lorelei-lee lorelei-rand lorena-sanchez lori-alexia lori-blue lorrie-lovett luci-diamond lucie-doll lucie-theodorova lucy-van-dam lydia-baum lynn-franciss lynn-lemay lynn-ray lynn-stevens lynx-canon lysa-thatcher madelina-ray madison-parker magdalena-lynn maggie-randall mai-lin mandi-wine mandy-bright mandy-malone mandy-may mandy-mistery mandy-starr marcia-minor maren margit-ojetz margitta-hofer margo-stevens margot-mahler mariah-cherry marianne-aubert maria-tortuga marie-anne marie-christine-chireix marie-christine-veroda marie-claude-moreau marie-dominique-cabannes marie-france-morel marie-luise-lusewitz marie-sharp marilyn-chambers marilyne-leroy marilyn-gee marilyn-jess marilyn-martyn marilyn-star marina-hedman marion-webb marita-ekberg marita-kemper marlena marlene-willoughby marry-queen martine-grimaud martine-schultz maryanne-fisher mary-hubay mary-ramunno mary-stuart mascha-mouton maud-kennedy mauvais-denoir maxine-tyler maya-black maya-france megan-leigh megan-martinez megan-reece mei-ling melanie-hotlips melanie-scott melba-cruz melinda-russell melissa-bonsardo melissa-del-prado melissa-golden melissa-martinez melissa-melendez melissa-monet mercedes-dragon mercedes-lynn merle-michaels mesha-lynn mia-beck mia-lina mia-smiles michele-raven michelle-aston michelle-ferrari michelle-greco michelle-maren michelle-maylene michelle-monroe micki-lynn mika-barthel mika-tan mikki-taylor mimi-morgan mindy-rae ming-toy miranda-stevens miss-bunny miss-meadow miss-pomodoro missy missy-graham missy-stone missy-vega misti-jane mistress-candice misty-anderson misty-dawn misty-rain misty-regan mona-lisa mona-page moni monica-baal monica-swinn monika-peta monika-sandmayr monika-unco monique-bruno monique-cardin monique-charell monique-demoan monique-gabrielle monique-la-belle morgan-fairlane morrigan-hel moxxie-maddron mulani-rivera mysti-may nadege-arnaud nadia-styles nadine-bronx nadine-proutnal nadine-roussial nadi-phuket nanci-suiter nancy-hoffman nancy-vee natacha-delyro natalia-wood natalli-diangelo natascha-throat natasha-skyler naudia-nyce nessa-devil nessy-grant nesty nicki-hunter nicky-reed nicole-berg nicole-bernard nicole-black nicole-grey nicole-london nicole-parks nicole-scott nicole-taylor nicolette-fauludi nicole-west nika-blond nika-mamic niki-cole nikita-love nikita-rush nikki-charm nikki-grand nikki-king nikki-knight nikki-randall nikki-rhodes nikki-santana nikki-steele nikki-wilde niko nina-cherry nina-deponca nina-hartley nina-preta oana-efria obaya-roberts olesja-derevko olga-cabaeva olga-conti olga-pechova olga-petrova olivia-alize olivia-del-rio olivia-flores olivia-la-roche olivia-outre ophelia-tozzi orchidea-keresztes orsolya-blonde paige-turner paisley-hunter pamela-bocchi pamela-jennings pamela-mann pamela-stanford pamela-stealt pandora paola-albini pascale-vital pat-manning pat-rhea patricia-dale patricia-diamond patricia-kennedy patricia-rhomberg patrizia-predan patti-cakes patti-petite paula-brasile paula-harlow paula-morton paula-price paula-winters pauline-teutscher penelope-pumpkins penelope-valentin petra-hermanova petra-lamas peyton-lafferty phaedra-grant pia-snow piper-fawn pipi-anderson porsche-lynn porsha-carrera precious-silver priscillia-lenn purple-passion queeny-love rachel-ashley rachel-love rachel-luv rachel-roxxx rachel-ryan rachel-ryder racquel-darrian rane-revere raven reagan-maddux rebecca-bardoux regan-anthony regine-bardot regula-mertens reina-leone reka-gabor renae-cruz renee-foxx renee-lovins renee-morgan renee-perez renee-summers renee-tiffany rhonda-jo-petty rikki-blake riley-ray rio-mariah rita-ricardo roberta-gemma roberta-pedon robin-byrd robin-cannes robin-everett robin-sane rochell-starr rosa-lee-kimball rosemarie roxanne-blaze roxanne-hall roxanne-rollan ruby-richards sabina-k sabre sabrina-chimaera sabrina-dawn sabrina-jade sabrina-johnson sabrina-love-cox sabrina-mastrolorenzi sabrina-rose sabrina-scott sabrina-summers sacha-davril sahara sahara-sands sai-tai-tiger samantha-fox samantha-ryan samantha-sterlyng samantha-strong samueline-de-la-rosa sandra-cardinale sandra-de-marco sandra-kalermen sandra-russo sandy-lee sandy-pinney sandy-reed sandy-samuel sandy-style sandy-summers sara-brandy-canyon sara-faye sarah-bernard sarah-cabrera sarah-hevyn sarah-mills sarah-shine sara-sloane sasha sasha-hollander sasha-ligaya sasha-rose satine-phoenix satin-summer savannah-stern savanna-jane scarlet-scarleau scarlet-windsor seka selena serena serena-south severine-amoux shana-evans shanna-mccullough shannon-kelly shannon-rush shantell-day sharon-da-vale sharon-kane sharon-mitchell shaun-michelle shawna-sexton shawnee-cates shay-hendrix shayne-ryder sheena-horne sheer-delight shelby-star shelby-stevens shelly-berlin shelly-lyons sheri-st-clair sheyla-cats shonna-lynn shyla-foxxx shy-love sierra-sinn sierra-skye sigrun-theil silver-starr silvia-bella silvia-saint silvie-de-lux silvy-taylor simone-west sindee-coxx sindy-lange sindy-shy siobhan-hunter skylar-knight skylar-price skyler-dupree smokie-flame smoking-mary-jane solange-shannon sonya-summers sophia-santi sophie-call sophie-duflot sophie-evans sophie-guers stacey-donovan stacy-lords stacy-moran stacy-nichols stacy-silver stacy-thorn starla-fox starr-wood stefania-bruni stella-virgin stephanie-duvalle stephanie-rage stephanie-renee stevie-taylor summer-knight summer-rose sunny-day sunset-thomas sunshine-seiber susan-hart susanne-brend susan-nero susi-hotkiss suzanne-mcbain suzan-nielsen suzie-bartlett suzie-carina suzi-sparks sweet-nice sweety-pie sybille-rossani sylvia-benedict sylvia-bourdon sylvia-brand sylvia-engelmann syreeta-taylor syren-de-mer syvette szabina-black szilvia-lauren tai-ellis taija-rae taisa-banx talia-james tamara-lee tamara-longley tamara-n-joy tamara-west tami-white tammy tammy-lee tammy-reynolds tania-lorenzo tantala-ray tanya-danielle tanya-fox tanya-foxx tanya-lawson tanya-valis tara-aire tasha-voux tatjana-belousova tatjana-skomorokhova tawnee-lee tawny-pearl tayla-rox taylor-wane teddi-austin teddi-barrett tera-bond tera-heart tera-joy teresa-may teresa-orlowski teri-diver teri-weigel terri-dolan terri-hall tess-ferre tess-newheart thais-vieira tia-cherry tianna tiara tiffany-blake tiffany-clark tiffany-duponte tiffany-rayne tiffany-rousso tiffany-storm tiffany-towers tiffany-tyler tiger-lily tigr timea-vagvoelgyi tina-blair tina-burner tina-evil tina-gabriel tina-loren tina-marie tina-russell tish-ambrose tommi-rose tonisha-mills topsy-curvey tori-secrets tori-sinclair tori-welles tracey-adams traci-lords traci-topps traci-winn tracy-duzit tracy-love tracy-williams tricia-devereaux tricia-yen trinity-loren trisha-rey trista-post trixie-tyler ultramax ursula-gaussmann ursula-moore uschi-karnat valentina valerie-leveau valery-hilton vanessa-chase vanessa-del-rio vanessa-michaels vanessa-ozdanic vanilla-deville velvet-summers veri-knotty veronica-dol veronica-hart veronica-hill veronica-rayne veronica-sage veronika-vanoza via-paxton vicky-lindsay vicky-vicci victoria-evans victoria-gold victoria-knight victoria-luna victoria-paris victoria-slick victoria-zdrok viper virginie-caprice vivian-valentine vivien-martines wendi-white wendy-divine whitney-banks whitney-fears whitney-wonders wonder-tracey wow-nikki xanthia-berstein yasmine-fitzgerald yelena-shieffer yvonne-green zara-whites zsanett-egerhazi zuzie-boobies

"Can't Happen Here" – Atreyu (2008) "Caped Crusader" – Jello Biafra with the Melvins (2004) "Capital G" – Nine Inch Nails (2007) "Captain Sterling's Little Problem" – The Coup (2007) "Cheney's Toy" – James McMurtry (2008) "Cinnamon Girl" – Prince (2004) "Civilian Ways" – Rancid (2009) "Clenching the Fists of Dissent" – Machine Head (2007) "Condi, Condi" – Steve Earle (2004) "Confrontation" – OTEP (2008) "Counting Bodies Like Sheep to the Rhythm of the War Drums – A Perfect Circle (2004) "Courtesy of the Red, White and Blue (The Angry American) - Toby Keith (2002) "Dad's Gonna Kill Me" – Richard Thompson (2007) "Dark Side of the Sun" – Tori Amos (2007) "Day After Tomorrow" – Tom Waits (2004) "Dead Man Walking" – Bloodsimple (2007) "Dear Mr. President" – Pink (2007) "Deja Vu (All Over Again)" – John Fogerty (2004) "Desert Angel" – Stevie Nicks (1991) "Desert Storm" – Devinshire (2009) "Devils & Dust" – Bruce Springsteen (2005) "Dirty Bombs" – Body Count (2006) "Dirty Harry" – Gorillaz (2005) "Don't Make Me a Target" – Spoon (2007) "Dress Blues" – Jason Isbell (2007) "The Drums of War" – Jackson Browne (2008) "Everybody's Gone to War" – Nerina Pallot (2006) "The Empire Strikes First" – Bad Religion (2004) "Empty Walls" – Serj Tankian (2007) "Exit Strategy" – Valient Thorr (2006) "For the Greater Good of God" – Iron Maiden (2006) The Rising (album) – Bruce Springsteen (2002) "Fall Dog Bombs the Moon" – David Bowie (2003) "Fallujah" – Terry Sutton Conspiracy (2011) "Far from Home" – Five Finger Death Punch (2009) "Fertile Cresent" – Bad Religion (1991) "Final Straw" – R.E.M. (2004) "Final Transmission" – Street Dogs (2006) "Follow The Leader" – Pete Kronowitt (1993) "Franco Un-American" – NOFX (2003) "Friends in the Armed Forces" – Thursday (2008) "Frontlines" – Soulfly (2005) "Fuck a War" – Geto Boys (1991) "The General" – Dispatch (1998) "George W. Told The Nation" – Tom Paxton (2007) "The Getaway" – Voivod (2006) "God is not with You !" – Ira dei (2008) Belgium "Gulf War Song" – Moxy Früvous (1994) "Gunslinger" – Avenged Sevenfold (2007) "Hammerhead" – The Offspring (2008) "The Hand That Feeds" – Nine Inch Nails (2005) "Hard-On for War" – Mudhoney (2006) "Harrowdown Hill" – Thom Yorke (2006) "Hands Held High" – Linkin Park (2007) "Heaven is Falling" – Bad Religion (1992) "Hero of War" – Rise Against (2008) "Hey Ma" – James (2008) "Highwire" – Rolling Stones (1991) "Holiday" – Green Day (2004) "Holy War" – Matthew Sweet (1991) "Home to Houston" – Steve Earle (2004) "The Holidays Are Here (And We're Still at War)" – Brett Dennen (2006) "How Much Do You Suck?" – The Jeevas (2003) "How Much Longer" – Paul Leary (1991) "I Can't Take It No More" – John Fogerty (2007) "I Saw Him Laying There" – Dawn Called Malice (2003) "Illegal Attacks" – Ian Brown (2007) "In a World Gone Mad" – Beastie Boys (2003) "Jacob's Ladder" – Chumbawumba (2002) "Jerusalem" – Steve Earle (2002) "Jesus Walks" – Kanye West (2004) "John Walker's Blues" – Steve Earle (2002) "Job Well Done" – Rob Lincoln (1991) "Kimdir O" – Baris Akarsu "Leaving Beirut" – Roger Waters (2004) "Left Right" - The Chemical Brothers "Let Them Eat War" – Bad Religion (2004) "Let's Get Free" – Sheryl Crow (2003) "Let's Impeach the President" – Neil Young (2006) "Letter from a Soldier" – Andy T. (2012) "Letter from Iraq" – Bouncing Souls (2006) "Letters from Home" – John Michael Montgomery (2004) "Lift the Veil, Kiss the Tank" – The Blood Brothers (2006) "Light Up Ya Lighter" – Michael Franti (2006) "Love Me, I'm a Liberal" – Kevin Devine (2008) "Mama" – Godsmack (2006) "The Man Who Would Be King" – Dio (2004) "Medals of Gold" – Robert Lawrence (2009) "Midnight Oil" – Dawn Called Malice (2003) "The Mob Goes Wild" - Clutch (2004) "Mosh" – Eminem (2004) "My Girlfriend is a Lefty" – Dawn Called Malice (2003) "No End In Sight" – Toto (1999) "No Human No Fly" – April Hole (2002) "No More" – Bob Seger (2006) "No Time Flat" – Kevin Devine (2005) "No War" – Esham (2003) "Not a Bad Man" – Patty Griffin (2013) "Not In My Name" – Saul Williams (2003) "Now You've Got Something to Die For" – Lamb of God (2004) "On The Backs of Angels" – Dream Theater (2011) "On With the Song" – Mary Chapin Carpenter (2007) "Open Invitation (I Hate You bin Laden)" – Jackyl (2001) "Osama Yo' Mama" – Ray Stevens (2002) "Out Of Time" – Blur (2003) "Overburdened" – Disturbed (2005) "People Of The Lie" – KMFDM (2009) "Planet of the Rice" – Dawn Called Malice (2003) "Please Freeze Me" – Dawn Called Malice (2003) "Politik" - Coldplay (2003) "Prophets of War" – Dream Theater (2007) "Redemption Day" – Sheryl Crow (1996) "Rhinoceros" – Sky Destroyers (2015) "Rich Man's War" – Steve Earle (2004) "Rumors of War" – High on Fire (2007) "Sacrificed Sons" – Dream Theater (2005) "Sacred Lie" – Disturbed (2005) "Saraba" – The Gazette (2004) "Shock and Awe" – Neil Young (2006) "Skylines and Turnstiles" – My Chemical Romance (2002) "Slap Leather" – James Taylor (1991) "Square Dance" – Eminem (2002) "Stand Up" – Flobots (2007) "Still Waiting" – Sum 41 (2002) "Succexy" – Metric (2005) "A Taste of Money" – Dawn Called Malice (2003)* "The Evil Has Landed" – Testament (2005) "Tehran" – The Offspring (1989) "This Is War" – Smile Empty Soul (2003) "This Is War" – Thirty Seconds to Mars (2009) "Trot Out the Dead" – Hammers of Misfortune (2006) "To Kill the Child" – Roger Waters (2004) "Too Many Puppies" – Primus (1991) "Too Much Rope" – Roger Waters (1992) "Turkey Shoot" – Killdozer (1994) "Twenty" – Robert Cray (2005) "Two Weeks From Twenty" – Yellowcard (2006) "Victory Stinks" – Jello Biafra and the Guantanamo School of Medicine (2011) "Violent & Young" – Iglu & Hartly (2008) "Walk On" – Hilltop Hoods (2003) "War on War" – Wilco (2002) "Wargasm" – L7 (1992) "Warzone" – Pagoda (2012) "War Is a Wonderful Thing" – Real West (2005) "What are we fighting for" – Live (2003) "What More Can I Give" – Michael Jackson & Various Artists (2001) "When the President Talks to God" – Bright Eyes (2005) "Where is the Love" – The Black Eyed Peas (Featuring Justin Timberlake) (2004) "Where Were You (When the World Stopped Turning)" – Alan Jackson (2001) "Where'd You Go" - Fort Minor (2006) "White People For Peace" – Against Me! (2007) "White Flag Warrior" – Flobots ft. Tim McIlrath (2010) "Wipe that Smile Off Your Face" – Our Lady Peace (2005) "Words I Never Said" – Lupe Fiasco (2011) "World Wide Suicide" – Pearl Jam (2006) "Waiting on the World to Change" – John Mayer (2006) "Worker Bees" – Billy Talent (2006) "WWIII" – KMFDM (2003) "Yellowcake" – Ministry (2006) "Yellow Ledbetter" – Pearl Jam (1992) "Yo George" – Tori Amos (2007) "You Shoulda Killed Me Last Year" – Ice-T (1991) "Your Silence" – Suicide Machines (2003) Traditional music[edit] Apart from the various genres of modern music, some traditional and contemporary folk songs reflect the futile efforts of war and the attitudes of objectors prior to the major wars of the 20th century. Some of these include: "Ain't Gonna Study War No More" also known as "Down by the Riverside", and with a similar tune as "Hand Me down My Walking Cane" – African-American traditional anti-war song recorded by The Weavers and many other people. "Arthur McBride" – While first curated in the 19th century, this song likely came into existence during the 17th century in response to the War of the Grand Alliance, or especially the Williamite War in Ireland, after which the Irish Jacobite army was sent to France as agreed in the Treaty of Limerick on 3 October 1691. "The Cruel War" – Made famous in its current form by Pete Seeger and Peter Paul and Mary, this anti-war song has roots at least as far back as the American Civil War, and probably to an older English song.