Village" The metro's expansion to the western suburbs of the city has brought easier access to the area since spring as the blue line now stops at Gazi Kerameikos station Syntagma Syntagma Square Greek S??ta?µa Constitution Square is the capital's central and largest square lying adjacent to the Greek Parliament the former Royal Palace and the city's most notable hotels Ermou Street an approximately one kilometer miles long pedestrian road connecting Syntagma Square to Monastiraki is a consumer paradise for both Athenians and tourists Complete with fashion shops and shopping centres promoting most international brands it now finds itself in the top five most expensive shopping streets in Europe and the tenth most expensive retail street in the world Nearby the renovated Army Fund building in Panepistimiou Street includes the "Attica" department store and several upmarket designer stores Plaka Monastiraki and Thission – Plaka Greek ????a lying just beneath the Acropolis is famous for its plentiful neoclassical architecture making up one of the most scenic districts of the city It remains a prime tourist destination with tavernas live performances and street salesmen Nearby Monastiraki Greek ???ast????? for its part is known for its string of small shops and markets as well as its crowded flea market and tavernas specialising in souvlaki Another district known for its student crammed stylish cafés is Theseum or Thission Greek T?se?? lying just west of Monastiraki Thission is home to the ancient Temple of Hephaestus standing atop a small hill This area also has a picturesque th century Byzantine church as well as a th century Ottoman mosque Exarcheia Greek ?????e?a located north of Kolonaki is the location of the city's anarchist scene and as a student quarter with cafés bars and bookshops Exarcheia is home to the Athens Polytechnic and the National Archaeological Museum it also contains important buildings of several th century styles Neoclassicism Art Deco and Early Modernism including Bauhaus influences citation needed Kolonaki Greek ???????? is the area at the base of Lycabettus hill full of boutiques catering to well heeled customers by day and bars and more fashionable restaurants by night with galleries and museums This is often regarded as one of the more prestigious areas of the capital

Panoramic view of Kolonaki Square Urban and suburban municipalities edit Ano Vrilissia Maisonette Block The Athens Metropolitan Area consists of densely populated municipalities sprawling around the municipality of Athens the city centre in virtually all directions For the Athenians all the urban municipalities surrounding the city centre are called suburbs According to their geographic location in relation to the City of Athens the suburbs are divided into four zones the northern suburbs including Agios Stefanos Dionysos Ekali Nea Erythraia Kifissia Maroussi Pefki Lykovrysi Metamorfosi Nea Ionia Nea Filadelfeia Irakleio Vrilissia Melissia Penteli Chalandri Agia Paraskevi Galatsi Psychiko and Filothei the southern suburbs including Alimos Nea Smyrni Moschato Kallithea Agios Dimitrios Palaio Faliro Elliniko Glyfada Argyroupoli Ilioupoli Voula and Vouliagmeni the eastern suburbs including Zografou Dafni Vyronas Kaisariani Cholargos and Papagou and the western suburbs including Peristeri Ilion Egaleo Agia Varvara Chaidari Petroupoli Agioi Anargyroi and Kamatero The Athens city coastline extending from the major commercial port of Piraeus to the southernmost suburb of Varkiza for some km mi is also connected to the city centre by a tram Beach in Vouliagmeni one of dozens of beaches in the South coast of Athens In the northern suburb of Maroussi the upgraded main Olympic Complex known by its Greek acronym OAKA dominates the skyline The area has been redeveloped according to a design by the Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava with steel arches landscaped gardens fountains futuristic glass and a landmark new blue glass roof which was added to the main stadium A second Olympic complex next to the sea at the beach of Palaio Faliro also features modern stadia shops and an elevated esplanade Work is underway to transform the grounds of the old Athens Airport – named Elliniko – in the southern suburbs into one of the largest landscaped parks in Europe to be named the Hellenikon Metropolitan Park Many of the southern suburbs such as Alimos Palaio Faliro Elliniko Voula Vouliagmeni and Varkiza host a number of sandy beaches most of which are operated by the Greek National Tourism Organisation and require an entrance fee Casinos operate on both Mount Parnitha some km mi from downtown Athens accessible by car or cable car and the nearby town of Loutraki accessible by car via the Athens – Corinth National Highway or the suburban rail service Proastiakos Coastline of Palaio Faliro Parks and zoos edit The entrance of the National Gardens commissioned by Queen Amalia in and completed by Artificial lake in the park of Nea Filadelfia The foothills of the Acropolis as seen from the Ancient Agora Parnitha National Park is punctuated by well marked paths gorges springs torrents and caves dotting the protected area Hiking and mountain biking in all four mountains are popular outdoor activities for residents of the city The National Garden of Athens was completed in and is a green refuge of hectares in the centre of the Greek capital It is to be found between the Parliament and Zappeion buildings the latter of which maintains its own garden of seven hectares Parts of the city centre have been redeveloped under a masterplan called the Unification of Archeological Sites of Athens which has also gathered funding from the EU to help enhance the project The landmark Dionysiou Areopagitou Street has been pedestrianised forming a scenic route The route starts from the Temple of Olympian Zeus at Vasilissis Olgas Avenue continues under the southern slopes of the Acropolis near Plaka and finishes just beyond the Temple of Hephaestus in Thiseio The route in its entirety provides visitors with views of the Parthenon and the Agora the meeting point of ancient Athenians away from the busy city centre The hills of Athens also provide green space Lycabettus Philopappos hill and the area around it including Pnyx and Ardettos hill are planted with pines and other trees with the character of a small forest rather than typical metropolitan parkland Also to be found is the Pedion tou Areos Field of Mars of hectares near the National Archaeological Museum Athens' largest zoo is the Attica Zoological Park a hectare acre private zoo located in the suburb of Spata The zoo is home to around animals representing species and is open days a year Smaller zoos exist within public gardens or parks such as the zoo within the National Garden of Athens Economy edit icon This section requires expansion January Ermou street near Syntagma Square The parliament locates on the right Athens is the financial capital of Greece and multinational companies such as Ericsson Siemens Motorola and Coca Cola have their regional research and development headquarters there Demographics edit The Athens Urban Area within the Attica Basin from space Athens population distribution Mycenean Athens in – BC could have reached the size of Tiryns that would put the population at the range of During the Greek Dark Ages the population of Athens was around people In BC the population grew to In BC the area probably contained people During the classical period the city's population is estimated from and up to according to Thucydides When Demetrius of Phalerum conducted a population census in BC the population was free citizens plus resident aliens and slaves This suggests a total population of The municipality of Athens has an official population of people The four regional units that make up what is referred to as Greater Athens have a combined population of They together with the regional unit of Piraeus Greater Piraeus make up the dense Athens Urban Area which reaches a total population of inhabitants in The ancient site of Athens is centred on the rocky hill of the acropolis In ancient times the port of Piraeus was a separate city but it has now been absorbed into the Athens Urban Area The rapid expansion of the city which continues to this day was initiated in the s and s because of Greece's transition from an agricultural to an industrial nation The expansion is now particularly toward the East and North East a tendency greatly related to the new Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport and the Attiki Odos the freeway that cuts across Attica By this process Athens has engulfed many former suburbs and villages in Attica and continues to do so The table below shows the historical population of Athens in recent times Year City population Urban population Metro population – – – – – – Pre Population exchange – – Post Population exchange – – – – – Details edit The large City Centre of the Greek capital falls directly within the municipality of Athens which is the largest in population size in Greece Piraeus also forms a significant city centre on its own within the Athens Urban Area and being the second largest in population size within it with Peristeri and Kallithea following The Athens Urban Area today consists of municipalities of which make up what is referred to as the Greater Athens municipalities located within regional units North Athens West Athens Central Athens South Athens and a further which make up the Greater Piraeus municipalities located within the regional unit of Piraeus as mentioned above The densely built up urban area of the Greek capital sprawls across km sq mi throughout the Attica Basin and has a total population of in The Athens Metropolitan Area spans km sq mi within the Attica region and includes a total of municipalities which are organized in regional units those outlined above along with East Attica and West Attica having reached a population of based on the preliminary results of the census Athens and Piraeus municipalities serve as the two metropolitan centres of the Athens Metropolitan Area There are also some inter municipal centres serving specific areas For example Kifissia and Glyfada serve as inter municipal centres for northern and southern suburbs respectively Culture and contemporary life edit Main article Culture of Greece Temple of Olympian Zeus The porch of the Caryatids at the Erechtheum The Byzantine Church of the Holy Apostles next to the Stoa of Attalos The Temple of Hephaestus is the best preserved of all ancient Greek temples View of the Odeon of Herodes Atticus in Sets for Tosca performed by the Greek National Opera Athens Planetarium Archaeological hub edit The city is a world centre of archaeological research Apart from national institutions such as Athens University the Archaeological Society several archaeological Museums including the National Archaeological Museum the Cycladic Museum the Epigraphic Museum the Byzantine Museum as well as museums at the ancient Agora Acropolis Kerameikos and Kerameikos Archaeological Museum The city is also home to the Demokritos laboratory for Archaeometry alongside regional and national archaeological authorities that form part of the Greek Department of Culture Athens hosts Foreign Archaeological Institutes which promote and facilitate research by scholars from their home countries As a result Athens has more than a dozen archaeological libraries and three specialized archaeological laboratories and is the venue of several hundred specialized lectures conferences and seminars as well as dozens of archaeological exhibitions each year At any given time hundreds of international scholars and researchers in all disciplines of archaeology are to be found in the