[5] "Johnny I Hardly Knew Ye" – Irish traditional anti-war and anti-recruiting song that was the basis for the song "When Johnny Comes Marching Home", and recorded as "Fighting for Strangers" by Steeleye Span. "Kannoneer Jaburek" – popular Czech song mocking war heroism, referring to the events of the 1866 Austro-Prussian War "Lincoln's Army" – The Irish Rovers "Lowlands of Holland" – traditional recorded by Martin Carthy "Paddy's Lamentation" – an Irish song dating back to the US Civil War.[6] "The Foggy Dew" – an Irish song comparing the loss of Irish soldiers killed during the 1916 Easter Rising and World War 1, made famous Which Way to Peace? – Bertrand Russell, 1936.[14] White Flash, Black Rain: Women of Japan Relive the Bomb – L. Vance-Watkins and A. Mariko, eds., 1995 Why Didn't You Have To Go To Vietnam, Daddy? – (Steve Wilken) Starving Writers Publishing 2009 Why Men Fight – Bertrand Russell, 1916.[14] "Women, Power, and the Biology of Peace" - Judith Hand, 2003[citation needed] Writings Against Power and Death – Alex Comfort, 1994. Anthologies of Anti-War Writing[edit] Instead of Violence: Writings by the Great Advocates of Peace and Nonviolence throughout History – edited by Arthur Weinberg and Lila Shaffer Weinberg, 1963.[13][28] The Pacifist Conscience – edited by Peter Mayer, 1966.[13] Peace is the Way : writings on nonviolence from the Fellowship of Reconciliation - edited by Walter Wink [29] Juvenile fiction[edit] Children of the Book – Peter Carter, 1982[30] The Clay Marble – Minfong Ho novel, 1991 Ender's Game – Orson Scott Card novel, 1985 Fallen Angels – Walter Dean Myers novel, 1988 Habibi – Naomi Shihab Nye novel, 1997 I Had Seen Castles – Cynthia Rylant, 1993 Soldier's Heart: A Novel of the Civil War – Gary Paulsen novel, 1998 The Butter Battle Book – Dr. Seuss, 1984 Sunrise over Fallujah – Walter Dean Myers, 2008 War Horse – Michael Morpurgo, 1982 When the Horses Ride By: Children in the Times of War – Greenfield, Gilchrist poems and illus., 2006 Juvenile non-fiction[edit] Ain't Gonna Study War No More: The Story of America's Peace Seekers – Milton Meltzer, 2002 Lines in the Sand: New Writing on War and Peace – Hoffman and Lassister, eds. essays, stories, poems, 2003 Operation Warhawks: How Young People Become Warriors – Terrence Webster-Doyle, 1993 Some Reasons for War: How Families, Myths and Warfare Are Connected – Sue Mansfield, 1988 A Little Peace – Barbara Kerley, 2007 Paths to Peace: People Who Changed the World – Jane Breskin Zalben, 2004 Peace One Day – Jeremy Gilley, 2005 V[edit] Jo Vallentine (born 1946) – Australian politician and peace activist Mordechai Vanunu (born 1954) – Israeli whistleblower Lanza del Vasto (1901–1981) – Gandhian, philosopher, poet, nonviolent activist Stellan Vinthagen (born 1964) Swedish anti-war and nonviolent resistance scholar-activist Kurt Vonnegut (1922–2007) – American anti-war and anti-nuclear writer and protestor return to table of contents W[edit] Jody Williams John Wallach (1943–2002) – journalist, founder of Seeds of Peace Alyn Ware (born 1962) – New Zealand peace educator and campaigner, global coordinator for Parliamentarians for Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament since 2002 Owen Wilkes (1940–2005) – New Zealand peace researcher and activist Jody Williams (born 1950) – American anti-landmine advocate and organizer, Nobel peace laureate Brian Willson (born 1941) – American veteran, peace activist and lawyer Lawrence S. Wittner (born 1941) – peace historian, researcher, and movement activist Walter Wolfgang (born 1923) – German-born British activist return to table of contents Y[edit] Peter Yarrow (born 1938) – American singer/songwriter, anti-war activist Adam Yauch (1964–2012) – Musician, Buddhist, advocate for peace Neil Young (born 1945) – singer/songwriter, anti-war advocate, other causes Edip Yüksel (born 1957) – Kurdish-Turkish-American lawyer/author, Islamic peace proponent return to table of contents Z[edit] Alfred-Maurice de Zayas (born 1947) – historian, lawyer in international law and human rights, vociferous critic of military interventions and the use of torture Howard Zinn (1922–2010) – historian, writer, peace advocate Confucius Peace Prize Gandhi Peace Award Gandhi Peace Prize El-Hibri Peace Education Prize Firmin Sword of Peace (formerly the Wilkinson Sword of Peace) Peace Prize of the German Book Trade International Children's Peace Prize International Peace Prize Joliot-Curie Medal (and others) awarded by the World Peace Council Lenin Peace Prize (formerly the Stalin Peace Prize) National Malala Peace Prize Niwano Peace Prize Nobel Peace Prize Otto Hahn Peace Medal in Gold Pacem in Terris Award Paul Bartlett Ré Peace Prize Peace Medal of the Third World dispensed by the United Nations Pfeffer Peace Prize dispensed by the Fellowship of Reconciliation Ramon Magsaysay Award Sean MacBride Peace Prize Seoul Peace Prize Sydney Peace Prize Student Peace Prize Templeton Prize Thomas Merton Award UNESCO Prize for Peace Education United Nations Queensland Community Award War Resisters League Peace Award Wateler Peace Prize World Peace Prize Criticism[edit] It has been felt[by whom?] that the Peace Prize has been awarded in a reactionary[clarification needed] way for more recent or immediate achievements, or with the intention of encouraging future achievements.[16][17] Some commentators have suggested that to award a peace prize on the basis of unquantifiable contemporary opinion is unjust or possibly erroneous, especially as many of the judges cannot themselves be said to be impartial observers.[18] In 2011, a feature story in the Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten contended that major criticisms of the award were that the Norwegian Nobel Committee ought to recruit members from professional and international backgrounds, rather than retired members of parliament; that there is too little openness about the criteria that the committee uses when they choose a recipient of the prize; and that the adherence to Nobel's will should be more strict. In the article, Norwegian historian Øivind Stenersen argues that Norway has been able to use the prize as an instrument for nation building and furthering Norway's foreign policy and economic interests.[19] In another 2011 Aftenposten opinion article, the grandson of one of Nobel's two brothers, Michael Nobel, also criticised what he believed to be the politicisation of the award, claiming that the Nobel Committee has not always acted in accordance with Nobel's will.[20] Criticism summed up in the books of Norwegian lawyer Fredrik S. Heffermehl has instigated a call by 16 prominent Scandinavians for a criminal investigation.[21] Criticism of individual conferments[edit] Main article: Nobel Prize controversies Barack Obama with Thorbjørn Jagland Barack Obama with Thorbjørn Jagland at the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize ceremony From left-to-right, Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin receiving the 1994 Nobel Peace Prize following the Oslo Accords Nobel Peace Prize 2001 United Nations - diploma in the lobby of the United Nations Headquarters in New York City The awards given to Mikhail Gorbachev,[22] Yitzhak Rabin, Shimon Peres, Menachem Begin and Yasser Arafat,[23][24] Lê Ð?c Th?, Henry Kissinger,[25] Jimmy Carter,[26] Al Gore,[27] IPCC,[28] Liu Xiaobo,[29][30][31] Barack Obama,[32][33][34][35] and the European Union[36] have all been the subject of controversy. The awards given to Lê Ð?c Th? and Henry Kissinger prompted two dissenting Committee members to resign.[37] Th? refused to accept the prize, on the grounds that peace had not actually been achieved in Vietnam. Notable omissions[edit] Foreign Policy has listed Mahatma Gandhi, Eleanor Roosevelt, U Thant, Václav Havel, Ken Saro-Wiwa, Fazle Hasan Abed, Sari Nusseibeh, and Corazon Aquino as people who "never won the prize, but should have".[38][39] Other notable omissions that have drawn criticism include Pope John Paul II,[40] Hélder Câmara,[41] and Dorothy Day.[42] (Both Eleanor Roosevelt and Dorothy Day were recipients of the Gandhi Peace Award.) It was widely reported that Irena Sendler had been nominated for the 2007 prize, which was jointly awarded to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Al Gore.[43][44] The omission of Mahatma Gandhi has been particularly widely discussed, including in public statements by various members of the Nobel Committee.[45][46] The Committee has confirmed that Gandhi was nominated in 1937, 1938, 1939, 1947, and, finally, a few days before his death in January 1948.[47] The omission has been publicly regretted by later members of the Nobel Committee.[45] Geir Lundestad, Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee in 2006 said, "The greatest omission in our 106-year history is undoubtedly that Mahatma Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace prize. Gandhi could do without the Nobel Peace prize, whether Nobel committee can do without Gandhi is the question".[48] In 1948, following Gandhi's death, the Nobel Committee declined to award a prize on the ground that "there was no suitable living candidate" that year. Later, when the Dalai Lama was awarded the Peace Prize in 1989, the chairman of the committee said that this was "in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi."[49] 8 External links 9 See also History[edit] The NLD was formed in the aftermath of the 8888 Uprising, a series of protests in favour of democracy which took place in 1988 and was ended when the military took control of the country in a coup. It formed under the leadership of Aung San Suu Kyi, daughter of Aung San, a pivotal figure in the Burmese independence movement of the 1940s. She was recruited by concerned democracy advocates. In the 1990 parliamentary elections, the party took 59% of the vote and won 392 out of 492 contested seats, compared to 10 seats won by the governing National Unity Party.[11] However, the ruling military junta (formerly SLORC, later known as the State Peace and Development Council or SPDC) did not let the party form a government.[12] Soon after the election, the party was repressed and in 1989 Suu Kyi was placed under house arrest. This was her status for 16 of the following 21 years until her release on 13 November 2010. A number of senior NLD members escaped arrest, however, and formed the National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma (NCGUB). In 2001, the government permitted NLD office branches to re-open throughout Burma and freed some imprisoned members.[13] In May 2002, NLD's general secretary, Aung San Suu Kyi was again released from house arrest. She and other NLD members made numerous trips throughout the country and received support from the public. However, on their trip to Depayin township in May 2003, dozens of NLD members were shot and killed in a government sponsored massacre. Its general secretary, Aung San Suu Kyi and her deputy, U Tin Oo were again arrested.[14] From 2004, the government prohibited the activities of the party. In 2006, many members resigned from NLD, citing harassment and pressure from the Tatmadaw (Armed Forces) and the Union Solidarity and Development Association. The NLD boycotted the general election held in November 2010 because many of its most prominent members were barred from standing. The laws were written in such a way that the party would have had to expel these members to be allowed to run. This decision, taken in May, led to the party being officially banned.