city Museums edit The National Archaeological Museum in central Athens Athens' most important museums include the National Archaeological Museum the largest archaeological museum in the country and one of the most important internationally as it contains a vast collection of antiquities its artifacts cover a period of more than years from late Neolithic Age to Roman Greece the Benaki Museum with its several branches for each of its collections including ancient Byzantine Ottoman era and Chinese art and beyond the Byzantine and Christian Museum one of the most important museums of Byzantine art the Numismatic Museum housing a major collection of ancient and modern coins the Museum of Cycladic Art home to an extensive collection of Cycladic art including its famous figurines of white marble the New Acropolis Museum opened in and replacing the old museum on the Acropolis The new museum has proved considerably popular almost one million people visited during the summer period June–October alone A number of smaller and privately owned museums focused on Greek culture and arts are also to be found the Kerameikos Archaeological Museum a museum which displays artifacts from the burial site of Kerameikos Much of the pottery and other artifacts relate to Athenian attitudes towards death and the afterlife throughout many ages the Jewish Museum of Greece a museum which describes the history and culture of the Greek Jewish community Tourism edit Athens has been a destination for travellers since antiquity Over the past decade the city's infrastructure and social amenities have improved in part because of its successful bid to stage the Olympic Games The Greek Government aided by the EU has funded major infrastructure projects such as the state of the art Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport the expansion of the Athens Metro system and the new Attiki Odos Motorway Athens was voted as the third best European city to visit in by European Best Destination More than people voted Entertainment and performing arts edit Athens is home to theatrical stages more than any other city in the world including the ancient Odeon of Herodes Atticus home to the Athens Festival which runs from May to October each year In addition to a large number of multiplexes Athens plays host to open air garden cinemas The city also supports music venues including the Athens Concert Hall Megaron Moussikis which attracts world class artists The Athens Planetarium located in Andrea Syngrou Avenue is one of the largest and best equipped digital planetaria in the world Sports edit Athens has a long tradition in sports and sporting events serving as home to the most important clubs in Greek sport and housing a large number of sports facilities The city has also been host to sports events of international importance Athens has hosted the Summer Olympic Games twice in and The Summer Olympics required the development of the Athens Olympic Stadium which has since gained a reputation as one of the most beautiful stadiums in the world and one of its most interesting modern monuments The biggest stadium in the country it hosted two finals of the UEFA Champions League in and Athens' other major stadium located in the Piraeus area is the Karaiskakis Stadium a sports and entertainment complex host of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Final In Greece's national soccer team won the UEFA European Championship Finals in Portugal In the final tie they beat the host nation Portugal Athens has hosted the Euroleague final three times the first in and second in both at the Peace and Friendship Stadium most known as SEF a large indoor arena and the third time in at the Olympic Indoor Hall Events in other sports such as athletics volleyball water polo etc have been hosted in the capital's venues Athens is home to three European multi sport clubs Olympiacos Panathinaikos AEK Athens In football Olympiacos have dominated the domestic competitions Panathinaikos made it to the European Cup Final while AEK Athens is the other member of the big three These clubs also have basketball teams Panathinaikos and Olympiacos are among the top powers in European basketball having won the Euroleague six times and three respectively whilst AEK Athens was the first Greek team to win a European trophy in any team sport Other notable clubs within Athens are Athinaikos Panionios Atromitos Apollon Panellinios Ethnikos Piraeus Maroussi BC and Peristeri B C Athenian clubs have also had domestic and international success in other sports O A C A Olympic Indoor Hall The Athens area encompasses a variety of terrain notably hills and mountains rising around the city and the capital is the only major city in Europe to be bisected by a mountain range Four mountain ranges extend into city boundaries and thousands of miles of trails criss cross the city and neighbouring areas providing exercise and wilderness access on foot and bike Beyond Athens and across the prefecture of Attica outdoor activities include skiing rock climbing hang gliding and windsurfing Numerous outdoor clubs serve these sports including the Athens Chapter of the Sierra Club which leads over outings annually in the area Notable sport clubs based inside the boundaries of Athens Municipality Club Founded Sports District Achievements Panellinios G S Basketball Volleyball Handball Track and Field and others Kypseli Panhellenic titles in Basketball Volleyball Handball many honours in Track and Field Apollon Smyrni originally in Smyrni Football Basketball Volleyball and others Rizoupoli Earlier long time presence in A Ethniki Ethnikos G S Athens Track and Field Wrestling Shooting and others Zappeion Many honours in Athletics and Wrestling Panathinaikos Football Basketball Volleyball Water Polo Track and Field and others Ampelokipoi One of the most successful Greek clubs many titles in several sports Ilisiakos Football Basketball Ilisia Earlier presence in A Ethniki basketball Asteras Exarchion originally as Achilleus Neapoleos Football Basketball Exarcheia Earlier presence in A Ethniki women basketball Ampelokipoi B C originally as Hephaestus Athens Basketball Ampelokipoi Earlier presence in A Ethniki basketball Thriamvos Athens originally as Doxa Athens Football Basketball Neos Kosmos Panhellenic title in women Basketball Sporting B C Basketball Patisia Many Panhellenic titles in women Basketball Pagrati B C Basketball Pagrati Earlier presence in A Ethniki Beside the above clubs inside the boundaries of Athens municipality there are some more clubs with presence in national divisions or notable action for short periods Some of them are PAO Rouf Rouf with earlier presence in Gamma Ethniki Petralona F C el Petralona football club founded in with earlier presence in Beta Ethniki Attikos F C el Kolonos football club founded in with short presence in Gamma Ethniki Athinais Kypselis el Kypseli football club founded in with short presence in Gamma Ethniki Gyziakos Gyzi basketball club founded in with short presence in Beta Ethniki basketball and Aetos B C el Agios Panteleimonas basketball club founded in with earlier presence in A Ethniki Basketball Another important Athenian sport club is the Athens Tennis Club founded in with important offer for the Greek tennis Music edit People dance in a nightclub in Psirri a district of Athens with very active nightlife The most successful songs during the period – were the so called Athenian serenades ????a???? ?a?t?de? based on the Heptanesean kantádhes ?a?t?de? 'serenades' sing ?a?t?da and the songs performed on stage ep??e???s?a?? t?a???d?a 'theatrical revue songs' in revues musical comedies operettas and nocturnes that were dominating Athens' theatre scene Notable composers of operettas or nocturnes were Kostas Giannidis Dionysios Lavrangas Nikos Hatziapostolou while Theophrastos Sakellaridis' The Godson remains probably the most popular operetta Despite the fact that the Athenian songs were not autonomous artistic creations in contrast with the serenades and despite their original connection with mainly dramatic forms of Art they eventually became hits as independent songs Notable actors of Greek operettas who made also a series of melodies and songs popular at that time include Orestis Makris Kalouta sisters Vasilis Avlonitis Afroditi Laoutari Eleni Papadaki Marika Nezer Marika Krevata and others After wavering among American and European musical influences as well as the Greek musical tradition Greek composers begin to write music using the tunes of the tango waltz swing foxtrot some times combined with melodies in the style of Athenian serenades' repertory Nikos Gounaris was probably the most renowned composer and singer of the time In after the population exchange between Greece and Turkey many ethnic Greeks from Asia Minor fled to Athens as a result of the Greco Turkish War They settled in poor neighborhoods and brought with them Rebetiko music making it popular also in Greece which became later the base for the Laïko music Other forms of song popular today in Greece are elafrolaika entechno dimotika and skyladika Greece's most notable and internationally famous composers of Greek song mainly of the entechno form are Manos Hadjidakis and Mikis Theodorakis Both composers have achieved fame in the west for their composition of film scores Education edit Building of the Academy of Athens modern The Propylaea part of the "Trilogy" of Theofil Hansen serves as the ceremony hall and rectory of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Located on Panepistimiou Street the old campus of the University of Athens the National Library and the Athens Academy form the "Athens Trilogy" built in the mid th century Most of the university's workings have been moved to a much larger modern campus located in the eastern suburb of Zografou The second higher education institution in the city is the Athens Polytechnic School found in Patission Street This was the location where on November more than students were killed and hundreds injured inside the university during the Athens Polytechnic uprising against the military junta that ruled the nation from April until July Other universities that lie within Athens are the Athens University of Economics and Business the Panteion University the Agricultural University of Athens and the University of Piraeus There are overall eleven state supported Institutions of Higher or Tertiary education located in the Metropolitan Area of Athens these are by chronological order Athens School of Fine Arts National Technical University of Athens National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Agricultural University of Athens Athens University of Economics and Business Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences University of Piraeus Technological Educational Institute of Piraeus Technological Educational Institute of Athens Harokopio University School of Pedagogical and Technological Education There are also several other private colleges as they called formally in Greece as the establishment of private universities is prohibited by the constitution Many of them are accredited by a foreign state or university such as the American College of Greece and the Athens Campus of the University of Indianapolis Environment edit Recycling machine in Athens By the late s the pollution of Athens had become so destructive that according to the then Greek Minister of Culture Constantine Trypanis " the carved details on the five the caryatids of the Erechtheum had seriously degenerated while the face of the horseman on the Parthenon's west side was all but obliterated " A series of measures taken by the authorities of the city throughout the s resulted in the improvement of air quality the appearance of smog or nefos as the Athenians used to call it has become less common Measures taken by the Greek authorities throughout the s have improved the quality of air over the Attica Basin Nevertheless air pollution still remains an issue for Athens particularly during the hottest summer days In late June the Attica region experienced a number of brush fires including a blaze that burned a significant portion of a large forested national park in Mount Parnitha considered critical to maintaining a better air quality in Athens all year round Damage to the park has led to worries over a stalling in the improvement of air quality in the city The major waste management efforts undertaken in the last decade particularly the plant built on the small island of Psytalia have improved water quality in the Saronic Gulf and the coastal waters of Athens are now accessible again to swimmers In January Athens faced a waste management problem when its landfill near Ano Liosia an Athenian suburb reached capacity The crisis eased by mid January when authorities began taking the garbage to a temporary landfill Transport edit Main article Public transport in Athens Athens metropolitan railway network metró and proastiakós as of January Agios Dimitrios station with an island platform Athens is serviced by a variety of transportation means forming the largest mass transit system of Greece The Athens Mass Transit System consists of a large bus fleet a trolleybus fleet that mainly serves Athens's city center the city's Metro a commuter rail service and a tram network connecting the southern suburbs to the city centre Bus transport edit Ethel Greek ?T?? Etaireia Thermikon Leoforeion or Thermal Bus Company is the main operator of buses in Athens Its network consists of about bus lines which span the Athens Metropolitan Area with an operating staff of and a fleet of buses Of those buses run on compressed natural gas making up the largest fleet of natural gas powered buses in Europe Besides being served by a fleet of natural gas and diesel buses the Athens Urban Area is also served by trolleybuses — or electric buses as they are referred to in the name of the operating company The network is operated by Electric Buses of the Athens and Piraeus Region or ILPAP Greek ????? and consists of lines with an operating staff of All of the trolleybuses are equipped to enable them to run on diesel in case of power failure International and regional bus links are provided by KTEL from two InterCity Bus Terminals Kifissos Bus Terminal A and Liosion Bus Terminal B both located in the north western part of the city Kifissos provides connections towards the Peloponnese and Attica whereas Liosion is used for most northerly mainland destinations Athens Metro edit Main article Athens Metro Athens Metro subway train rd generation stock The Athens Metro is more commonly known in Greece as the Attiko Metro Greek ?tt??? Met?? and provides public transport throughout the Athens Urban Area While its main purpose is transport it also houses Greek artifacts found during construction of the system The Athens Metro has an operating staff of and runs two of the three metro lines namely the Red line and Blue line lines which were constructed largely during the s with the initial sections opened in January All routes run entirely underground and a fleet of trains consisting of cars operate within the network with a daily occupancy of passengers The Red Line line runs from Anthoupoli station to Elliniko station and covers a distance of km mi The line connects the western suburbs of Athens with the southeast suburbs passing through the center of Athens The line associated with Green line stations at Attiki and Omonoia Square station Also the line connected with the Blue line at Syntagma Square station and connected with Tram at Syntagma Square Sygrou Fix and Agios Ioannis station The Blue Line line runs from the western suburbs namely Agia Marina to the Egaleo station through the central Monastiraki and Syntagma stations to Doukissis Plakentias avenue in the northeastern suburb of Halandri covering a distance of km mi then ascending to ground level and reaching Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport using the Suburban Railway infrastructure and extending its length to km mi The spring extension from Monastiraki westwards to Egaleo connected some of the main night life hubs of the city namely the ones of Gazi Kerameikos station with Psirri Monastiraki station and the city centre Syntagma station Extensions are under construction to the west southwest suburbs of Athens reaching to the port and the center of Piraeus The new stations will be Agia Barvara Koridallos Nikaia Maniatika Piraeus and Dimotiko Theatro station The stations will be ready in connecting the biggest port of Greece Piraeus Port with the biggest airport of Greece the Athens International Airport Electric railway ISAP edit Main article ISAP An ISAP train Green Line passes by the Stoa of Attalos in central Athens Not run by the Athens Metro company is the ISAP Greek ?S?? the Electric Railway Company line which for many years served as Athens's primary urban rail transport This is today the Green Line line of the Athens Metro network as shown on maps and unlike the red and blue lines ISAP has many above ground sections on its route This was the original metro line from Piraeus to Kifisia serving stations with a network length of km mi an operating staff of and a fleet of trains and cars ISAP's occupancy rate is passengers daily The Green Line line now serves stations and forms the oldest line of the Athens metro network and for the most part runs at ground level connecting the port of Piraeus with the northern suburb of Kifissia The line is set to be extended to Agios Stefanos a suburb located km mi citation needed to the north of Athens reaching to km mi citation needed The Athens Metropolitan Railway system is managed by three companies namely ISAP line Attiko Metro lines & while its commuter rail the Proastiakós is considered as line Commuter suburban rail Proastiakos edit Main article Proastiakos Suburban rail The Athens commuter rail service referred to as the "Proastiakós" connects Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport to the city of Corinth km mi west of Athens via Larissa station the city's central rail station and the port of Piraeus The service is sometimes considered the fourth line of the Athens Metro The length of Athens's commuter rail network extends to km mi and is expected to stretch to km mi by The Proastiakos will be extended to Xylokastro west of Athens and Chalkida Tram edit Main article Athens Tram A modern Athens Tram station and vehicles Athens Tram SA operates a fleet of vehicles called 'Sirios' which serve stations employ people with an average daily occupancy of passengers The tram network spans a total length of km mi and covers ten Athenian suburbs The network runs from Syntagma Square to the southwestern suburb of Palaio Faliro where the line splits in two branches the first runs along the Athens coastline toward the southern suburb of Voula while the other heads toward the Piraeus district of Neo Faliro The network covers the majority of the Saronic coastline Further extensions are planned towards the major commercial port of Piraeus The expansion to Piraeus will include new stations increase the overall length of tram route by km mi and increase the overall transportation network Athens International Airport edit Main article Athens International Airport Athens International Airport Check in area Athens is served by the Athens International Airport ATH located near the town of Spata in the eastern Messoghia plain some km mi east of Athens The airport awarded the "European Airport of the Year " Award is intended as an expandable hub for air travel in southeastern Europe and was constructed in months costing billion euros It employs a staff of The airport is served by the Metro the suburban rail buses to Piraeus port Athens' city centre and its suburbs and also taxis The airport accommodates landings and take offs per hour with its passenger boarding bridges check in counters and broader m sq ft main terminal and a commercial area of m sq ft which includes cafes duty free shops and a small museum In the airport handled passengers an increase of over the previous year of Of those passengers passed through the airport for domestic flights and passengers travelled through for international flights Beyond the dimensions of its passenger capacity ATH handled total flights in or approximately flights per day Railways and ferry connections edit Athens is the hub of the country's national railway system OSE connecting the capital with major cities across Greece and abroad Istanbul Sofia and Bucharest Because of financial difficulties all international rail services were suspended indefinitely in The Port of Piraeus connects Athens to the numerous Greek islands of the Aegean Sea with ferries departing while also serving the cruise ships that arrive Motorways edit Further information Highways in Greece Interchange at the Attiki Odos airport entrance Poseidonos Avenue a major road connecting the southern suburbs of Athens Vouliagmenis Avenue Athens Greece Two main motorways of Greece begin in Athens namely the A E which crosses through Athens's Urban Area from Piraeus heading north towards Greece's second largest city Thessaloniki and the A E heading west towards Patras which incorporated the GR A Before their completion much of the road traffic used the GR and the GR Athens' Metropolitan Area is served by the motorway network of the Attiki Odos toll motorway code A Its main section extends from the western industrial suburb of Elefsina to Athens International Airport while two beltways namely the Aigaleo Beltway A and the Hymettus Beltway A serve parts of western and eastern Athens respectively The span of the Attiki Odos in all its length is km mi making it the largest metropolitan motorway network in all of Greece Motorways A E N Lamia Larissa Thessaloniki A GR A E W Elefsina Corinth Patras A W Elefsina E Airport National roads GR ? Lamia Larissa Thessaloniki GR W Corinth Patras GR N Elefsina Lamia Larissa Olympic Games edit Summer Olympics edit Main article Summer Olympics Princess Elizabeth (left, in uniform) on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with (left to right) her mother Queen Elizabeth, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, King George VI, and Princess Margaret, 8 May 1945 In 1943, at the age of 16, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the Grenadier Guards, of which she had been appointed colonel the previous year.[29] As she approached her 18th birthday, the law was changed so that she could act as one of five Counsellors of State in the event of her father's incapacity or absence abroad, such as his visit to Italy in July 1944.[30] In February 1945, she joined the Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service as an honorary second subaltern with the service number of 230873.[31] She trained as a driver and mechanic and was promoted to honorary junior commander five months later.[32][33] At the end of the war in Europe, on Victory in Europe Day, Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret mingled anonymously with the celebratory crowds in the streets of London. Elizabeth later said in a rare interview, "We asked my parents if we could go out and see for ourselves. I remember we were terrified of being recognised ... I remember lines of unknown people linking arms and walking down Whitehall, all of us just swept along on a tide of happiness and relief."