[7] A splinter group named the National Democratic Force broke away from the NLD to contest the elections,[15] but secured less than 3% of the vote. The election was won in a landslide by the military-backed USDP and was described by Barack Obama as "stolen".[16] Discussions were held between Suu Kyi and the Burmese government during 2011, which led to a number of official gestures to meet her demands. In October, around a tenth of Burma's political prisoners were freed in an amnesty and trade unions were legalised.[17][18] On 18 November 2011, following a meeting of its leaders, the NLD announced its intention to re-register as a political party in order contend 48 by-elections necessitated by the promotion of parliamentarians to ministerial rank.[19] Following the decision, Suu Kyi held a telephone conference with Barack Obama, in which it was agreed that Secretary of State Hillary Clinton would make a visit to Burma, a move received with caution by Burma's ally China.[20] The visit took place on 30 November.[21] European Union vice-president Catherine Ashton welcomed the possibility of "fair and transparent" elections in Burma, and said that the EU would be reviewing its foreign policy towards the country.[22] Party platform[edit] National League for Democracy's headquarters in Yangon (before reconstruction) The party advocates a non-violent movement towards multi-party democracy in Burma, under military rule from 1962 to 2011.[23] The party also supports human rights (including broad-based freedom of speech), the rule of law, and national reconciliation.[24] In a speech of 13 March 2012, Suu Kyi demanded, in addition to the above, independence of the judiciary, full freedom for the media, and increasing social benefits to include legal aid. She also claimed amendments to the constitution of 2008, drafted with the input of the armed forces. She stated that its mandatory granting of 25 per cent of seats in parliament to appointed military representatives is undemocratic.[25] Party symbols[edit] The party flag features the peacock, a prominent symbol of Burma. The dancing peacock (the peacock in courtship or in display of his feathers) was numerously featured in Burma monarchic flags as well as other nationalist symbols in the country.[26] The fighting peacock is associated with decades-long democratic struggle against military dictatorship in the country. The latter closely resembles a green peafowl, as it has a tufted crest. The NLD party symbol is adopted from the Myanmar (Burmese) Student Union flag. This student union organised since the uprising against British colonial rule in Burma, years before the independence of Burma in 1948, had played a major political role in Burma and Daw Aung San Suu Kyi's late father Bogyoke Aung San (General Aung San) was one of the former presidents of the Rangoon University Student Union. The party emblem is a traditional bamboo hat (??????).[27] Teddy Buri Karenni State Khun Marko Ban Shan State Dr. Zahleithang Chin State Tha Noe Arakan State Politics and actions[edit] The Bommersvik Declarations[edit] Subsequent to the 1995 convention the Elected Representatives of the Union of Burma returned to Bommersvik in 2002. The following two landmark declarations were the product of their deliberations.[4][5][6] Bommersvik Declaration I[edit] In 1995, during the first convention that lasted from 16–23 July, the Representatives issued the Bommersvik Declaration I with the following preamble:[3] We, the representatives of the people of Burma, elected in the 27 May 1990 general elections, meeting at the First Convention of Elected Representatives from the liberated areas of Burma, hereby - Warmly welcome the unconditional release of 1991 Nobel Peace laureate Daw Aung San Suu Kyi on 10 July 1995; Thank all who have worked tirelessly and consistently for the release of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and the cause of democracy in Burma; Applaud Daw Aung San Suu Kyi's determination, in spite of having spent 6 years under house arrest, to continue to work to bring true democracy to Burma; Welcome Daw Aung San Suu Kyi's return to politics to take up the mantle of her father, General Aung San, in Burma's second struggle for independence;... —?The Elected Representatives of the Union of Burma Bommersvik Declaration II[edit] In 2002, during the second convention that lasted from 25 February to 1 March, the Representatives issued the Bommersvik Declaration II with the following introductory passage:[7][8] We, the representatives of the people of Burma, elected in the 27 May 1990 general elections presently serving as members of the National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma and/or the Members of Parliament Union, meeting at the Convention of Elected Representatives held in Bommersvik for the second time, hereby reaffirm - Our Mandate, Position, and Strategic Objectives - that we will never ignore the will of the Burmese people expressed through the May 1990 general elections; - that the military’s refusal to honor the election results does not in any way diminish the validity of these results..... —?The Elected Representatives of the Union of Burma NCGUB's Future Constitution for the Union of Burma[edit] The NCGUB Proposed First Draft Constitution was published by the National Council of the Union of Burma (NCUB) in December 1997 with the following preamble:[9][10] We, the people of the Union of Burma have clear aspirations on the establishment of basic human rights, the guaranteeing of democratic rights and the rights of all the ethnic nationalities, lasting peace, and in the formation of a union of multiple States that will generate prosperity and unity . We aspire to establish a representative government in accordance with a constitution which defends, protects and upholds the rights of all Jogaila – the ruler of Lithuania – from to together with Vytautas the king of Poland – Jonušas Radvila – the field hetman of Grand Duchy of Lithuania – Dalia Grybauskaite – current President of Lithuania since Valdas Adamkus – President of Lithuania till Jonas Basanavicius – "father" of the Act of Independence of Algirdas Brazauskas – the former First secretary of Central Committee of Communist Party of Lithuanian SSR the former president of Lithuania after and former Prime Minister of Lithuania Joe Fine – mayor of Marquette Michigan – Kazys Grinius – politician third President of Lithuania Mykolas Krupavicius – priest behind the land reform in interwar Lithuania Vytautas Landsbergis – politician professor leader of Sajudis the independence movement former speaker of Seimas member of European Parliament Stasys Lozoraitis – diplomat and leader of Lithuanian government in exile – Stasys Lozoraitis junior – politician diplomat succeeded his father as leader of Lithuanian government in exile – Antanas Merkys – the last Prime Minister of interwar Lithuania Rolandas Paksas – former President removed from the office after impeachment Justas Paleckis – journalist and politician puppet Prime Minister after Soviet occupation Kazimiera Prunskiene – the first female Prime Minister Mykolas Sleževicius – three times Prime Minister organized

people, based on freedom, equality before the law, fairness, peace, and the rule of law. Based on these aspirations, we steadfastly resolve to live together in peace and harmony in this free and fully sovereign Federal Union of Burma, and we accept and adopt this Constitution as the highest law of the Federal Union. Chin National League for Democracy 51,277 0.3 3 Union Paoh National Organisation 43,214 0.3 3 Arkan People's Democratic Front 31,620 0.3 0 Union Danu League for Democracy Party 23,145 0.1 1 Ta-ang National League for Democracy 22,223 0.1 2 Democratic Organisation for Kayah National Unity 16,580 0.1 2 Lahu National Development Party 15,794 0.1 1 Kachin State National Congress for Democracy 13,994 0.1 3 Mro (Khami) National Solidarity Organisation 12,578 0.1 1 Zomi National Congress 12,372 0.1 2 Kaya State Nationalities League for Democracy 11,664 0.1 2 Naga Hills Regional Progressive Party 10,612 0.1 2 Kaman National League for Democracy 10,596 0.1 1 Graduates and Old Students Democratic Association 10,508 0.1 1 United Nationalities League for Democracy 8,929 0.1 1 Shan State Kokango Democratic Party 7,392 0.1 1 Karen State National Organisation 6,401 0 1 Mara People's Party 592,958 3.9 1 Patriotic Old Comrades' League 1 61 other parties 0 Independents 151,763 1.0 6 Vacant – – 7 Invalid/blank votes 1,865,918 12.3 – – Total 15,112,524 100 492 100 Registered voters/turnout 20,818,313 72.6 – – Source: Nohlen et al. Aftermath[edit] Initially, the junta said it would honour the results of the Constituent Assembly election, but would not relinquish power until a new constitution had been drafted, which could take up to two years.[15] However later the government, surprised at the outcome, annulled the results and many opposition politicians went into exile, with some forming the National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma.[16] Two months after the election, the SLORC issued Order 1/90, explaining it had legitimacy to rule as it was recognised by the United Nations and individual countries, as well as ensuring it would prevent the break-up of the Union.[17] It required all parties to recognise and accept the Order, and many opposition figures who refused were arrested.[17] 2 Coercion 3 Landslide victory 4 References Examples[edit] Examples of such elections are Elections in Fascist Italy in 1929 and 1934, elections in Nazi Germany, most Communist states (East Germany, the Soviet Union, China, North Korea, etc.), Baathist Iraq and Islamic Republic of Iran. A predetermined conclusion is always established by the regime, either through suppression of the opposition, coercion of voters, vote rigging, forged number of "votes received" (e.g. the State of Vietnam referendum, 1955), or some combination. In an extreme example Charles D. B. King of Liberia claimed he received 243,000 votes in the 1927 general election, which exceeded the number of eligible voters over 15 times.[citation needed] Coercion[edit] Ballots in a show election may contain only one "yes" option. In the case of a simple "yes or no" question, people who pick "no" are often persecuted, thus making the "yes" choice the only option (false dilemma). An example of this is the elections of the People's Parliaments in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in 1940 shortly after the Soviet occupation of the Baltic states; those who voted received stamps in their passport for voting and those who did not vote did not receive stamps and were persecuted as an enemy of the people.[1] In some cases, show elections can backfire against the party in power, especially if the regime believes they are popular enough to win without coercion or fraud. See, for example, the Burmese general election, 1990. Landslide victory[edit] A show election is not to be confused with elections with a landslide victory. Sometimes a legitimate and fair election may result in a landslide victory, in which the election is won by an overwhelming margin. (It happened twice in Canada that a political party won all the seats in a provincial election, resulting in a legislature without an opposition party.) Anderson, Margaret Lavinia. Practicing Democracy: Elections and Political Culture in Imperial Germany (2000)[90] Ziblatt, Daniel. "Shaping Democratic Practice and the Causes of Electoral Fraud: The Case of Nineteenth-Century Germany." American Political Science Review (2009) 103#1 pp 1–21. Great Britain[edit] Gash, Norman. Politics in the Age of Peel: A Study in the Technique of Parliamentary Representation 1830-1850 (1953) O'Gorman, Frank. Voters, Patrons and Parties: The Unreformed Electoral System of Hanoverian England, 1734-1832 (Oxford, 1989). Harling, Philip. "Rethinking "Old Corruption," Past & Present (1995) No. 147 pp. 127–158[91] Namier, Lewis Bernstein. The structure of politics at the accession of George III (London: Macmillan, 1957) O'Leary, Cornelius. The elimination of corrupt practices in British elections, 1868-1911 (Clarendon Press, 1962) Latin America[edit] Hartlyn, Jonathan, and Arturo Valenzuela, "Democracy in Latin America since 1930," in Leslie Bethell, ed. Latin America: Politics and Society since 1930 (1998), 3-66. Molina, Iván and Fabrice Lehoucq. "Political Competition and Electoral Fraud: A Latin American Case Study," Journal of Interdisciplinary History (1999) 30#2 pp 199–234[92] Posada-Carbó, Eduardo. "Electoral Juggling: A Comparative History of the Corruption of Suffrage in Latin America, 1830-1930." Journal of Latin American Studies (2000): 611-644. Ricci, Paolo. "‘Beheading’, Rule Manipulation and Fraud: The Approval of Election Results in Brazil, 1894–1930." Journal of Latin American Studies (2012) 44#3 pp 495-521. Silva, Marcos Fernandes da. "The political economy of corruption in Brazil." Revista de Administração de Empresas (1999) 39#3 pp 26–41. Turkey[edit] Meyersson, Erik. "Is Something Rotten In Ankara’s Mayoral Election? A Very Preliminary Statistical Analysis" (2014)[93] Meyersson, Erik. "Trouble in Turkey’s Elections" (2014)[94] Meyersson, Erik. "Capital Fraud in Turkey? Evidence from Citizen Initiatives" (2014)[95] United States[edit] Argersinger, Peter H. "New perspectives on election fraud in the Gilded Age." Political Science Quarterly (1985) 100#4 pp 669–687[96] Campbell, Tracy. Deliver the Vote: A History of Election Fraud, An American Political Tradition, 1742-2004 (Basic Books, 2005) Fackler, Tim, and Tse-min Lin. "Political corruption and presidential elections, 1929-1992." Journal of Politics 57 (1995): 971-993.[97] Mayfield, Loomis. "Voting Fraud in Early Twentieth-Century Pittsburgh," Journal of Interdisciplinary History (1993) 29#1 59-84[98] Morris Jr., Roy. Fraud of the Century: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel Tilden, and the Stolen Election of 1876 (2007)[99] Summers, Mark Wahlgren. Party Games: Getting, Keeping, and Using Power in Gilded Age Politics (2003)[100] Summers, Mark Wahlgren. The Era of Good Stealings (1993), covers corruption 1868-1877 Sydnor, Charles. Gentlemen Freeholders: Political Practices in Washington's Virginia (1952), 18th century Ambox current red.svg This article is outdated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2010) Main article: Electoral registration in the United Kingdom In the UK voter registration is compulsory,[9] but the requirement to register is rarely enforced.[10] The current[when?] system of registration in the United Kingdom (UK), introduced by the Labour government is known as rolling registration whereby electors can register with a local authority at any time of the year. This replaced the twice-yearly census of electors which often disenfranchised those who had moved during the interval between censuses. Across the country, the registration of electors is still technically the responsibility of the head of household, a concept seen by some as being out of step with modern society. This current[when?] system is controversial as it is possible for one person to delete people who may live with them from the electoral roll; as of January 2012, mandatory individual registration, pursuant to the Political Parties and Elections Act 2009, was anticipated.[11] A feasibility study for electronic individual voter registration (IVR), based on the experience of international nations, was undertaken by EURIM (Information Society Alliance), following an invitation in 2010; the final report was released in 2011.[12] According to the House of Commons Hansard from 16 January 2012, the IVR initiative is yet to be implemented in the UK, with discussion of the Northern Irish experience, whereby individual voter registration levels significantly decreased following the introduction of an IVR policy, having taken place.[13] In an experiment in Northern Ireland using personal identifiers, such as National Insurance numbers and signatures, the number of registered electors fell by some ten thousand; it was understood that this may have taken off the electoral roll fictitious voters.[citation needed] Registration is mandatory pursuant to section 23 of the Representation of the People (England and Wales) Regulations 2001 (No. 341) and violators are liable on summary conviction and face a maximum fine of £1,000. Voters must be on the electoral roll in order to vote in national, local or European elections. A fixed address is also required in order for an individual to vote in an election; if someone wishes to vote but lacks a fixed address, they may register to vote by filling in a 'Declaration of local connection' form. This establishes a connection to the area based on the last fixed address someone had, or the place where they are likely to spend a substantial amount of their time (e.g. a homeless shelter).[14] A voting card is sent to each registrant shortly before any elections. This does not need to be taken to the polling station, instead it serves to remind individuals of the exact details they provided to the electoral register.[15] United States[edit] A group of African-American children gather around a sign and booth to register voters. Early 1960s. While the federal government has jurisdiction over federal elections, most election laws are decided at the state level. The United States Constitution prohibits states from restricting voting rights in ways that infringe on a person's right to equal protection under the law (14th Amendment), on the basis of race (15th Amendment), on the basis of gender (19th Amendment), or on the basis of age for persons age 18 and older (26th Amendment). The administration of elections can vary widely across jurisdictions. Voters register at the county level; citizens are not automatically registered, as in some countries. Every state except North Dakota requires that citizens who wish to vote be registered, although local jurisdictions in North Dakota can create such a requirement.[16] Traditionally, voters have had to register at government offices to vote, but in the mid-1990s the federal government made registering easier, in an attempt to increase turnout. The most prominent example was the National Voter Registration Act of 1993, also known as the "Motor Voter" law, which forced state governments to provide uniform opt-in registration services through drivers' license registration centers, disability centers, schools, libraries, and mail-in registration. In 2015 Oregon made voter registration fully automatic (opt out) when issuing driver licenses and ID cards. [17] Some states allow Election Day voter registration, where voters can register at polling places immediately prior to voting. The following states, having implemented same-day registration, are exempt from "Motor Voter" mandates: Idaho, Minnesota, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. In other states, voters must register by a certain amount of time before the election. Political parties and other organizations sometimes hold voter registration drives, organized efforts to register groups of new voters. An increasing number of states have begun to allow voter registration to take place entirely online. As of June 2014, online voter registration is currently available in 17[18] states: Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Illinois,[19] Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, Nevada, Oregon, South Carolina, Utah, Virginia and Washington, with a further three states (Hawaii, Nebraska, and West Virginia) in the process of implementing online voter registration. A 2012 study by The Pew Charitable Trusts estimates that 24% of the voting-eligible population in the United States are not registered to vote, a percentage that represents "at least 51 million eligible U.S. citizens."[20][21] Only US citizens have the right to vote in federal elections.[22] In a few cases, permanent residents ("green card" holders) have registered to vote and have cast ballots, generally without realizing that doing so was illegal. Non-citizens convicted in criminal court of having made a false claim of citizenship for the purpose of registering to vote in a federal election can be fined and imprisoned for up to a year. Deportation and removal proceedings have resulted in several such cases.[23] Some states prohibit convicted felons from voting, a practice known as felony disenfranchisement. Of these states, some prohibit voting only during parole or probation but allow voting after. Other states[which?] ban felons from voting for life.[24][full citation needed] In many states, citizens registering to vote may declare an affiliation with a political party.[25] This declaration of affiliation does not cost money, and does not make the citizen a dues-paying member of a party. A party cannot prevent a voter from declaring his or her affiliation with them, but it can refuse requests for full membership. In some states, only voters affiliated with a party may vote in that party's primary elections. Declaring a party affiliation is never required. Some states, including Georgia, Michigan, Minnesota, Virginia, Wisconsin, and Washington, practice non-partisan registration.[26] 2 Goals 3 Collections 4 External links Background[edit] In the spring of 1964 Dorothy I. Height, President of the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW), working with NCNW volunteer Polly Cowan, came up with the idea of sending weekly teams of northern women to Mississippi. The teams were interracial and interfaith. They would leave for Mississippi on a Tuesday and return on a Thursday. There all day on Wednesday, the program was known as "Wednesdays in Mississippi." Competent, well connected, and educated, these women worked with Freedom Summer and the Freedom Schools. In 1964, Height and Cowan brought Doris Wilson and Susie Goodwillie into Wednesdays in Mississippi to direct the project from Jackson, Mississippi. The black women from the north visited with black women from the south; the white women from the north reached out to white women in the south. The women from the north went home with a fresh commitment to social and racial justice. In 1965 they came again, this time on a more professional level, speaking teacher to teacher and social worker to social worker. In 1966 Wednesdays in Mississippi became Workshops in Mississippi, an ongoing effort to help black women and families, and poor white women and families, achieve economic self-betterment. Goals[edit] The women of Wednesdays in Mississippi had many goals: racial justice; inter-racial, inter-regional, and inter-faith communications; working across racial and religious boundaries, opening the closed society of Mississippi; supporting the freedom schools and voter registration; helping poor women in Mississippi learn how to help themselves, how to achieve economic self-sufficiency. They taught poor women how to survive in a society where the cotton economy had collapsed for poor tenants and laborers, and where a viable new economic structure not yet developed; and expanding the horizons and commitments of the northern women. 2012 February 26 – Shooting of Trayvon Martin by George Zimmerman in Sanford, Florida. December 1 – Journalist A. F. James MacArthur arrested at his house by a SWAT team. 2013 January 20 – Barack Obama is sworn in for his second term as president. March 9 – New York police officers shoot 16-year-old Kimani Gray, triggering weeks of protests in Brooklyn May 9 – Malcolm Shabazz killed in Mexico. May 2 – FBI promotes Assata Shakur to list of "most wanted terrorists". June 24 – State of Florida v. George Zimmerman begins. June 25 – The U.S. Supreme Court overturns part of the 1965 Voting Rights Act in Shelby County v. Holder. July 13 – George Zimmerman acquitted, provoking nationwide protests. 2014 August 9 – Shooting of Michael Brown by Police Officer Darren Wilson in Ferguson, Missouri is followed by demonstrations and protests which include the term "Hands up, don't shoot". Demonstrations focused on the incident, using the "Hands up" expression, are held across the U.S. and overseas. July 17 – Eric Garner died in Staten Island, New York City, after a police officer put him in a chokehold for 15 seconds. 2015 June 17 – Nine African Americans are killed in the Charleston Church Shooting at Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in downtown Charleston, S.C. In the U.S. Supreme Court case Texas Dept. of Housing and Community Affairs v. Inclusive Communities Project, Inc., 576 U.S. ___ (2015), the Court held that Congress specifically intended to include disparate impact claims in the Fair Housing Act, but that such claims require a plaintiff to prove it is the defendant's policies that cause a disparity.[73] The Fair Housing Act prohibits discrimination based on race.[74] November 1 – Michael Bruce Curry becomes the first African-American Presiding Bishop of the The Episcopal Church, having been elected by an overwhelming margin on the first ballot of the 78th General Convention the preceding June. In 2009, the city was mistakenly listed on Google's map service as "Colesville".[41] A rumor that the mistake was the result of a prank by rival football fans was denied by Google spokeswoman Elaine Filadelfo.[42] It was also featured on the Star Trek: Voyager Star Trek: Voyager episode, 11:59 (Star Trek: Voyager), as an alternative location for the Millennium Gate, a futuristic biosphere, because the town where it was supposed to be built, contained a Henry Janeway (an ancestor of Kathryn Janeway) who refused to comply. The King's Speech won the People's Choice Award at the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival,[90] Best British Independent Film at the 2010 British Independent Film Awards,[91] and the 2011 Goya Award for Best European Film from the Academia de las Artes y las Ciencias Cinematográficas de España (Spanish Academy of Cinematic Art and Science).