[34] During the war, plans were drawn up to quell Welsh nationalism by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Wales. Proposals, such as appointing her Constable of Caernarfon Castle or a patron of Urdd Gobaith Cymru (the Welsh League of Youth), were abandoned for various reasons, which included a fear of associating Elizabeth with conscientious objectors in the Urdd, at a time when Britain was at war.[35] Welsh politicians suggested that she be made Princess of Wales on her 18th birthday. The idea was supported by the Home Secretary, Herbert Morrison, but rejected by the King because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a Prince of Wales and the Prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent.[36] In 1946, she was inducted into the Welsh Gorsedd of Bards at the National Eisteddfod of Wales.[37] In 1947, Princess Elizabeth went on her first overseas tour, accompanying her parents through southern Africa. During the tour, in a broadcast to the British Commonwealth on her 21st birthday, she made the following pledge: I declare before you all that my whole life, whether it be long or short, shall be devoted to your service and the service of our great imperial family to which we all belong.[38] Marriage and family Main article: Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten, Duke of Edinburgh Elizabeth met her future husband, Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, in 1934 and 1937.[39] They are second cousins once removed through King Christian IX of Denmark and third cousins through Queen Victoria. After another meeting at the Royal Naval College in Dartmouth in July 1939, Elizabeth—though only 13 years old—said she fell in love with Philip and they began to exchange letters.[40] Their engagement was officially announced on 9 July 1947.[41] The engagement was not without controversy: Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born (though a British subject who had served in the Royal Navy throughout the Second World War), and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links.[42] Marion Crawford wrote, "Some of the King's advisors did not think him good enough for her. He was a prince without a home or kingdom. Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip's foreign origin."[43] Elizabeth's mother was reported, in later biographies, to have opposed the union initially, even dubbing Philip "The Hun".[44] In later life, however, she told biographer Tim Heald that Philip was "an English gentleman".[45] Before the marriage, Philip renounced his Greek and Danish titles, converted from Greek Orthodoxy to Anglicanism, and adopted the style Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, taking the surname of his mother's British family.[46] Just before the wedding, he was created Duke of Edinburgh and granted the style His Royal Highness.[47] Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey. They received 2500 wedding gifts from around the world.[48] Because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war, Elizabeth required ration coupons to buy the material for her gown, which was designed by Norman Hartnell.[49] In post-war Britain, it was not acceptable for the Duke of Edinburgh's German relations, including his three surviving sisters, to be invited to the wedding.[50] The Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII, was not invited either.[51] Elizabeth gave birth to her first child, Prince Charles, on 14 November 1948. One month earlier, the King had issued letters patent allowing her children to use the style and title of a royal prince or princess, to which they otherwise would not have been entitled as their father was no longer a royal prince.[52] A second child, Princess Anne, was born in 1950.[53] Following their wedding, the couple leased Windlesham Moor, near Windsor Castle, until 4 July 1949,[48] when they took up residence at Clarence House in London. At various times between 1949 and 1951, the Duke of Edinburgh was stationed in the British Crown Colony of Malta as a serving Royal Navy officer. He and Elizabeth lived intermittently, for several months at a time, in the hamlet of Gwardamanga, at Villa Guardamangia, the rented home of Philip's uncle, Lord Mountbatten. The children remained in Britain.[54] Reign Accession and coronation Elizabeth in crown and robes next to her husband in military uniform Coronation portrait of Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh, June 1953 Coronation of Elizabeth II Main article: Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II During 1951, George VI's health declined and Elizabeth frequently stood in for him at public events. When she toured Canada and visited President Harry S. Truman in Washington, D.C., in October 1951, her private secretary, Martin Charteris, carried a draft accession declaration in case the King died while she was on tour.[55] In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of Kenya. On 6 February 1952, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, Sagana Lodge, after a night spent at Treetops Hotel, when word arrived of the death of the King and consequently Elizabeth's immediate accession to the throne. Philip broke the news to the new Queen.[56] Martin Charteris asked her to choose a regnal name; she chose to remain Elizabeth, "of course".[57] She was proclaimed queen throughout her realms and the royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom.[58] She and the Duke of Edinburgh moved into Buckingham Palace.[59] With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed probable that the royal house would bear her husband's name, becoming the House of Mountbatten, in line with the custom of a wife taking her husband's surname on marriage. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Elizabeth's grandmother, Queen Mary, favoured the retention of the House of Windsor, and so on 9 April 1952 Elizabeth issued a declaration that Windsor would continue to be the name of the royal house. The Duke complained, "I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children."[60] In 1960, after the death of Queen Mary in 1953 and the resignation of Churchill in 1955, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles.[61] Amid preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret informed her sister that she wished to marry Peter Townsend, a divorcé‚ 16 years Margaret's senior, with two sons from his previous marriage. The Queen asked them to wait for a year; in the words of Martin Charteris, "the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess, but I think she thought—she hoped—given time, the affair would peter out."[62] Senior politicians were against the match and the Church of England did not permit remarriage after divorce. If Margaret had contracted a civil marriage, she would have been expected to renounce her right of succession.[63] Eventually, she decided to abandon her plans with Townsend.[64] In 1960, she married Antony Armstrong-Jones, who was created Earl of Snowdon the following year. They were divorced in 1978; she did not remarry.[65] Despite the death of Queen Mary on 24 March, the coronation on 2 June 1953 went ahead as planned, as Mary had asked before she died.[66] The ceremony in Westminster Abbey, with the exception of the anointing and communion, was televised for the first time.[67][d] Elizabeth's coronation gown was embroidered on her instructions with the floral emblems of Commonwealth countries:[71] English Tudor rose; Scots thistle; Welsh leek; Irish shamrock; Australian wattle; Canadian maple leaf; New Zealand silver fern; South African protea; lotus flowers for India and Ceylon; and Pakistan's wheat, cotton, and jute.[72] Continuing evolution of the Commonwealth Further information: Historical development of the Commonwealth realms, from the Queen's accession The Commonwealth realms (pink) and their territories and protectorates (red) at the beginning of Elizabeth II's reign A formal group of Elizabeth in tiara and evening dress with eleven politicians in evening dress or national costume. Elizabeth II and Commonwealth leaders at the 1960 Commonwealth Conference, Windsor Castle From Elizabeth's birth onwards, the British Empire continued its transformation into the Commonwealth of Nations.[73] By the time of her accession in 1952, her role as head of multiple independent states was already established.[74] Spanning 1953–54, the Queen and her husband embarked on a six-month around-the-world tour. She became the first reigning monarch of Australia and New Zealand to visit those nations.[75] During the tour, crowds were immense; three-quarters of the population of Australia were estimated to have seen her.[76] Throughout her reign, the Queen has undertaken state visits to foreign countries and tours of Commonwealth ones and she is the most widely travelled head of state.[77] In 1956, French Prime Minister Guy Mollet and British Prime Minister Sir Anthony Eden discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth. The proposal was never accepted and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, the precursor of the European Union.[78] In November 1956, Britain and France invaded Egypt in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal. Lord Mountbatten claimed the Queen was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it. Eden resigned two months later.[79] The absence of a formal mechanism within the Conservative Party for choosing a leader meant that, following Eden's resignation, it fell to the Queen to decide whom to commission to form a government. Eden recommended that she consult Lord Salisbury, the Lord President of the Council. Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir, the Lord Chancellor, consulted the British Cabinet, Winston Churchill, and the Chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee, resulting in the Queen appointing their recommended candidate: Harold Macmillan.[80] The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden's successor led in 1957 to the first major personal criticism of the Queen. In a magazine, which he owned and edited,[81] Lord Altrincham accused her of being "out of touch".[82] Altrincham was denounced by public figures and slapped by a member of the public appalled by his comments.[83] Aleksejs Širovs born – chess player Andris Škele born – politician Prime Minister of Latvia Armands Škele – basketball player Ksenia Solo born – actress Ernests Štalbergs – – architect ensemble of the Freedom Monument Izaks Nahmans Šteinbergs – – politician lawyer and author Maris Štrombergs – BMX cyclist gold medal winner at and Olympics T edit Esther Takeuchi born – materials scientist and chemical engineer Mihails Tals – – the th World Chess Champion Janis Roberts Tilbergs – – painter sculptor U edit Guntis Ulmanis born – president of Latvia Karlis Ulmanis – – prime minister and president of Latvia