[92] Han Solo Adam Driver Adam Driver ... Kylo Ren Billie Lourd Billie Lourd Gwendoline Christie Gwendoline Christie ... Captain Phasma Domhnall Gleeson Domhnall Gleeson ... General Hux Oscar Isaac Oscar Isaac ... Poe Dameron Peter Mayhew Peter Mayhew ... Chewbacca Simon Pegg Simon Pegg John Boyega John Boyega ... Finn Andy Serkis Andy Serkis ... Supreme Leader Snoke Kenny Baker Kenny Baker ... R2-D2 Warwick Davis Warwick Davis Anthony Daniels Anthony Daniels ... C-3PO Lupita Nyong'o Lupita Nyong'o ... Maz Kanata Max von Sydow Max von Sydow ... Lor San Tekka Greg Grunberg Greg Grunberg Maisie Richardson-Sellers Maisie Richardson-Sellers ... Korr Sella Iko Uwais Iko Uwais ... (rumored) Tim Rose Tim Rose ... Admiral Ackbar Jessica Henwick Jessica Henwick ... Jessika Pava Ken Leung Ken Leung Christina Chong Christina Chong Yayan Ruhian Yayan Ruhian ... (rumored) Mark Stanley Mark Stanley ... Clan Leader Kiran Shah Kiran Shah ... Teedo Pip Andersen Pip Andersen Miltos Yerolemou Miltos Yerolemou Mark Preston Mark Preston ... Stormtrooper Dixie Arnold Dixie Arnold ... Soldier Phoenix James Phoenix James ... Stormtrooper Mike Quinn Mike Quinn ... Nien Nunb Crystal Clarke Crystal Clarke Cecep Arif Rahman Cecep Arif Rahman ... (rumored) Robert Nairne Robert Nairne Phil Hodges Phil Hodges ... X-Wing Pilot Raymond Mamrak Raymond Mamrak ... Stormtrooper Dante Briggins Dante Briggins ... Stormtrooper D.C. Barns D.C. Barns ... Kata Koio Chris Geden Chris Geden ... Imperial Officer Johnny Lynch Johnny Lynch ... Stormtrooper Jamie Ben Chambers Jamie Ben Chambers ... Heavy Gunner Stormtrooper Leigh Holland Leigh Holland ... Stormtrooper Billy James Machin Billy James Machin ... Stormtrooper Alan Chimes Alan Chimes ... Stormtrooper Darl Ferm Darl Ferm ... Snowtrooper Andrew Mackinnon Andrew Mackinnon ... Stormtrooper #36 Aaron Kennedy Aaron Kennedy ... Cloaked Messenger Amybeth Hargreaves Amybeth Hargreaves ... Stormtrooper Rimmel Daniel Rimmel Daniel ... Stormtrooper Rothschild Alexsandria Rothschild Alexsandria ... Stormtrooper Paul Crouch Paul Crouch ... Stormtrooper Create a character page for: Create » ? Produced by J.J. Abrams ... producer Bryan Burk ... producer Leifur B. Dagfinnsson ... line producer Tommy Gormley ... co-producer Tommy Harper ... executive producer Lawrence Kasdan ... co-producer Kathleen Kennedy ... producer Jason D. McGatlin ... executive producer (as Jason McGatlin) Michelle Rejwan ... co-producer Ben Rosenblatt ... co-producer John Swartz ... co-producer Music by John Williams Cinematography by Daniel Mindel ... director of photography (as Dan Mindel) Film Editing by Maryann Brandon Mary Jo Markey Casting By Nina Gold April Webster Alyssa Weisberg Production Design by Rick Carter Darren Gilford Art Direction by Alastair Bullock ... senior art director James Collins Robert Cowper Peter Dorme Jordana Finkel Mark Harris Kevin Jenkins Ashley Lamont Neil Lamont ... supervising art director Andrew Palmer Stuart Rose Hayley Easton Street Stephen Swain Gary Tomkins ... senior art director Set Decoration by Lee Sandales Costume Design by Michael Kaplan Makeup Department Karen Asano-Myers ... hairstylist (Mr. Ford) Amy Byrne ... key makeup artist Bill Corso ... makeup artist: Mr.Ford Francesca Crowder ... hair stylist Kathryn Fa ... hair stylist Annette Field ... crowd hair: dailies Nadia Homri ... crowd hair stylist Jill Hornby ... makeup: Dailies Amanda Knight ... makeup department head Chris Lyons ... special effects teeth Claire Matthews ... make up artist: dailies Jessica Needham ... makeup artist Sharon Nicholas ... makeup artist Adam James Phillips ... crowd hairdresser Andrew Simonin ... key hair stylist Lisa Tomblin ... hair designer Jenna Wyatt ... make up artist: dailies Marc Pilcher ... crowd hairdresser (uncredited) / hair: daily (uncredited) Adrian Rigby ... make up artist: dailies (uncredited) Production Management Alex Darby ... unit location manager: Abu Dhabi Simon Emanuel ... unit production manager Martin Joy ... production manager: Iceland and Ireland Finnur Jóhannsson ... unit production manager: Iceland Unit Andrew C. Keeter ... production supervisor: Abu Dhabi Cory Bennett Lewis ... production supervisor Adam Teeuw ... production supervisor Susan Towner ... unit production manager Khaled Zaazouh ... production supervisor: Abu Dhabi Second Unit Director or Assistant Director Tarik Afifi ... third assistant director: Abu Dhabi Chloe Chesterton ... second assistant director Fraser Fennell-Ball ... second assistant director Stephen Godenzie ... third assistant director: extra: Abu Dhabi Tommy Gormley ... first assistant director Teariki Leonard ... additional third assistant director: second unit Andrew Mannion ... second assistant director: second unit Grace McInnes ... base pa Barnaby Riggs ... third assistant director Ed Ripley ... set pa: second unit Abbie Sheridan ... set PA: second unit George Max Trummler ... third assistant director: Abu Dhabi Andrew Vanneck ... crowd third assistant director: second unit George Walker ... first assistant director: second unit Vanluke Watson ... additional set production assistant: second unit Stephanie Whitehead ... key set pa Laura Wootton ... base pa Eileen Yip ... third assistant director Art Department Miriam Abou-Shehada ... props Lupo Alfredo ... junior draughtsman Matt Allsopp ... concept artist Will Ayres ... chargehand dressing prop Alex Baily ... draughtsman Laura Barden ... junior model maker Bruce Barnes ... carpenter Kevin John Bennett ... greensman Tom Bernarius ... standby greensman Lee Biggs ... charge hand carpenter Andrea Borland ... assistant art director Robert M. Bouffard ... propmaker Ryan Bradbury ... props / props: daily Sophie Bridgman ... assistant art director Tim Browning ... concept artist Ian Bunting ... props 3d modeller Jack Candy-Kemp ... assistant scenic artist Chester Carr ... junior modeller Doug Chiang ... concept artist Keith Christensen ... concepts artist Danny Clark ... junior draughtsman Tom Clark ... junior propmaker Dean Clements ... set dresser Tom Dark ... carpenter Luke Dass ... art department trainee Callum Davison ... greensman Helen Dawson ... art department assistant Julia Dehoff ... draughtsperson Laura Dishington ... Lead Graphic Designer Martyn Doust ... props Mark Dowling ... props painter Simon Duric ... storyboard artist Abe El Habashy ... assistant property master Neil Ellis ... concept model maker Scott Elms ... carpenter Seth Engstrom ... concept artist Jonathan James Evans ... stand-by propman main unit Claire Fleming ... assistant art director James Foley ... set dresser/operational stand-by props Stephen Forrest-Smith ... storyboard artist Stella Fox ... assistant set decorator Lydia Fry ... assistant art director Jack Garwood ... dressing props supervisor Liam Georgensen ... draughtsman Sarah Ginn ... draughtsman Simon Gosling ... senior prop modeller Angus Hale ... greensman Roy Halfpenny ... senior prop modeller Jake Hall ... draughtsman Richard Hardy ... draughtsman Joseph Harlow ... prop modeller Paul Hearn ... set dresser David Hobbins ... concept artist Robert Hochstoeger ... assistant art director Will Houghton-Connell ... art department assistant Alexander Jay Hutchings ... art department model maker John Jones ... prop modeller Josh Jones ... standby carpenter Mike Jones ... greens sculptor Natasha Jones ... props graphic designer Martin Kane ... daily props crew Matthew Kerly ... stand-by art director: second unit Hannah Kons ... set dec pa Sam Leake ... draughtsman Jeffrey Lombardi ... property master: additional photography: LA unit David London ... senior prop modeller Will Loughlin ... stand by greensman Jake Lunt ... Creature Concept Designer Katrina Mackay ... assistant art director Richard Magennis ... set dresser Jon Marson ... key greensman Iain McCaig ... concept artist Sonny Merchant ... supervising chargehand stand-by propman Gary Merrington ... props designer Anne-Marie Minty ... prop coordinator Maxim Molchanov ... assistant property master Dean Morris ... props Guy Mount ... petty cash buyer Olivia Muggleton ... art department assistant Lee Oliver ... concept artist Harriet Orman ... production buyer action vehicles Amanda Pettett ... construction coordinator Freddie Pickering ... carpenter Theofano Pitsillidou ... junior model maker Andrew Proctor ... draughtsman Paul Purnell ... digital assets pa Anita Rajkumar ... junior draughtsman Eren Ramadan ... digital assets pa Samantha Redwood ... art department assistant: spacecraft Skot Reynolds ... mouldmaker Justin Richards ... greens buyer/coordinator Scott A. Riley ... lead 3d printing modeller Oliver Roberts ... stand-by art director Luke Sanders ... draughtsman Lucien Sands ... prop maker Matthew Savage ... concept artist Elicia Scales ... junior draughtsman Sean Schofield ... junior propmaker Clint Schultz ... lead graphic designer: Los Angeles Pollyanna Seath ... art department coordinator Tom Shirm ... trainee dressing props Dominic Sikking ... graphic designer Tom Sinden ... senior prop modeller Nick Slater ... carpenter Oliver Steeples ... props Bgi Supplies ... vehicle props/dressing Mátyás Szakonyi ... standby greens Emma Teader ... costume props Bill Thomas ... props Jonathan Tidmarsh ... greens labourer Dave Tincombe ... dressings props Lee Towersey ... props Remo Tozzi ... assistant art director Bryan Turk ... construction coordinator: additional photography Eddie Tycer ... prop modeller Kurt Van Der Basch ... storyboard artist Emma Vane ... props draughtsman Kate Venner ... production buyer Christopher Vincent ... art department assistant Toby Wagner ... chargehand propmaker Ketan Waikar ... draughtsman George Waite ... props metalworker Dan Walker ... concept artist Andree Wallin ... concept artist Paul Wescott ... hod scenic painter Kyle Wetton ... digital assets manager Rebecca White ... junior draughtsman Terry Whitehouse ... supervising prop maker Catherine Whiting ... draughtsman Buddie Wilkinson ... stand-by props: splinter unit Jamie Wilkinson ... property master Simon Wilkinson ... chargehand propman Bradley Woodbridge ... standby painter Schwerthelm Ziehfreund ... props Sound Department David Acord ... sound designer Justine Baker ... ADR recordist Orin Beaton ... main boom operator Nikita Budash ... sound recordist Ben Burtt ... sound designer / sound mixer Mark DeSimone ... adr mixer Thomas Fennell ... boom operator David Giles ... second assistant sound Nick Gillett ... boom operator: second unit E.J. Holowicki ... sound Nathan Nance ... additional re-recording mixer Andy Nelson ... sound re-recording mixer Tyler Newhouse ... a.d.r. recordist / adr recordist Juan Peralta ... additional re-recording mixer J. Alexandra Roberts ... sound trainee: Abu Dhabi Unit Gary Rydstrom ... re-recording mixer / supervising sound editor Christopher Scarabosio ... re-recording mixer Michael Lee Taylor ... second boom operator (dailies) Tim White ... second unit sound mixer Stuart Wilson ... production sound mixer Matthew Wood ... supervising sound editor Special Effects by Vince Abbott ... senior special effects technician Pete Britten ... special effects engineer Roy K. Cancino ... Additional Photography: Los Angeles Chris Corbould ... special effects supervisor Lynne Corbould ... special effects buyer/coordinator / special effects coordinator/buyer Maria Cork ... hair department supervisor: creature effects Paul Davin ... special effects trainee Mark Day ... engineer Matthew Denton ... electronic design and development supervisor Dave Eltham ... senior special effects technician Ali Fitz-Desorgher ... special effects assistant technician Michael Fox ... senior technician Tom Goodman ... explosives engineer Kevin Herd ... Lead Workshop Supervior Eggert Ketilsson ... floor supervisor: Iceland unit Andrew Kramer ... special effects Joshua Lee ... senior animatronic designer Ian Lowe ... special effects floor supervisor Daniel Massett ... special effects engineer Huw Millar ... special effects technician Tom Murtagh ... workshop supervisor Andrew Ryan ... special effects technician Neal Scanlan ... creature shop concept designer / creature shop head Kate Alexandra Smith ... sfx modeller Visual Effects by Kathleen Adams ... production assistant: industrial light and magic Silvio Alberti ... compositor: ILM Pontus Albrecht ... compositor: ILM Michael Allen ... digital artist: ilm Matt Anderson ... digital artist: ILM Siau Yene Ang ... digital compositor Keith Anthony-Brown ... visual effects production assistant: ILM Patricia Martinez Arastey ... visual effects coordinator Terry Archer ... body tech Jose Armengol ... visual effects photographer: Propshop Aymeric Aute ... lead generalist: ILM Nor Azman ... digital compositor: Industrial Light and Magic Tigran Badalyan ... digital compositor: ILM Helen Baker ... computer graphics producer: Blind Ltd London Nicholas Barnes ... visual effects artist Jacobo Barreiro ... digital artist: ILM Sam Bassett ... digital compositor: Industrial Light & Magic Claudio Bassi ... digital compositor: Industrial Light & Magic Denis Baudin ... digital artist: ILM Jean-Paul Beaulieu ... digital artist Loïc Beguel ... visual effect artist: ILM Kerry Joseph Blackman ... Assistant Visual Effects Editor Adam Blank ... layout artist: ILM Andrew Booth ... computer graphics supervisor: Blind Ltd London Gregory Bossert ... layout artist: ILM Scott Bourne ... compositor: ILM Dan Brittain ... digital compositor Simon Burchell ... pre-visualization editor / visual effects editor: uk Conor Byrne ... visual effects editor: ILM Daniela Cabrera ... stereo compositor Juan Ignacio Cabrera ... stereographer: Kelvin Optical Marc Calvelo ... animator: ILM Matt Cameron ... paint and roto Genevieve Camilleri ... senior compositor: Industrial Light and Magic Justin Tatsuo Chan ... visual effects production coordinator: ILM Karhoe Chan ... layout artist: Industrial Light & Magic Benjamin Charles ... roto artist: Industrial Light and Magic Mark Chataway ... effects technical director: ILM Jason Chen ... Visual Effects Data Wrangler Peter Chesloff ... digital artist Bryan Chojnowski ... previs artist Mihai Cioroba ... effects technical director: Industrial Light & Magic Ian Comley ... cg supervisor: ILM Tony Como ... senior digital paint artist: ILM Emanuele Comotti ... senior compositor: Industrial Light & Magic Carlos Conceicao ... digital compositor: ilm Sonia Contreras ... layout lead: Industrial Light & Magic Dan Cortez ... visual effects coordinator Krishnamurti Costa ... lead artist: ILM Cynthia Crimmins ... Line Producer: ILM Sophie Cullen ... visual effects producer Paul Daiko ... visual effects artist Virender Dass ... layout and matchmove technical director Lex de Vroomen ... visual effects (reference camera operator - The Imaginarium Studios) Michael DeBeer ... layout artist: ILM Peter Demarest ... digital compositor Anand Dorairaj ... digital compositor Jorik Dozy ... cg generalist: ILM Rachael Dunk ... lighting technical director Yanick Dusseault ... visual effects art director John Dutcher ... production assistant Thomas Døhlen ... visual effects artist Jason Edwards ... senior modeller Arslan Elver ... lead animator: ILM London Dan Enstrom ... digital compositor: ILM Juan Antonio Espigares Enríquez ... compositor: ILM Pedro Fernandes Santos ... generalist lead: ILM Dan Finnegan ... visual effects artist Dave Fogler ... asset build supervisor: ILM Adam Foster ... reference camera operator: Imaginarium Studios Mauro Frau ... senior technical director: ILM John J. Galloway ... lead compositor: ILM Thibault Gauriau ... lead fx: ILM Jack George ... data wrangler Angela Giannoni ... senior digital compositor Matthew Gilson ... senior environment artist/matte painter/concept designer: ILM Delcio Gomes ... cg generalist: ILM Daniel Gonzalez Solozabal ... compositor: Industrial Light & Magic Jeff Grebe ... fx technical director: ILM Alvin Gunawan ... effects technical director: ILM Roger Guyett ... visual effects supervisor: ILM Jean-Denis Haas ... animator: ILM Sam Hanover ... layout artist: Industrial Light & Magic Chris Hardman ... visual effects artist Steve Hardy ... vfx stills photograher Adam Hazard ... digital compositor: ILM Jason Heinze ... compositor Chris Hempel ... visual effects artist Sherry Hitch ... compositing sequence supervisor: ILM Ryan Hopkins ... visual effects artist: ILM Mungo Horey ... on-set screen graphics Natapon Huangsakuncharoen ... creature technical director: ILM Umar Hussain ... visual effects coordinator Paul Huston ... digital artist Polly Ing ... cg supervisor: ILM Cyrus Jam ... lookdev supervisor: ILM Daehwan Jang ... layout artist: Industrial Light & Magic Jaime Jasso ... digital matte artist Georg Kaltenbrunner ... fx lead: ILM Andreas Bravin Karlsson ... digital compositor Rosie Keane ... layout artist: industrial light & magic / mocap data processor: ILM Victoria Keeling ... vfx production supervisor (as Victoria McDowell) Kelly Fan ... layout artist: ILM James D. Kelly ... visual effects photographer: Propshop Oliver Kirchhoff ... layout artist: ILM/Lucasfilm Martin Allan Kloner ... visual effects editor Steven Knipping ... visual effects artist Bastiaan Koch ... digital artist Gerry Kodo ... stereo compositor: Stereo D Kristofer Kody ... stereo compositor Teréz Koncz ... visual effects coordinator: Propshop Felder Kwek ... layout artist: Industrial Light & Magic Mary Lapena ... prep artist: ILM Pei'an Lau ... visual effects production manager Simon Legrand ... visual effects John M. Levin ... layout artist: ILM Kim Libreri ... technology supervisor Todd Liddiard ... senior compositor: Industrial Light & Magic Kenneth Littleton ... senior compositor: Bad Robot/Kelvin Optical Julie Liu ... visual effects coordinator: ILM Ben Lock ... visual effects producer Luke Longin ... digital artist Kim Lim Loo ... layout artist: Industrial Light & Magic Susan Luciani ... visual effects senior coordinator Yateen Mahambrey ... generalist: ilm Mike Marcuzzi ... fx td: ILM Chulev Marko ... senior modeler: ILM Quentin Marmier ... lead digital artist Tom Martinek ... sequence lighting lead Chris McCrowe ... digital artist Frederic Medioni ... matchmove/layout: ILM Gustav Melich ... senior creature td: ILM Ally Miller ... visual effects production coordinator: ILM Daniel Moore ... visual effects photographer (Propshop) Pat Moreira ... layout lead: Industrial Light & Magic David Manos Morris ... visual effects artist Darren A. Mosher ... visual effects Betsy Mueller ... digital artist: ILM Michael Mulholland ... visual effects supervisor Per Mørk-Jensen ... compositor: Industrial Light & Magic Ram Mohan Nadam Reddy ... bg prep artist Naren Naidoo ... senior paint artist: Industrial Light & Magic Abishek Nair ... senior compositor: ILM David Nakabayashi ... ilm art dept: creative director Yoon See Ng ... digital compositor: ILM José Nieuwstad ... reference camera operator: The Imaginarium Studios Thijs Noij ... digital compositor Sverker Nordqvist ... senior motion editor/TD Tristan North ... lighting td Brett Northcutt ... concept artist Ben O'Brien ... digital compositor: ilm Péter Obornik ... lighting technical director: ILM Sai Win Myint Oo ... effects technical director: industrial light and magic Arturo Orgaz Casado ... senior lighting/lookdev: ILM James Orlik ... virtual production artist Mark Osborne ... senior lighting technical director: ILM Francesco Panzieri ... senior digital compositor: Bad Robot / Kelvin Optical Daniel Pearson ... fx td supervisor Lyndsey Pendley ... stereoscopic paint artist Caleb Pennypacker ... digital artist: ILM History[edit] Creation[edit] See also: Fox Film and Twentieth Century Pictures This section does not cite any references (sources). Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2014) Carmen Miranda in The Gang's All Here. In 1946, she was the highest-paid actress in the United States.[3] Alice Faye, Don Ameche, and Carmen Miranda in That Night in Rio, produced by Fox in 1941. From the 1952 film Viva Zapata! Twentieth Century Pictures' Joseph Schenck and Darryl F. Zanuck left United Artists over a stock dispute, and began merger talks with the management of financially struggling Fox Film, under president Sidney Kent. Spyros Skouras, then manager of the Fox West Coast Theaters, helped make it happen (and later became president of the new company). Aside from the theater chain and a first-rate studio lot, Zanuck and Schenck felt there was not much else to Fox, which had been reeling since founder William Fox lost control of the company in 1930. The studio's biggest star, Will Rogers, died in a plane crash weeks after the merger. Its leading female star, Janet Gaynor, was fading in popularity and promising leading men James Dunn and Spencer Tracy had been dropped because of heavy drinking. At first, it was expected that the new company was originally to be called "Fox-20th Century", even though 20th Century was the senior partner in the merger. However, 20th Century brought more to the bargaining table besides Schenck and Zanuck; it was more profitable than Fox and had considerably more talent. The new company, 20th Century-Fox Film Corporation, began trading on May 31, 1935; the hyphen was dropped in 1985. Schenck became Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, while Kent remained as President. Zanuck became Vice President in Charge of Production, replacing Fox's longtime production chief Winfield Sheehan. For many years, 20th Century Fox claimed to have been founded in 1915, the year Fox Film was founded. For instance, it marked 1945 as its 30th anniversary. However, in recent years it has claimed the 1935 merger as its founding, even though most film historians agree it was founded in 1915.[4] The company's films retained the 20th Century Pictures searchlight logo on their opening credits as well as its opening fanfare, but with the name changed to 20th Century-Fox. After the merger was completed, Zanuck quickly signed young actors who would carry Twentieth Century-Fox for years:[citation needed] Tyrone Power, Linda Darnell, Carmen Miranda, Don Ameche, Henry Fonda, Gene Tierney, Sonja Henie, and Betty 1.12 Football (Association; Soccer) 1.13 Football (Australian Rules) 1.14 Golf 1.15 Gymnastics 1.16 Ice hockey 1.17 Judo 1.18 Kickboxing 1.19 Mixed martial arts 1.20 Motorsport 1.21 Rowing 1.22 Rugby league 1.23 Rugby union 1.24 Sailing 1.25 Shooting 1.26 Skiing 1.27 Speed skating 1.28 Swimming 1.29 Table tennis 1.30 Tennis 1.31 Track and field 1.32 Triathlon 1.33 Volleyball 1.34 Water polo 1.35 Weightlifting 1.36 Wrestling 1.37 Professional wrestling 2 Commissioners, managers/coaches and owners 3 Officials and referees 4 Jewish sports halls of fame 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 6.2 Bibliography 6.2.1 General works 6.2.2 Baseball 6.2.3 Boxing 6.2.4 Chess 6.2.5 Olympics Athletes[edit] Baseball[edit] Ryan Braun, outfielder (Milwaukee Brewers) Ike Davis, first baseman (Oakland Athletics) Ian Kinsler, second baseman (Detroit Tigers) Ryan Lavarnway, catcher (Atlanta Braves) Jason Marquis, pitcher (Cincinnati Reds) Joc Pederson, outfielder (Los Angeles Dodgers) Kevin Youkilis, first and third baseman Cal Abrams, US, outfielder[2] Rubén Amaro, Jr., US, outfielder, general manager (Philadelphia Phillies)[2] Morrie Arnovich, US, outfielder, All-Star[2] Brad Ausmus, US, catcher, All-Star, 3x Gold Glove, manager of the Detroit Tigers[2] José Bautista, Dominican-born, pitcher[2] Robert "Bo" Belinsky, U.S., pitcher. Pitched no-hit game as rookie with Los Angeles Angels in 1962.[3] Moe Berg, US, catcher & shortstop, and spy for US in World War II[2] Ron Blomberg, US, DH/first baseman/outfielder, Major League Baseball's first designated hitter[4] Lou Boudreau, US, shortstop, 8x All-Star, batting title, MVP, Baseball Hall of Fame, manager[2] Ralph Branca, US, pitcher, 3x All-Star[5] Ryan Braun, US, outfielder, 2007 Rookie of the Year, home run champion, 5x All-Star, 5x Silver Slugger, 2011 National League MVP (Milwaukee Brewers)[6] Craig Breslow, US, relief pitcher (Boston Red Sox)[2] Mark Clear, US, relief pitcher, 2x All-Star[7] Andy Cohen, US, second baseman, coach Harry Danning, US, catcher, 4x All-Star[2][8] Ike Davis, US, first baseman (Oakland Athletics)[9] Moe Drabowsky, US, pitcher[10] Harry Eisenstat, US, pitcher[11] Mike Epstein, US, first baseman[2] Harry Feldman, US, pitcher[2] Scott Feldman, US, pitcher (Houston Astros)[2] Gavin Fingleson, South African-born Australian, Olympic silver medalist[12] Nate Freiman, US, first baseman (Oakland Athletics)[13][14] Sam Fuld, US, outfielder (Oakland Athletics)[15] Sid Gordon, US, outfielder & third baseman, 2x All-Star[2] John Grabow, US, relief pitcher[2] Shawn Green, US, right fielder, 2x All-Star, Gold Glove, Silver Slugger[2] Hank Greenberg, US, first baseman & outfielder, 5x All-Star, 4x home run champion, 4x RBI leader, 2x MVP, Baseball Hall of Fame[2] Ken Holtzman, US, starting pitcher, 2x All-Star[2] Joe Horlen, US, pitcher, All-Star, ERA leader[2] Gabe Kapler, US, outfielder[2] Ian Kinsler, US, second baseman, 3x All-Star (Detroit Tigers)[16] Sandy Koufax, US, starting pitcher, 6x All-Star, 5x ERA leader, 4x strikeouts leader, 3x Wins leader, 2x W-L% leader, 1 perfect game, MVP, 3x Cy Young Award, Baseball Hall of Fame[2] Barry Latman, US, pitcher[11] Ryan Lavarnway, US, catcher (Atlanta Braves)[17] Al Levine, US, relief pitcher[2] Mike Lieberthal, US, catcher, 2x All-Star, Gold Glove[2] Elliott Maddox, US, outfielder & third baseman[2] Jason Marquis, US, starting pitcher, Silver Slugger, All Star (Cincinnati Reds)[2] Erskine Mayer, US, pitcher[2] Bob Melvin, US, catcher & manager of the Oakland Athletics[18] Jon Moscot, US, pitcher (Cincinnati Reds)[19] Jeff Newman, US, catcher & first baseman, All-Star, manager[2] Joc Pederson, US, outfielder (Los Angeles Dodgers)[20] Barney Pelty, US, pitcher[2] Lipman Pike, US, outfielder, second baseman, & manager, 4x home run champion, RBI leader[2] Kevin Pillar, US, outfielder (Toronto Blue Jays) Aaron Poreda, US, pitcher (Yomiuri Giants)[2] Scott Radinsky, US, relief pitcher[2] Dave Roberts, US, pitcher[2] Saul Rogovin, US, pitcher[2] Al "Flip" Rosen, US, third baseman & first baseman, 4x All-Star, 2x home run champion, 2x RBI leader, MVP[2] Goody Rosen, Canada, outfielder, All-Star[2] Josh Satin, US, second baseman (Cincinnati Reds)[21] Richie Scheinblum, US, outfielder, All-Star[2] Scott Schoeneweis, US, pitcher[2] Michael Schwimer, US, relief pitcher (Toronto Blue Jays)[22] Art Shamsky, US, outfielder & first baseman[2] Larry Sherry, US, relief pitcher[2] Norm Sherry, US, catcher & manager[2] Moe "the Rabbi of Swat" Solomon, US, outfielder[2] George Stone, US, outfielder, 1x batting title[23] Steve Stone, US, starting pitcher, All-Star, Cy Young Award[2] Danny Valencia, US, third baseman (Oakland Athletics)[24] Phil "Mickey" Weintraub, US, first baseman & outfielder Josh Whitesell, US, first baseman (Saraperos de Saltillo)[25] Steve