abby-lane abby-rode abigail-clayton ada-tauler addie-juniper addison-cain adele-wiesenthal adeline-lange adeline-pollicina adriana-amante adrianna-laurenti adrianna-russo agnes agnes-ardant agnes-zalontai aimee-addison aisha-sun aja aleena-ferari alessandra-schiavo aletta-ocean alexandra-nice alexandria-cass alexa-parks alex-dane alex-foxe alexia-knight alexis-devell alexis-firestone alexis-greco alexis-payne alexis-x alex-storm alex-white aliana-love alice-springs alicia-alighatti alicia-monet alicia-rio alicyn-sterling alighiera-olena ali-moore aline-santos alissa-ashley allysin-chaynes alysin-embers alyssa-love alyssa-reece amanda-addams amanda-blake amanda-blue amanda-jane-adams amanda-rae amanda-stone amanda-tyler amber-hunt amberlina-lynn amber-lynn amber-michaels amber-peach amber-wild amber-woods ambrosia-fox amia-miley ami-rodgers amy-allison amy-brooke amy-rose amy-starz anastasia-christ anastasia-sands andrea-adams andrea-brittian andrea-lange andrea-true andy angel angela-baron angela-summers angel-barrett angel-cash angel-cruz angel-cummings angel-ducharme angelica-sin angelika-reschner angelina-brasini angelina-korrs angelina-valentine angel-kelly angel-long angel-west angie-knight anita-andic anita-blond anita-cannibal anita-dark anna-belle anna-malle anna-nikova anna-pierce anna-ventura anna-veruska anne-bie-warburg anne-libert anne-magle anne-sand annette-haven annie-sprinkle ann-kiray ann-marie-michelle antonia-dorian april-flowers april-may april-west arcadia-lake ariana-bali ariana-jollee arlana-blue ashley-anne ashley-brooks ashley-coda ashley-fires ashley-lauren ashley-long ashley-marie ashley-nicole ashley-perk ashley-renee ashley-robbins ashley-welles ashley-wells ashley-winger ashlyn-gere astrid-bone athena-star aubrey-nichols aurora aurora-snow autumn-bliss autumn-rayne ava-devine ava-lauren avalon ava-marteens avy-lee-roth bailey-monroe bambi-allen barbara-bourbon barbara-boutet barbara-dare barbara-doll barbara-moose barbarella 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carmel-nougat carmen-blonde carmen-de-la-torre carmen-moore carmen-rose carol-connors carol-cross carol-cummings carole-dubois carole-gire carole-pierac carol-titian carolyn-connoly carolyn-monroe carrie-cruise cassandra-leigh cassidy cassie-courtland cataline-bullock catherine-count catherine-crystal catherine-ringer catherine-tailleferre cathy-delorme cathy-menard cathy-stewart celeste-fox celine-gallone chanel-preston chanel-price chantal-virapin chanta-rose chantelle-stevens charisma charisma-cole charlie-latour charlie-waters charlotte-de-castille charmane-star chasey-lain chayse-manhattan chaz-vincent chelsea-sinclaire chennin-blanc cheri-janvier cheri-taylor cherry-hill chessie-moore cheyenne-hunter cheyenne-silver china-lee china-leigh china-moon chloe-cruize chloe-dior chloe-kez chloe-stevens chris-collins chris-jordan chris-petersen chrissie-beauchamp christa-abel christa-ludwig christie-ford christi-lake christina-berg christina-blond christina-evol christina-skye christine-black christine-chavert christine-neona christine-rigoler christy-canyon cicciolina cindi-stephens cindy-carver cindy-crawford cindy-more cindy-shepard cindy-wong cinthya-marinho clair-dia claire-robbins claude-janna claudia-jackson claudia-jamsson claudia-mehringer claudia-nero claudia-van-statt claudia-zante claudine-beccarie clea-carson cleo-nichole cleo-patra cody-lane cody-love cody-nicole coffee-brown colleen-brennan connie-bennett connie-peterson constance-money copper-penny coreena corey-everson corinne-lemoine corneliah cory-everson cory-wolf courtney courtney-cummz courtney-james cris-cassidy crissy-moran cris-taliana crystal-breeze crystal-dawn crystal-holland crystal-knight crystal-lake crystal-lovin crystal-sync csilla-kalnay cuban-bee cynara-fox cyndee-summers cynthia-black cynthia-brooks cynthia-hammers cynthia-lavigne dagmar-lost daisy-layne dallas-miko dana-dylan dana-lynn danica-rhea daniela-nanou daniela-schiffer daniele-troeger daniella daniella-schiffer danielle danielle-foxxx danielle-rodgers danny-ricci danyel-cheeks daphne daphne-rosen darby-lloyd-rains darla-crane darla-delovely davia-ardell dayton-rain debbie-northrup debbie-revenge debbie-van-gils debi-diamond debi-jointed debra-lynn deidra-hopkins deidre-holland delania-raffino delia-moore delphine-thail delta-force delta-white demi-moor denice-klarskov denise-derringer denise-dior denise-sloan desiree-cousteau desiree-foxx desiree-lane desiree-west deva-station devin-devasquez devinn-lane devon-shire dia diana-holt diana-kisabonyi diana-siefert diana-stevenson diane-dubois diane-richards diane-sloan diane-suresne dido-angel dillan-lauren dina-deville dina-jewel dina-pearl ditty-blue diva divinity-love djiana dolly-darkley dominique dominique-dewitt dominique-saint-claire donna-hart donna-marie dorle-buchner dorothy-lemay dorothy-onan drea drimla dru-berrymore dusty-rose dyanna-lauren ebony-ayes edina-blond edita-ungerova edwige-faillel eileen-wells elaine-southern elena-berkova elena-maria-ricci eleonore-melzer elisabeth-bure elis-black elise elise-di-medici elle-devyne elle-rio elodie-delage elsa-maroussia elza-brown emili-doll emily-evermoore emily-george emily-jewel emmanuelle-pareze envy-mi erica-boyer erica-eaton erica-havens erica-idol erica-lauren erika-bella erika-cool erika-heaven erika-lockett esme-monroe eva-allen eva-angel eva-dionisio eva-gross eva-kleber eva-lux eva-uettori eve-laurence evelyne-lang evie-delatosso fabiana-venturi faith-stevens fallon fanny-garreau fanny-steel faye-runaway flame flick-shagwell flore-soller flower france-lomay france-quenie francoise frankie-leigh gabriella gabriella-mirelba gabriella-vincze gail-force gail-palmer gail-sterling georgette-saunders georgia-peach georgina-spelvin gia-givanna gianna-lynn gili-sky gina-carrera gina-gianetti gina-janssen gina-lee gina-martell gina-valentino ginger-jay ginger-lee ginger-lynn ginny-noack giovanna gisela-schwarz giselle-monet gladys-laroche gloria-leonard gloria-todd golden-jade greta-carlson greta-milos guia-lauri-filzi gwenda-farnel hare-krane harley-raine hayley-jade hazel-young heather-deeley heather-ellis heather-hart heather-lere heather-lyn heather-manfield heather-thomas heather-torrance heather-wayne heather-young helen-madigan helen-thomas helga-sven helga-wild hillary-summers holly-hollywood holly-joy holly-page holly-ryder honey-winter hottie-hollie hyapatia-lee ida-fabry ildiko-smits illana-moor ines-ridere ingrid-choray isabella-dior isabella-soprano isabelle-allay isabelle-brell isabelle-marchall isobel-wren iveta ivette-blanche jackie-right jacqueline-lorians jacy-allen jada-stevens jade-east jade-hsu jade-marcela jade-summers jade-wong jahn-gold jamie-brooks jamie-james jamie-summers jana-irrova jana-mrazkova jane-baker jane-darling jane-iwanoff jane-lindsay jane-lixx janet-jacme janey-robbins jasmine-delatori jayden-simone jaylyn-rose jayna-woods jazella-moore jazmin-luna-gold jean-afrique jeanette-littledove jeanie-marie-sullivan jean-jennings jeanna-fine jeannie-pepper jenna-jameson jenna-jane jenna-presley jenna-wells jennifer-haussmann jennifer-janes jennifer-jordan jennifer-morante jennifer-noxt jennifer-stewart jennifer-welles jennifer-west jenny jenny-feeling jenny-fields jenny-wings jersey-jaxin jesie-st-james jesse-capelli jessica-bangkok jessica-bogart jessica-darlin jessica-fiorentino jessica-gabriel jessica-laine jessica-may jessica-road jessica-wylde jessi-foster jill-ferari jill-kelly joana-redgrave joan-devlon joanna-storm joanna-sweet jody-maxwell joelle-lequement joelle-petinot johnni-black jordana-james jordan-green jordan-nevaeh jordan-star josephine-carrington joslyn-james julia-chanel julia-dal-fuoco juliana-grandi julia-paes julia-parton julia-perrin julia-swen julia-thomas julie-meadows julie-rage julie-simone juliet-anderson juliet-graham juliette-carelton kacey-jordan kagney-linn-karter kaitlyn-ashley kalena-rios kami-andrews kamila-smith kandee-licks kandi-barbour kapri-styles kara-nox karen-summer kari-foxx karine-gambier karin-schubert karli-sweet karmen-kennedy karol-castro kascha kassi-nova kat kate-frost kate-jones kathia-nobili kathleen-gentry kathleen-white kathy-divan kathy-harcourt kathy-heart kathy-kash katie-cummings katja-love kat-langer katrina-isis katrina-kraven katy-borman katy-caro kaycee-dean kayla-kupcakes kay-parker k-c-valentine keama-kim keira-moon keisha keli-richards kelli-tyler kelly-adams kelly-blue kelly-broox kelly-hearn kelly-kay kelly-kline kelly-nichols kelly-royce kelly-skyline kendra-kay kenzi-marie keri-windsor ketthy-divan kianna-dior kiley-heart kim-alexis kimber-blake kimberly-carson kimberly-kane kimberly-kyle kim-de-place kim-holland kimi-gee kimkim-de kim-kitaine kimmie-lee kimmy-nipples kina-kara kira-eggers kira-red kirsty-waay kitty-langdon kitty-lynxxx kitty-marie kitty-shayne kitty-yung kora-cummings kris-lara krista-lane krista-maze kristara-barrington kristarah-knight kristi-klenot kristina-blonde 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Poster of the Summer Olympics Spyridon Louis entering the Kallimarmaron Stadium at the end of the marathon Central Athens c showing Zappeion Kallimarmaron and their environs brought forth the revival of the modern Olympic Games by Frenchman Pierre de Coubertin Thanks to his efforts Athens was awarded the first modern Olympic Games In the city had a population of and the event helped boost the city's international profile Of the venues used for these Olympics the Kallimarmaro Stadium and Zappeion were most crucial The Kallimarmaro is a replica of the ancient Athenian stadiums and the only major stadium in its capacity of to be made entirely of white marble from Mount Penteli the same material used for construction of the Parthenon Summer Olympics edit Main article Intercalated Games The Summer Olympics or the Intercalated games were held in Athens The intercalated competitions were intermediate games to the internationally organized Olympics and were meant to be organized in Greece every four years between the main Olympics This idea later lost support from the IOC and these games were discontinued Summer Olympics edit Main article Summer Olympics Archery matches in Kallimarmaron Stadium during the Olympic Games Athens was awarded the Summer Olympics on September in Lausanne Switzerland after having lost a previous bid to host the Summer Olympics to Atlanta United States It was to be the second time Athens would host the games following the inaugural event of After an unsuccessful bid in the bid was radically improved including an appeal to Greece's Olympic history In the last round of voting Athens defeated Rome with votes to Prior to this round the cities of Buenos Aires Stockholm and Cape Town had been eliminated from competition having received fewer votes During the first three years of preparations the International Olympic Committee had expressed concern over the speed of construction progress for some of the new Olympic venues In the Organising Committee's president was replaced by Gianna Angelopoulos Daskalaki who was the president of the original Bidding Committee in From that point forward preparations continued at a highly accelerated almost frenzied pace Although the heavy cost was criticized estimated at billion Athens was transformed into a more functional city that enjoys modern technology both in transportation and in modern urban development Some of the finest sporting venues in the world were created in the city all of which were fully ready for the games The games welcomed over athletes from all countries The Games were judged a success as both security and organization worked well and only a few visitors reported minor problems mainly concerning accommodation issues The Olympic Games were described as Unforgettable dream Games by IOC President Jacques Rogge for their return to the birthplace of the Olympics and for meeting the challenges of holding the Olympic Games The only observable problem was a somewhat sparse attendance of some early events Eventually however a total of more than million tickets were sold which was higher than any other Olympics with the exception of Sydney more than million tickets were sold there in In it was reported that most of the Olympic venues had fallen into disrepair according to those reports of the facilities built for the games had either been left abandoned or are in a state of dereliction with several squatter camps having sprung up around certain facilities and a number of venues afflicted by vandalism graffiti or strewn with rubbish These claims however are disputed and likely to be inaccurate as most of the facilities used for the Athens Olympics are either in use or in the process of being converted for post Olympics use The Greek Government has created a corporation Olympic Properties SA which is overseeing the post Olympics management development and conversion of these facilities some of which will be sold off or have already been sold off to the private sector while other facilities are still in use just as during the Olympics or have been converted for commercial use or modified for other sports Concerts and theatrical shows like those of the troupe Cirque du Soleil have recently been held in the complex Special Olympics edit The Special Olympics World Summer Games was held from June th – July th in Athens Greece The opening ceremony of the games took place on June at the Panathinaiko Stadium and the closing ceremony was held on July Over athletes from countries competed in a total of twenty two sports International relations edit This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed March See also List of twin towns and sister cities in Greece Twin towns – sister cities edit Athens is twinned with Spain Barcelona Spain citation needed China Beijing China State of Palestine Bethlehem Palestinian Territories United States Los Angeles United States Greece Mavratzeoi Greece citation needed Cyprus Nicosia Cyprus Cyprus Ammochostos Cyprus Other partnerships edit Serbia Belgrade Serbia France Paris France Colombia Santiago de Cali Colombia citation needed Slovenia Ljubljana Slovenia Italy Naples Italy Other locations named after Athens edit United States United States Athens Alabama pop Athens Arkansas Athens California West Athens California pop Athens Georgia pop Athens Illinois pop New Athens Illinois pop New Athens Township St Clair County Illinois pop Athens Indiana Athens Kentucky Athens Louisiana pop Athens Township Jewell County Kansas pop Athens Maine pop Athens Michigan pop Athens Township Michigan pop Athens Minnesota Athens Township Minnesota pop Athens Mississippi Athens town New York pop Athens village New York pop Athens Ohio pop Athens County Ohio pop Athens Township Athens County Ohio pop Athens Township Harrison County Ohio pop New Athens Ohio pop Athena Oregon pop The Summer Olympics Modern Greek Te????? ???µp?a??? ????e? Therinoí Olympiakoí Agó_nes officially known as the Games of the I Olympiad was a multi sport event held in Athens Greece from to April It was the first international Olympic Games held in the Modern era Because Ancient Greece was the birthplace of the Olympic Games Athens was considered to be an appropriate choice to stage the inaugural modern Games It was unanimously chosen as the host city during a congress organised by Pierre de Coubertin a French pedagogue and historian in Paris on June The International Olympic Committee IOC was also instituted during this congress Despite many obstacles and setbacks the Olympics were regarded as a great success The Games had the largest international participation of any sporting event to that date The Panathinaiko Stadium the only Olympic stadium used in the s overflowed with the largest crowd ever to watch a sporting event The highlight for the Greeks was the marathon victory by their compatriot Spyridon Louis The most successful competitor was German wrestler and gymnast Carl Schuhmann who won four events After the Games Coubertin and the IOC were petitioned by several prominent figures including Greece's King George and some of the American competitors in Athens to hold all the following Games in Athens However the Summer Olympics were already planned for Paris and except for the Intercalated Games of the Olympics did not return to Greece until the Summer Olympics years later Contents hide Reviving the Games Organization Venues Calendar Opening ceremony Events Athletics Cycling Fencing Gymnastics Sailing Shooting Swimming Tennis Weightlifting Wrestling Closing ceremony Participating nations Medal count Female competitors Notes References Further reading External links Reviving the Games edit During the th century several small scale sports festivals across Europe were named after the Ancient Olympic Games The Olympics at the Panathenaic stadium which had been refurbished for the occasion had an audience of people Coubertin adopted Dr William Penny Brookes' idea to establish a multi national and multi sport event—the ancient games only allowed free male athletes of Greek origin to participate In Coubertin wrote an article in La Revue Athletique which espoused the importance of Much Wenlock—a rural market town in the English county of Shropshire It was here that in October the local physician William Penny Brookes had founded the Wenlock Olympian Games a festival of sports and recreations that included athletics and team sports such as cricket football and quoits Coubertin also took inspiration from the earlier Greek games organised under the name of Olympics by businessman and philanthropist Evangelis Zappas in and The Athens Games was funded by the legacies of Evangelis Zappas and his cousin Konstantinos Zappas and by George Averoff who had been specifically requested by the Greek government through crown prince Constantine to sponsor the second refurbishment of the Panathinaiko Stadium This the Greek government did despite the fact that the cost of refurbishing the stadium in marble had already been funded in full by Evangelis Zappas forty years earlier “ With deep feeling towards Baron de Coubertin's courteous petition I send him and the members of the Congress with my sincere thanks my best wishes for the revival of the Olympic Games ” — King George of Greece June On June Coubertin organised a congress at the Sorbonne Paris to present his plans to representatives of sports societies from countries Following his proposal's acceptance by the congress a date for the first modern Olympic Games needed to be chosen Coubertin suggested that the Games be held concurrently with the Universal Exposition of Paris Concerned that a six year waiting period might lessen public interest congress members opted instead to hold the inaugural Games in With a date established members of the congress turned their attention to the selection of a host city It remains a mystery how Athens was finally chosen to host the inaugural Games In the following years both Coubertin and Demetrius Vikelas would offer recollections of the selection process that contradicted the official minutes of the congress Most accounts hold that several congressmen first proposed London as the location but Coubertin dissented After a brief discussion with Vikelas who represented Greece Coubertin suggested Athens Vikelas made the Athens proposal official on June and since Greece had been the original home of the Olympics the congress unanimously approved the decision Vikelas was then elected the first president of the newly established International Olympic Committee IOC Organization edit Panorama of the Panathinaiko Stadium News that the Olympic Games would return to Greece was well received by the Greek public media and royal family According to Coubertin "the Crown Prince Constantine learned with great pleasure that the Games will be inaugurated in Athens " Coubertin went on to confirm that "the King and the Crown Prince will confer their patronage on the holding of these games " Constantine later conferred more than that he eagerly assumed the presidency of the organising committee However the country had financial troubles and was in political turmoil The job of prime minister alternated between Charilaos Trikoupis and Theodoros Deligiannis frequently during the last years of the th century Because of this financial and political instability both prime minister Trikoupis and Stephanos Dragoumis the president of the Zappas Olympic Committee which had attempted to organise a series of national Olympiads believed that Greece could not host the event In late the organising committee under Stephanos Skouloudis presented a report that the cost of the Games would be three times higher than originally estimated by Coubertin They concluded the Games could not be held and offered their resignation The total cost of the Games was gold drachmas Demetrius Vikelas the first president of the International Olympic Committee was credited with the successful organisation of the Games With the prospect of reviving the Olympic games very much in doubt Coubertin and Vikelas commenced a campaign to keep the Olympic movement alive Their efforts culminated on January when Vikelas announced that crown prince Constantine would assume the presidency of the organising committee His first responsibility was to raise the funds necessary to host the Games He relied on the patriotism of the Greek people to motivate them to provide the required finances Constantine's enthusiasm sparked a wave of contributions from the Greek public This grassroots effort raised drachmas A special set of postage stamps were commissioned the sale of which raised drachmas Ticket sales added drachmas At the request of Constantine businessman George Averoff agreed to pay for the restoration of the Panathinaiko Stadium Averoff would donate drachmas to this project As a tribute to his generosity a statue of Averoff was constructed and unveiled on April outside the stadium It stands there to this day Some of the athletes would take part in the Games because they happened to be in Athens at the time the Games were held either on holiday or for work e g some of the British competitors worked for the British embassy A designated Olympic Village for the athletes did not appear until the Summer Olympics Consequently the athletes had to provide their own lodging Stamp from the first Olympic stamp set The first regulation voted on by the new IOC in was to allow only amateur athletes to participate in the Olympic Games The various contests were thus held under amateur regulations with the exception of fencing matches The rules and regulations were not uniform so the Organising Committee had to choose among the codes of the various national athletic associations The jury the referees and the game director bore the same names as in antiquity Ephor Helanodic and Alitarc Prince George acted as final referee according to Coubertin "his presence gave weight and authority to the decisions of the ephors " Venues edit Main article Venues of the Summer Olympics Venue Sports Capacity Panathinaiko Stadium Athletics Gymnastics Weightlifting and Wrestling Bay of Zea Swimming Athens Lawn Tennis Club Tennis Kallithea Shooting Neo Phaliron Velodrome Cycling Zappeion Fencing Calendar edit ? Opening ceremony ? Event competitions ? Event finals ? Closing ceremony April Ceremonies ? ? Athletics ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Cycling ? ? ? ? ? ? Fencing ? ? ? Gymnastics ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Shooting ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Swimming ? ? ? ? Tennis ? ? ? ? Weightlifting ? ? Wrestling ? ? April Opening ceremony edit The opening ceremony in the Panathinaiko Stadium On April March according to the Julian calendar then in use in Greece the games of the First Olympiad were officially opened it was Easter Monday for both the Western and Eastern Christian Churches and the anniversary of Greece's independence The Panathinaiko Stadium was filled with an estimated spectators including King George I of Greece his wife Olga and their sons Most of the competing athletes were aligned on the infield grouped by nation After a speech by the president of the organising committee Crown Prince Constantine his father officially opened the Games "I declare the opening of the first international Olympic Games in Athens Long live the Nation Long live the Greek people " Afterwards nine bands and choir singers performed an Olympic Hymn