Yeager, US, catcher[2] Kevin Youkilis, US, first baseman, third baseman, & left fielder, 3x All-Star, Gold Glove, Hank Aaron Award[2] Josh Zeid, US, pitcher for the Detroit Tigers Basketball[edit] Omri Casspi Jordan Farmar Gal Mekel Jon Scheyer Sam Balter, US, 5' 10" guard, Olympic champion[8][26] Sue Bird, US & Israel, WNBA 5' 9" point guard, 2x Olympic champion, 4x All-Star (Seattle Storm)[27] David Blatt, US & Israel, Israeli Premier League 6' 3.5" point guard, coached Russia National Basketball Team, Israel's Maccabi Tel Aviv to Euroleague Championship, Euroleague Coach of the Year, 4x Israeli Coach of the Year, Head Coach of Cleveland Cavaliers[28][29] David Blu (formerly "Bluthenthal"), US & Israel, Euroleague 6' 7" forward (Maccabi Tel Aviv)[30] Harry Boykoff, US, NBA 6' 10" center[31] Tal Brody, US & Israel, Euroleague 6' 2" shooting guard[8] Larry Brown, US, ABA 5' 9" point guard, 3x All-Star, 3x assists leader, NCAA National Championship coach (1988), NBA coach, Olympic champion, Hall of Fame[8][26] Omri Casspi, Israel, 6' 9" small forward, drafted in 1st round of 2009 NBA Draft (Sacramento Kings)[32] Shay Doron, Israel & US, WNBA 5' 9" guard (New York Liberty)[33] Lior Eliyahu, Israel, 6' 9" power forward, NBA draft 2006 (Orlando Magic; traded to Houston Rockets), playing in the Euroleague (Hapoel Jerusalem)[34] Jordan Farmar, US, NBA 6' 2" point guard (Los Angeles Clippers)[35] Marty Friedman, US, 5' 7" guard & coach, Hall of Fame[8] Ernie Grunfeld, Romania-born US, NBA 6' 6" guard/forward & GM, Olympic champion[36] Yotam Halperin, Israel, 6' 5" guard, drafted in 2006 NBA draft by Seattle SuperSonics (Hapoel Jerusalem)[34] Sonny Hertzberg, US, NBA 5' 9" point guard, original NY Knickerbocker[37] Art Heyman, US, NBA 6' 5" forward/guard[37] Nat Holman, US, ABL 5' 11" guard & coach, Hall of Fame[8] Red Holzman, US, BAA & NBA 5' 10" guard, 2x All-Star, & NBA coach, NBA Coach of the Year, Hall of Fame[8] Eban Hyams, India-Israel-Australia, 6' 5" guard formerly of the Australian National Basketball League, Israeli Super League, first ever Indian national to play in ULEB competitions[38] Barry Kramer, first team All-American at NYU in 1963 Joel Kramer, US Phoenix Suns 6'7" forward Sylven Landesberg, US, 6' 6" former UVA shooting guard (Maccabi Tel Aviv)[39] Rudy LaRusso, US, NBA 6' 7" forward/center, 5x All-Star[40] Nancy Lieberman, US, WNBA player, general manager, & coach, Olympic silver, Hall of Fame[26][41] Gal Mekel, Israel, NBA 6' 3" point guard (Dallas Mavericks)[42] Bernard Opper, US, NBL and ABL 5' 10" guard, All-American at University of Kentucky Donna Orender (née Geils), US, Women's Pro Basketball League 5' 7" point guard, All-Star, current WNBA president[37] Lennie Rosenbluth, US, NBA 6' 4" forward[36] Danny Schayes, US, NBA 6' 11" center/forward (son of Dolph Schayes)[37] Dolph Schayes, US, NBA 6' 7" forward/center, 3x FT% leader, 1x rebound leader, 12x All-Star, Hall of Fame, & coach (father of Danny Schayes)[8] Ossie Schectman, US, NBA 6' 0" guard, scorer of first NBA basket[36] Doron Sheffer, US (college), Maccabi Tel Aviv,Hapoel Jerusalem Jon Scheyer, US, All-American Duke University 6' 5" shooting guard & point guard (Maccabi Tel Aviv)[43] Barney Sedran, US, Hudson River League & New York State League 5' 4" guard, Hall of Fame[8] Sidney Tannenbaum, US, BAA 6' 0" guard, 2x All-American, left as NYU all-time scorer[8] Alex Tyus, US & Israel, 6' 8" power forward/center (Maccabi Tel Aviv) Neal Walk, US, NBA 6' 10" center[37] Max Zaslofsky, US, NBA 6' 2" guard/forward, 1x FT% leader, 1x points leader, All-Star, ABA coach[8] Bowling[edit] Barry Asher, 10 PBA titles, PBA Hall of Fame[7] Marshall Holman, 22 PBA titles (11th all-time); PBA Hall of Fame[44] Mark Roth, 34 PBA titles (5th all-time); PBA Hall of Fame[45] Boxing[edit] Yuri Foreman Zab Judah Dmitry Salita Barney Aaron (Young), English-born US lightweight, Hall of Fame[46] Abe Attell ("The Little Hebrew"), US, world champion featherweight, Hall of Fame[8] Monte Attell ("The Knob Hill Terror"), US, bantamweight[47] Max Baer ("Madcap Maxie"), US, world champion heavyweight. Wore a Star of David on his trunks; inducted into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. Hall of Fame/[48] Benny Bass ("Little Fish"), US, world champion featherweight & world champion junior lightweight, Hall of Fame[8] Fabrice Benichou, France, world champion super bantamweight[34] Jack Kid Berg (Judah Bergman), England, world champion junior welterweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks, Hall of Fame[8] Maxie Berger, Canada, wore a Star of David on his trunks[49] Samuel Berger, US, Olympic champion heavyweight[8] Jack Bernstein (also "John Dodick", "Kid Murphy", and "Young Murphy"), US, world champion junior lightweight[8] Nathan "Nat" Bor, US, Olympic bronze lightweight[26] Mushy Callahan (Vincente Sheer), US, world champion light welterweight[47] Joe Choynski ("Chrysanthemum Joe"), US, heavyweight, Hall of Fame[8][50] Robert Cohen, French & Algerian, world champion bantamweight[8] Al "Bummy" Davis (Abraham Davidoff), US, welterweight & lightweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks[47] Louis "Red" Deutsch, US, heavyweight, later famous as the proprietor of the Tube Bar in Jersey City, NJ and inspiration for Moe Szyslak on "The Simpsons" Carolina Duer ("The Turk"), Argentine, WBO world champion super flyweight and bantamweight[51] John "Jackie" Fields (Jacob Finkelstein), US, world champion welterweight & Olympic champion featherweight, Hall of Fame[8] Hagar Finer, Israel, WIBF champion bantamweight[52] Yuri Foreman, Belarusian-born Israeli US middleweight and World Boxing Association champion super welterweight[53] György Gedó, Hungary, Olympic champion light flyweight[41] Abe Goldstein, US, world champion bantamweight[54] Ruby Goldstein ("Ruby the Jewel of the Ghetto"), US, welterweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks[8] Roman Greenberg ("The Lion from Zion"), Israel, International Boxing Organization's Intercontinental champion heavyweight[53] Stéphane Haccoun, France, featherweight, super featherweight, and junior lightweight[55][56] Alphonse Halimi ("La Petite Terreur"), France, world champion bantamweight[8] Harry Harris ("The Human Hairpin"), US, world champion bantamweight[8] Gary Jacobs, Scottish, British, Commonwealth, and European (EBU) champion welterweight[57] Ben Jeby (Morris Jebaltowsky), US, world champion middleweight[47] Yoel Judah, US, 3x world champion kickboxer and boxer & trainer[58] Zab Judah ("Super"), US, world champion junior welterweight & world champion welterweight (Converted to Christianity)[58][59][60][61] Louis Kaplan ("Kid Kaplan"), Russian-born US, world champion featherweight, Hall of Fame[8][50] Solly Krieger ("Danny Auerbach"), US, world champion middleweight[8] Julie Kogon US, 1947 New England Lightweight Champion. Inducted into the Connecticut Boxing Hall of Fame. Benny Leonard (Benjamin Leiner; "The Ghetto Wizard"), US, world champion lightweight, Hall of Fame[8] Battling Levinsky (Barney Lebrowitz), US, world champion light heavyweight, Hall of Fame[8] King Levinsky (Harry Kraków), US, heavweight, also known as Kingfish Levinsky[8] Harry Lewis (Harry Besterman), US, world champion welterweight[47] Ted "Kid" Lewis (Gershon Mendeloff), England, world champion welterweight, Hall of Fame[8] Sammy Luftspring, Canada, Canadian champion welterweight, Canada's Sports Hall of Fame[47] Saoul Mamby, US, world champion junior welterweight[47] Al McCoy (Alexander Rudolph), US, world champion middleweight[8] Daniel Mendoza, England, world champion heavyweight, Hall of Fame[8] Jacob Michaelsen, Denmark, Olympic bronze heavyweight[26] Samuel Mosberg, US, Olympic champion lightweight[8] Bob Olin, US, world champion light heavyweight[62] Victor Perez ("Young"), Tunisian, world champion flyweight[8] Harold Reitman ("The Boxing Doctor"), professional heavyweight that fought while working as surgeon, Golden Gloves champion.[63] Charlie Phil Rosenberg ("Charles Green"), US, world champion bantamweight[8] Dana Rosenblatt ("Dangerous"), US, world champion middleweight[64] Maxie Rosenbloom ("Slapsie"), US, world champion light heavyweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks, Hall of Fame[8] Barney Ross (Dov-Ber Rasofsky), US, world champion lightweight & junior welterweight, Hall of Fame[8] Mike Rossman (Michael Albert DiPiano; "The Jewish Bomber"), US, world champion light heavyweight, wore Star of David on trunks[64] Shamil Sabirov, Russia, Olympic champion light flyweight[26] Dmitry Salita ("Star of David"), US, North American Boxing Association champion light welterweight[65] Isadore "Corporal Izzy" Schwartz ("The Ghetto Midget"), US, world champion flyweight[8] Al Singer ("The Bronx Beauty"), US, world champion lightweight[47] "Lefty" Lew Tendler, US, bantamweight, lightweight, and welterweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks, Hall of Fame[8] Sid Terris ("Ghost of the Ghetto"), US, lightweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks[54] Matt Wels, England, champion of Great Britain lightweight and world champion welterweight Canoeing[edit] Jessica Fox Shaun Rubenstein László Fábián, Hungary, sprint canoer, Olympic champion (K-2 10,000 meter), 4x world champion (3x K-2 10,000 meter and 1x K-4 10,000 meter) and one silver (K-4 10,000 meter)[26] Imre Farkas, Hungary, sprint canoer, 2x Olympic bronze (C-2 1,000 and 10,000 meter)[66] Jessica Fox, French-born Australian, slalom canoer, Olympic silver (K-1 slalom), world championships bronze (C-1)[67] Myriam Fox-Jerusalmi, France, slalom canoer, Olympic bronze (K-1 slalom), 5 golds at ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships (2x K-1, 3x K-1 team)[41] Klára Fried-Bánfalvi, Hungary, sprint canoer, Olympic bronze (K-2 500 m), world champion (K-2 500 m)[26] Leonid Geishtor, USSR (Belarus), sprint canoer, Olympic champion (Canadian pairs 1,000-meter)[41] Joe Jacobi, US, slalom canoer, Olympic champion (Canadian slalom pairs)[41] Michael Kolganov, Soviet (Uzbek)-born Israeli, sprint canoer, world champion, Olympic bronze (K-1 500-meter)[41] Anna Pfeffer, Hungary, sprint canoer, Olympic 2x silver (K-2 500 m), bronze (K-1 500 m); world champion (K-2 500 m), silver (K-4 500 m), 2x bronze (K-2 500)[26] Naum Prokupets, Moldovan-born Soviet, sprint canoer, Olympic bronze (C-2 1,000-meter), gold (C-2 10,000-meter) at ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships[41] Leon Rotman, Romanian, sprint canoer, 2x Olympic champion (C-1 10,000 meter, C-1 1,000-meter) and bronze (C-1 1,000-meter), 14 national titles[41] Shaun Rubenstein, South Africa, canoer, World Marathon champion 2006[68] Cricket[edit] Michael Klinger Ben Ashkenazi, Australia (Victorian Bushrangers) Ali Bacher, South Africa, batsman and administrator (relative of Adam Bacher)[69] Mike Barnard, England, cricketer[69] Mark Bott, England, cricketer[70] Stevie Eskinazi, South African born, Australian raised, English wicketkeeper Mark Fuzes. Australian all rounder played for Hong Kong. Father Peter Fuzes kept goal for Australian Soccer team (see)[71] Dennis Gamsy, South Africa, Test wicket-keeper[72] Darren Gerard, England, cricketer[73] Norman Gordon, South Africa, fast bowler[69] Steven Herzberg, English-born Australian, cricketer[74] Sid Kiel, South Africa, opening batsman (Western Province)[75] Michael Klinger, Australia, batsman (Western Warriors)[69] Leonard "Jock" Livingston, Australia, cricketer[69] Bev Lyon, England, cricketer[69] Dar Lyon, England, cricketer (brother of Bev)[69] Greg, Jason, and Lara Molins, two brothers and a cousin from the same Irish family[74] Jon Moss, Australia, allrounder (Victorian Bushrangers)[69] John Raphael, England, batsman[69] Marshall Rosen, NSW Australia, cricketer and selector[76] Lawrence Seeff, South Africa, batsmen[77] Maurice Sievers, Australia, lower order batsman and fast-medium bowler[69] Bensiyon Songavkar, India, cricketer, MVP of 2009 Maccabiah Games cricket tournament[78] Fred Susskind, South Africa, Test batsman[69] Fred Trueman, England, English test fast bowler (a lifelong Christian)[69] Julien Wiener, Australia, Test cricketer[69] Mandy Yachad, South Africa, Test cricketer[69] Equestrian[edit] Margie Goldstein-Engle Robert Dover, US, 4x Olympic bronze, 1x world championship bronze (dressage)[79] Margie Goldstein-Engle, US, world championship silver, Pan American Games gold, silver, and bronze (jumping)[80] Edith Master, US, Olympic bronze (dressage)[26] Fencing[edit] Helene Mayer Soren Thompson Henri Anspach, Belgium (épée & foil), Olympic champion[26] Paul Anspach, Belgium (épée & foil), 2x Olympic champion[26] Norman Armitage (Norman Cohn), US (sabre), 17x US champion, Olympic bronze[26] Albert "Albie" Axelrod, US (foil); Olympic bronze, 4x US champion[8] Péter Bakonyi, Hungary (saber), Olympic 3x bronze[41] Cliff Bayer, US (foil); youngest US champion[37] Albert Bogen (Albert Bógathy), Austria (saber), Olympic silver[41] Tamir Bloom, US (épée); 2x US champion[37] Daniel Bukantz, US (foil); 4x US champion[37] Sergey Sharikov, Russia (saber), 2x Olympic champion, silver, bronze[26] Yves Dreyfus, France (épée), Olympic bronze, French champion[26] Ilona Elek, Hungary (saber), 2x Olympic champion[26] Boaz