composed by Spyridon Samaras with words by poet Kostis Palamas Thereafter a variety of musical offerings provided the backgrounds to the Opening Ceremonies until since which time the Samaras Palamas composition has become the official Olympic Anthem decision taken by the IOC Session in Other elements of current Olympic opening ceremonies were initiated later the Olympic flame was first lit in the first athletes' oath was sworn at the Summer Olympics and the first officials' oath was taken at the Olympic Games Events edit At the Sorbonne congress a large roster of sports were suggested for the program in Athens The first official announcements regarding the sporting events to be held featured sports such as football and cricket but these plans were never finalised and these sports did not make the final list for the Games Rowing and yachting were scheduled but had to be cancelled due to poor weather on the planned day of competition As a result the Summer Olympics programme featured sports encompassing disciplines and events The number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses Athletics Cycling Road Track Fencing Gymnastics Sailing Canceled Shooting Swimming Tennis Weightlifting Wrestling Athletics edit Main article Athletics at the Summer Olympics The athletics events had the most international field of any of the sports The major highlight was the marathon held for the first time in international competition Spyridon Louis a previously unrecognised water carrier won the event to become the only Greek athletics champion and a national hero Although Greece had been favoured to win the discus and the shot put the best Greek athletes finished just behind the American Robert Garrett in both events No world records were set as few top international competitors had elected to compete In addition the curves of the track were very tight making fast times in the running events virtually impossible Despite this Thomas Burke of the United States won the meter race in seconds and the meter race in seconds Burke was the only one who used the "crouch start" putting his knee on soil confusing the jury Eventually he was allowed to start from this "uncomfortable position" Australian competitor Edwin Flack came to Athens to watch the games but decided to compete in the athletics He won two races—the meter and the meter Chile claims one athlete Luis Subercaseaux competed for the nation at the Summer Olympics This makes Chile one of the nations to appear at the inaugural Summer Olympic Games Subercaseaux's results are not listed in the Official Report though that Report typically includes only winners and Subercaseaux won no medals Recently a study commissioned to Chilean forensic police PDI decided by studies of facial recognition that Subercaseaux would be the participant in a famous photo of meter's second series Cycling edit Main article Cycling at the Summer Olympics Frenchmen Léon Flameng left and Paul Masson won four cycling events The rules of the International Cycling Association were used for the cycling competitions The track cycling events were held at the newly built Neo Phaliron Velodrome Only one road event was held a race from Athens to Marathon and back kilometres In the track events the best cyclist was Frenchman Paul Masson who won the one lap time trial the sprint event and the meters In the kilometres event Masson entered as a pacemaker for his compatriot Léon Flameng Flameng won the event after a fall and after stopping to wait for his Greek opponent Georgios Kolettis to fix a mechanical problem The Austrian fencer Adolf Schmal won the hour race which was completed by only two cyclists while the road race event was won by Aristidis Konstantinidis Fencing edit Main article Fencing at the Summer Olympics Fencer Leonidas Pyrgos became the first Greek modern Olympic champion by winning the masters foil competition The fencing events were held in the Zappeion which built with money Evangelis Zappas had given to revive the ancient Olympic Games had never seen any athletic contests before Unlike other sports in which only amateurs were allowed to take part at the Olympics professionals were allowed to compete in fencing though in a separate event These professionals were considered gentlemen athletes just as the amateurs Four events were scheduled but the épée event was cancelled for unknown reasons The foil event was won by a Frenchman Eugène Henri Gravelotte who beat his countryman Henri Callot in the final The other two events the sabre and the masters foil were won by Greek fencers Leonidas Pyrgos who won the latter event became the first Greek Olympic champion in the modern era Gymnastics edit Main article Gymnastics at the Summer Olympics The German individual gymnastics champions Schuhmann Flatow and Weingärtner The gymnastics competition was carried out on the infield of the Panathinaiko Stadium Germany had sent an man team which won five of the eight events including both team events In the team event on the horizontal bar the German team was unopposed Three Germans added individual titles Hermann Weingärtner won the horizontal bar event Alfred Flatow won the parallel bars and Carl Schuhmann who also competed successfully in wrestling won the vault Louis Zutter a Swiss gymnast won the pommel horse while Greeks Ioannis Mitropoulos and Nikolaos Andriakopoulos were victorious in the rings and rope climbing events respectively Sailing edit A regatta of sailing boats was on the program of the Games of the First Olympiad for March However this event had to be given up The Official English report states The Regatta could not take place because some special boats embarkation had not been provided for —?Charalambos Annino The Olympic Games B C – A D The German version gives a bit more clues Die Wettkämpfe im Segeln wurden vereitelt da man weder bei uns die besonderen Boote dafür besass noch fremde Bewerber sich gemeldet hatten —?same author same source So no boats available from Greece and no foreign entries Thus that ends the first edition of Sailing at the Summer Olympics Shooting edit Main article Shooting at the Summer Olympics Held at a range at Kallithea the shooting competition consisted of five events—two using a rifle and three with the pistol The first event the military rifle was won by Pantelis Karasevdas the only competitor to hit the target with all of his shots The second event for military pistols was dominated by two American brothers John and Sumner Paine became the first siblings to finish first and second in the same event To avoid embarrassing their hosts the brothers decided that only one of them would compete in the next pistol event the free pistol Sumner Paine won that event thereby becoming the first relative of an Olympic champion to become Olympic champion himself The Paine brothers did not compete in the meter pistol event as the event judges determined that their weapons were not of the required calibre In their absence Ioannis Phrangoudis won The final event the free rifle began on the same day However the event could not be completed due to darkness and was finalised the next morning when Georgios Orphanidis was crowned the champion Swimming edit Main article Swimming at the Summer Olympics Alfréd Hajós the first Olympic champion in swimming is one of only two Olympians to have won medals in both sport and art competitions The swimming competition was held in the open sea because the organizers had refused to spend the money necessary for a specially constructed stadium Nearly spectators lined the Bay of Zea off the Piraeus coast to watch the events The water in the bay was cold and the competitors suffered during their races There were three open events men's metre freestyle men's metre freestyle and men's metre freestyle in addition to a special event open only to Greek sailors all of which were held on the same day April For Alfréd Hajós of Hungary this meant he could only compete in two of the events as they were held too close together which made it impossible for him to adequately recuperate Nevertheless he won the two events in which he swam the and meter freestyle Hajós later became one of only two Olympians to win a medal in both the athletic and artistic competitions when he won a silver medal for architecture in The meter freestyle was won by Austrian swimmer Paul Neumann who defeated his opponents by more than a minute and a half Tennis edit Main article Tennis at the Summer Olympics Although tennis was already a major sport by the end of the th century none of the top players turned up for the tournament in Athens The competition was held at the courts of the Athens Lawn Tennis Club and the infield of the velodrome used for the cycling events John Pius Boland who won the event had been entered in the competition by a fellow student of his at Oxford the Greek Konstantinos Manos As a member of the Athens Lawn Tennis sub committee Manos had been trying with the assistance of Boland to recruit competitors for the Athens Games from among the sporting circles of Oxford University In the first round Boland defeated Friedrich Traun a promising tennis player from Hamburg who had been eliminated in the meter sprint competition Boland and Traun decided to team up for the doubles event in which they reached the final and defeated their Greek and Egyptian opponents after losing the first set Weightlifting edit Main article Weightlifting at the Summer Olympics Launceston Elliot winner of the one armed weightlifting event was popular with the Greek audience who found him very handsome The sport of weightlifting was still young in and the rules differed from those in use today Competitions were held outdoors in the infield of the main stadium and there were no weight limits The first event was held in a style now known as the "clean and jerk" Two competitors stood out Scotsman Launceston Elliot and Viggo Jensen of Denmark Both of them lifted the same weight but the jury with Prince George as the chairman ruled that Jensen had done so in a better style The British delegation unfamiliar with this tie breaking rule lodged a protest The lifters were eventually allowed to make further attempts but neither lifter improved and Jensen was declared the champion Elliot got his revenge in the one hand lift event which was held immediately after the two handed one Jensen had been slightly injured during his last two handed attempt and was no match for Elliot who won the competition easily The Greek audience was charmed by the Scottish victor whom they considered very attractive A curious incident occurred during the weightlifting event a servant was ordered to remove the weights which appeared to be a difficult task for him Prince George came to his assistance he picked up the weight and threw it a considerable distance with ease to the delight of the crowd Wrestling edit Main article Wrestling at the Summer Olympics Carl Schuhmann left and Georgios Tsitas shake hands before the final match of the wrestling competition No weight classes existed for the wrestling competition held in the Panathinaiko Stadium which meant that there would only be one winner among competitors of all sizes The rules used were similar to modern Greco Roman wrestling although there was no time limit and not all leg holds were forbidden in contrast to current rules Apart from the two Greek contestants all the competitors had previously been active in other sports Weightlifting champion Launceston Elliot faced gymnastics champion Carl Schuhmann The latter won and advanced into the final where he met Georgios Tsitas who had previously defeated Stephanos Christopoulos Darkness forced the final match to be suspended after minutes it was continued the following day when Schuhmann needed