Ellis, Israel (foil), 5x Israeli champion[34] Siegfried "Fritz" Flesch, Austria (sabre), Olympic bronze[26] Dr. Dezsö Földes, Hungary (saber), 2x Olympic champion[26] Dr. Jenö Fuchs, Hungary (saber), 4x Olympic champion[81] Támas Gábor, Hungary (épée), Olympic champion[8] János Garay, Hungary (saber), Olympic champion, silver, bronze, killed by the Nazis[8] Dr. Oskar Gerde, Hungary (saber), 2x Olympic champion, killed by the Nazis[26] Dr. Sándor Gombos, Hungary (saber), Olympic champion[62] Vadim Gutzeit, Ukraine (saber), Olympic champion[82] Johan Harmenberg, Sweden (épée), Olympic champion[26] Delila Hatuel, Israel (foil), Olympian, ranked # 9 in world[83] Lydia Hatuel-Zuckerman, Israel (foil), 6x Israeli champion[84][85] Dr. Otto Herschmann, Austria (saber), Olympic silver[26] Emily Jacobson, US (saber), NCAA champion[86] Sada Jacobson, US (saber), ranked # 1 in the world, Olympic silver, 2x bronze[86] Allan Jay, British (épée & foil), Olympic 2x silver, world champion[26] Endre Kabos, Hungary (saber), 3x Olympic champion, bronze[26] Roman Kantor, Poland (épée), Nordic champion & Soviet champion, killed by the Nazis[26] Dan Kellner, US (foil), US champion[86] Byron Krieger, US[87] Grigory Kriss, Soviet (épée), Olympic champion, 2x silver[26] Allan Kwartler, US (saber), 3x Pan American Games champion[10] Alexandre Lippmann, France (épée), 2x Olympic champion, 2x silver, bronze[8] Helene Mayer, Germany & US (foil), Olympic champion[26] Ljubco Georgievski ????? ??????????? Kiro Gligorov ???? ???????? Nikola Gruevski ?????? ???????? Gjorge Ivanov ????? ?????? Gordana Jankuloska ??????? ?????????? Zoran Jolevski ????? ???????? Srgjan Kerim ????? ????? Lazar Koliševski ????? ?????????? Hari Kostov ???? ?????? Trifun Kostovski ?????? ????????? Ilinka Mitreva ?????? ??????? Lazar Mojsov ????? ?????? Tito Petkovski ???? ????????? Lui Temelkovski ??? ??????????? Boris Trajkovski ????? ?????????? Vasil Tupurkovski ????? ??????????? Zoran Zaev ????? ???? Partisans World War II freedom fighters edit Mirce Acev ????? ???? Mihajlo Apostolski ????j?? ?????????? Cede Filipovski Dame ???? ?????????? ???? Blagoj Jankov Muceto ?????? ?????? ?????? Orce Nikolov ???? ??????? Strašo Pindžur ?????? ?????? Hristijan Todorovski Karpoš ????????? ?????????? ?????? Revolutionaries edit Yordan Piperkata ?????? ???????? ????????? Goce Delcev ???? ????? Petar Pop Arsov ????? ??? ????? Dame Gruev ???? ????? Jane Sandanski ???? ????????? Dimitar Pop Georgiev Berovski ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? Ilyo Voyvoda ???? ??? ?????????? Pere Tošev ???? ????? Pitu Guli ???? ???? Dimo Hadži Dimov ???? ???? ????? Hristo Uzunov ?????? ?????? Literature edit Gjorgji Abadžiev ????? ??????? Petre M Andreevski ????? ? ?????????? Maja Apostoloska ???? ??????????? Dimitrija Cupovski ????????? ???????? Jordan Hadži Konstantinov Džinot ?????? ???? ???????????? ????? Vasil Iljoski ????? ?????? Slavko Janevski ?????? ???????? Blaže Koneski ????? ??????? Risto Krle ????? ???? Vlado Maleski ????? ??????? Mateja Matevski ?????? ???????? Krste Misirkov ????? ????????? Kole Nedelkovski ???? ??????????? Olivera Nikolova Anton Panov ????? ????? Gjorche Petrov ????? ?????? Vidoe Podgorec ????? ???????? Aleksandar Prokopiev ?????????? ????????? Koco Racin ???? ????? Jovica Tasevski Eternijan ?????? ???????? ????????? Gane Todorovski ???? ?????????? Stevan Ognenovski ?????? ?????????? Music edit Classical music edit Composers edit Atanas Badev ?????? ????? Dimitrije Bužarovski ????????? ?????????? Kiril Makedonski ????? ?????????? Toma Prošev ???? ?????? Todor Skalovski ????? ????????? Stojan Stojkov ?????? ??????? Aleksandar Džambazov ?????????? ???????? Conductors edit Borjan Canev ?????? ????? Instrumentalists edit Pianists Simon Trpceski ????? ???????? Opera singers edit Blagoj Nacoski ?????? ??????? Boris Trajanov ????? ???????? Popular and folk music edit Composers edit Darko Dimitrov ????? ???????? Slave Dimitrov ????? ???????? Jovan Jovanov ????? ??????? Ilija Pejovski ????? ???????? Musicians edit Bodan Arsovski ????? ???????? Goran Trajkoski ????? ????????? Ratko Dautovski ????? ????????? Kiril Džajkovski ????? ????????? Tale Ognenovski ???? ?????????? Vlatko Stefanovski ?????? ??????????? Stevo Teodosievski ????? ???????????? Aleksandra Popovska ?????????? ???????? Singers and Bands edit Lambe Alabakoski ????? ?????????? Anastasia ????????? Arhangel ???????? Kristina Arnaudova ???????? ????????? Kaliopi Bukle ??????? Dani Dimitrovska ???? ??????????? Riste Tevdoski ????? ???????? Karolina Goceva ???????? ?????? Vaska Ilieva ????? ?????? Andrijana Janevska ????????? ???????? Vlado Janevski ????? ???????? Jovan Jovanov ????? ??????? Leb i sol ??? ? ??? Aleksandar Makedonski ?????????? ?????????? Elvir Mekic ????? ????? Mizar ????? Jasmina Mukaetova ??????? ????e???? The Malagasy French Malgache are the ethnic group that forms nearly the entire population of Madagascar They are divided into two subgroups the "Highlander" Merina Sihanaka and Betsileo of the central plateau around Antananarivo Alaotra Ambatondrazaka and Fianarantsoa and the "coastal dwellers" elsewhere in the country This division has its roots in historical patterns of settlement The original Austronesian settlers from Borneo arrived between the third and tenth centuries and established a network of principalities in the Central Highlands region conducive to growing the rice they had carried with them on their outrigger canoes Sometime later a large number of settlers arrived from East Africa and established kingdoms along the relatively unpopulated coastlines The difference in ethnic origins remains somewhat evident between the highland and coastal regions In addition to the ethnic distinction between highland and coastal Malagasy one may speak of a political distinction as well Merina monarchs in the late th and early th century united the Merina principalities and brought the neighboring Betsileo people under their administration first They later extended Merina control over the majority of the coastal areas as well The military resistance and eventual defeat of most of the coastal communities assured their subordinate position vis à vis the Merina Betsileo alliance During the th and th centuries the French colonial administration capitalized on and further exacerbated these political inequities by appropriating existing Merina governmental infrastructure to run their colony This legacy of political inequity dogged the people of Madagascar after gaining independence in candidates ethnic and regional identities have often served to help or hinder their success in democratic elections Within these two broad ethnic and political groupings the Malagasy were historically subdivided into specifically named ethnic groups who were primarily distinguished from one another on the basis of cultural practices These were namely agricultural hunting or fishing practices construction style of dwellings music hair and clothing styles and local customs or taboos the latter known in the Malagasy language as fady citation needed The number of such ethnic groups in Madagascar has been debated The practices that distinguished many of these groups are less prevalent in the st century than they were in the past But many Malagasy are proud to proclaim their association with one or several of these groups as part of their own cultural identity "Highlander" ethnic groups Merina Sihanaka Betsileo Zafimaniry Coastal ethnic groups Antaifasy or Antefasy Antaimoro or Temoro or Antemoro Antaisaka or Antesaka Antambahoaka Antandroy or Tandroy Antankarana Antanosy or Tanosy Academia edit Afifi al Akiti Khasnor Johan historian Khoo Kay Kim Jomo Kwame Sundaram Danny Quah Harith Ahmad Architects edit Main article List of Malaysian architects Artists edit Main article List of Malaysian artists Business edit Tan Sri Syed Mokhtar Al Bukhary born Tan Sri Dato Loh Boon Siew – Tan Sri Jeffrey Cheah Tan Sri William Cheng Dato Choong Chin Liang born Tan Sri Dato Tony Fernandes born Lim Goh Tong – Tan Sri Tiong Hiew King Tan Sri Teh Hong Piow born Chung Keng Quee – Tan Sri Ananda Krishnan born Robert Kuok born Tan Sri Quek Leng Chan born Shoba Purushothaman Shah Hakim Zain Halim Saad Tan Sri Mohd Saleh Sulong Tan Sri Vincent Tan born Lillian Too born Tan Sri Dr Francis Yeoh Tun Daim Zainuddin born Tan Sri Kong Hon Kong Designers edit Bernard Chandran fashion designer Jimmy Choo born shoe designer Poesy Liang born artist writer philanthropist jewellery designer industrial designer interior architect music composer Inventors edit Yi Ren Ng inventor of the Lytro Entertainers edit Yasmin Ahmad – film director Stacy Angie Francissca Peter born Jamal Abdillah born Sudirman Arshad – Loganathan Arumugam died Datuk David Arumugam Alleycats Awal Ashaari Alvin Anthons born Asmawi bin Ani born Ahmad Azhar born Ning Baizura born Kasma Booty died Marion Caunter host of One In A Million and the TV Quickie Ella born Erra Fazira born Sean Ghazi born Fauziah Latiff born Angelica Lee born Daniel Lee Chee Hun born Fish Leong born Sheila Majid born Amy Mastura born Mohamad Nasir Mohamad born Shathiyah Kristian born Meor Aziddin Yusof born Ah Niu born Dayang Nurfaizah born Shanon Shah born Siti Nurhaliza born Misha Omar born Hani Mohsin – Aziz M Osman born Azmyl Yunor born P Ramlee born Aziz Sattar born Fasha Sandha born Ku Nazhatul Shima Ku Kamarazzaman born Nicholas Teo born Pete Teo Penny Tai born Hannah Tan born Jaclyn Victor born Chef Wan Adira Suhaimi Michael Wong born Victor Wong born Dato Michelle Yeoh Hollywood actress born James Wan director of Hollywood films like several Saw films Insidious The Conjuring Fast and Furious born Ziana Zain born Zee Avi Shila Amzah Yunalis Zarai Zamil Idris born Military edit Leftenan Adnan – Warrior from mainland Malaya Antanum Warrior from Sabah Borneo Rentap Warrior from Sarawak Syarif Masahor Warrior from Sarawak Monsopiad Warrior from Sabah Borneo Haji Abdul Rahman Limbong Warrior from Telemong Terengganu Mat Salleh Warrior from Sabah Borneo Rosli Dhobi Warrior from Sarawak Politicians edit Parameswara founder of Sultanate of Malacca Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al Haj st Prime Minister of independent Malaya Tun Abdul Razak nd Prime Minister V T Sambanthan Founding Fathers of Malaysia along with Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tan Cheng Lock Tun Dato Sir Tan Cheng Lock Founder of MCA Tun Hussein Onn rd Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad th Prime Minister Father of Modernisation Abdullah Ahmad Badawi th Prime Minister since Najib Tun Razak Current Prime Minister since Dato Seri Ong Ka Ting Dato Seri Anwar Ibrahim Dato Wan Hisham Wan Salleh Nik Aziz Nik Mat Raja Nong Chik Zainal Abidin Federal Territory and Urban Wellbeing Minister Wan Azizah Wan Ismail Karpal Singh Lim Kit Siang Lim Guan Eng Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah Religious edit Antony Selvanayagam Roman Catholic Bishop of the Diocese of Penang Anthony Soter Fernandez Archbishop Emeritus of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kuala Lumpur and Bishop Emeritus of the Diocese of Penang Gregory Yong – Second Roman Catholic Archbishop of Singapore Tan Sri Datuk Murphy Nicholas Xavier Pakiam Metropolitan archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kuala Lumpur president of the Catholic Bishops Conference of Malaysia Singapore and Brunei and publisher of the Catholic weekly newspaper The Herald Datuk Ng Moon Hing the fourth and current Anglican Bishop of West Malaysia Sportspeople edit Squash edit Datuk Nicol Ann David Ong Beng Hee Azlan Iskandar Low Wee Wern Badminton edit Chan Chong Ming men s doubles Dato Lee Chong Wei Chew Choon Eng men s doubles Wong Choong Hann Chin Eei Hui women s doubles Hafiz Hashim Roslin Hashim Wong Pei Tty women s doubles Choong Tan Fook men s doubles Lee Wan Wah men s doubles Koo Kien Keat men s doubles Tan Boon Heong men s doubles Retired edit Tan Aik Huang Eddy Choong Punch Gunalan Yap Kim Hock Foo Kok Keong Jalani Sidek Misbun Sidek Rashid Sidek Razif Sidek Cheah Soon Kit Lee Wan Wah Football soccer edit Brendan Gan Sydney FC Shaun Maloney Wigan Athletic Akmal Rizal Perak FA Kedah FA RC Strasbourg FCSR Haguenau Norshahrul Idlan Talaha Kelantan FA Khairul Fahmi Che Mat Kelantan FA Mohd Safiq Rahim Selangor FA Mohd Fadzli Saari Selangor FA PBDKT T Team FC SV Wehen Rudie Ramli Selangor FA PKNS F C SV Wehen Mohd Safee Mohd Sali Selangor FA Pelita Jaya Baddrol Bakhtiar Kedah FA Mohd Khyril Muhymeen Zambri Kedah FA Mohd Azmi Muslim Kedah FA Mohd Fadhli Mohd Shas Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce Mohd Irfan Fazail Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce Wan Zack Haikal Wan Noor Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce F C Ryukyu Nazirul Naim Che Hashim Harimau Muda A F C Ryukyu Khairul Izuan Abdullah Sarawak FA Persibo Bojonegoro PDRM FA Stanley Bernard Stephen Samuel Sabah FA Sporting Clube de Goa Nazmi Faiz Harimau Muda A SC Beira Mar Ahmad Fakri Saarani Perlis FA Atlético S C Chun Keng Hong Penang FA Chanthaburi F C Retired edit Serbegeth Singh owner founder of MyTeam Blackburn Rovers F C Global dvisor Mokhtar Dahari former Selangor FA and Malaysian player Lim Teong Kim former Hertha BSC player