only fifteen minutes to finish the bout Closing ceremony edit On the morning of Sunday April April according to Julian calendar then used in Greece King George the great organised a banquet for officials and athletes even though some competitions had not yet been held During his speech he made clear that as far as he was concerned the Olympics should be held in Athens permanently The official closing ceremony was held the following Wednesday after being postponed from Tuesday due to rain Again the royal family attended the ceremony which was opened by the national anthem of Greece and an ode composed in ancient Greek by George S Robertson a British athlete and scholar Afterwards the king awarded prizes to the winners Unlike today the first place winners received silver medals an olive branch and a diploma Athletes who placed second received copper medals a branch of laurel and a diploma Third place winners did not receive a medal Some winners also received additional prizes such as Spyridon Louis who received a cup from Michel Bréal a friend of Coubertin who had conceived the marathon event Louis then led the medalists on a lap of honour around the stadium while the Olympic Hymn was played again The King then formally announced that the first Olympiad was at an end and left the Stadium while the band played the Greek national hymn and the crowd cheered Like the Greek king many others supported the idea of holding the next Games in Athens most of the American competitors signed a letter to the Crown Prince expressing this wish Coubertin however was heavily opposed to this idea as he envisioned international rotation as one of the cornerstones of the modern Olympics According to his wish the next Games were held in Paris although they would be somewhat overshadowed by the concurrently held Universal Exposition Participating nations edit Participating countries The concept of national teams was not a major part of the Olympic movement until the Intercalated Games years later though many sources list the nationality of competitors in and give medal counts There are significant conflicts with regard to which nations competed The International Olympic Committee gives a figure of but does not list them The following are most likely the ones recognised by the IOC Some sources list excluding Chile and Bulgaria others list including those two but excluding Italy Egypt is also sometimes included because of Dionysios Kasdaglis' participation Belgium and Russia had entered the names of competitors but withdrew hide Participating Nations Australia – Prior to Australia was not a unified nation but six separately administered British colonies but the results of Edwin Flack are typically given with him listed as Australian Austria Austria Hungary– Austria was part of Austria–Hungary at the time though the results of Austrian athletes are typically reported separately Bulgaria – The Bulgarian Olympic Committee claims that gymnast Charles Champaud was competing as a Bulgarian Champaud was a Swiss national living in Bulgaria Mallon and de Wael both list Champaud as Swiss Chile – The Chilean Olympic Committee claims to have had one athlete Luis Subercaseaux compete in the and meter races in the athletics programme No further details are given and no mention is made of Subercaseaux in de Wael or the Official Report Denmark France Germany Great Britain – The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland has historically maintained separate athletic organisations for each of its constituent countries The major exception to this has been the Olympic Games in which the country is considered as a single entity However it has conventionally used the name "Great Britain" at the Olympics rather than the more common shortening of the name to "the United Kingdom" Greece – Greek results typically include the results of competitors from Cyprus Smyrna and Egypt Some sources give Cypriot results separately though most count Anastasios Andreou a Greek Cypriot and the only athlete from Cyprus as Greek Cyprus was a protectorate of the United Kingdom at the time Kasdaglis an athlete of Greek origins living in Alexandria Egypt is listed by the IOC as Greek during his competition in the singles tennis competition but Kasdaglis and his doubles tennis teammate Greek athlete Demetrios Petrokokkinos are listed as a mixed team Hungary Austria Hungary Hungary is usually listed separately from Austria despite the two being formally joined as Austria–Hungary at the time Italy – The most prominent Italian involved with the games Carlo Airoldi was deemed a professional and excluded from competition However the shooter Giuseppe Rivabella was also Italian and did compete Sweden Although Sweden was in state union with Norway at the time Norway did not send any athletes Switzerland United States Mixed team – Tennis doubles teams could consist of players from different countries the IOC labels these Mixed Teams Medal count edit For more details on this topic see Summer Olympics medal table A silver medal was awarded to the winner of each event during the Summer Olympics Ten of the participating nations earned medals in addition to three medals won by mixed teams i e teams made up of athletes from multiple nations The United States won the most gold medals while host nation Greece won the most medals overall as well as the most silver and bronze medals finishing with one fewer gold medal than the United States Stamata Revithi Greek Staµ?ta ?eß??? – after was a Greek woman who ran the kilometre marathon during the Summer Olympics The Games excluded women from competition but Revithi insisted that she be allowed to run Revithi ran one day after the men had completed the official race and although she finished the marathon in approximately hours and minutes and found witnesses to sign their names and verify the running time she was not allowed to enter the Panathinaiko Stadium at the end of the race She intended to present her documentation to the Hellenic Olympic Committee in the hopes that they would recognize her achievement but it is not known whether she did so No known record survives of Revithi's life after her run According to contemporary sources a second woman "Melpomene" also ran the marathon race There is debate among Olympic historians as to whether or not Revithi and Melpomene are the same person Contents hide Biographical elements Before the Olympics marathon Aftermath Melpomene See also Citations and notes The International Olympic Committee IOC promotes women in sports in an effort to increase participation in the games as well recognition of the well being of women and girls in sports at all levels of sports and different structures within sports This is consistent with the Olympic charter which promotes equality within sports of men and women by including both genders in these competitions The IOC as well as the International Federations IFS and National Olympic Committees NOCs have been committed to the mandates of this Olympic charter Multiple measures have been taken toward increasing the participation of women at governing and administrative levels as well as training and education toward women in sport and the supporting administrative structures Contents hide Leadership within IOC IOC Commission Work Attending the games Media coverage The Games Sports Basketball Boxing Cycling Ice hockey Softball Weightlifting Around the world Rome Oceania Australia See also Women's sports Olympic recognition Funding Notes References Bibliography Leadership within IOC edit The IOC is committed to promoting women's participation in sports as part of their sports administration An attempt was made to have women occupy at least of the decision making positions of the legislative bodies by the end of but the attempt failed The objective of at least by the end of however was achieved As of May women are active IOC members which is In the first woman Flor Isava Fonseca was elected to the Executive Board The Vice President of the IOC from was a woman Anita DeFrantz An increasing number of women are serving as chairpersons on IOC commissions The NOCs are also making progress toward the objective with NOCS headed by female presidents IOC Recognized Federations' executive boards are women Winter and Summer IFs boards are only women IOC Commission Work edit There has been additional work from the IOC Women and Sport Commission commissioned in after starting as a working group in Women in Sport Commission advises the IOC President and Executive Board to ensure equality with consideration of women in sport in policy making The IOC has also done much work through programs developed to educate women in leadership roles toward success in administrative positions in NOCs and National Sports Federations Furthermore Olympic Solidarity programs assist NOCs participation in various ways including a special Women and Sport assistance program Every year the IOC awards the "Women and Sport " trophy to persons or organizations making a considerable contribution to women's sports Every four years the IOC conducts a world conference to review and plan actions to improve women's sports participation and promote gender equality in sport A specific declaration was made at the conference in Los Angeles to collaborate and promote equality and use sport as a tool to improving women's lives Olympic org The representation of women in the Olympics has always been below It has risen from about until World War II to in One cause of this is that some sports that have been historically popular with women are not included in the Olympics or have been included only recently Women participants at each Summer Olympic Games as a percentage of all participants Women participants at each Summer Olympic Games as a percentage of all participants Attending the games edit In some countries like Australia getting funding for women to participate in the Olympics during the early years of the Games was difficult Twenty years ago the Australian swimming federation did not want to spend money to send female athletes to compete in the games rather they wanted to spend money to fund more participation of male swimmers Sending a woman athlete like Thelma Kench from New Zealand in also required the extra cost of a chaperone with the team Media coverage edit Historically coverage and inclusion of women's team sports in the Olympics has been limited Instead the media focuses on female athletes in non team competitions and James Oliver Huberty, committed a shooting spree in a McDonald's restaurant Reuben Klamer, inventor of The Game of Life and various other toys; inducted into the Toy Industry Hall of Fame; honored by the Smithsonian Institution Don Mellett, newspaper editor Marshall Rosenberg, the creator of Nonviolent Communication Canton is connected to the Interstate Highway System via Interstate 77 which connects Canton to Charleston, West Virginia, and points south, and to Cleveland and Akron, Ohio, to the north. U.S. Route 30 connects Canton to Fort Wayne, Indiana, and points west, and to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and points east. U.S. Route 62 connects Canton to Columbus, Ohio, and points southwest, and to Youngstown, Ohio, and points northeast. The city has several arterial roads. Ohio 43 (Market Avenue, Walnut Avenue and Cherry Avenue), Ohio 153 (12th Street and Mahoning Road), Ohio 172 (Tuscarawas Street) / The Lincoln Highway, Ohio 297 (Whipple Avenue and Raff Avenue), Ohio 627 (Faircrest Street), Ohio 687 (Fulton Drive), and Ohio 800 (Cleveland Avenue) / A.K.A. Old Route 8. Amtrak offers daily service to Chicago and Washington, D.C., from a regional passenger station located in Alliance, Ohio. Norfolk Southern and the Wheeling-Lake Erie railroads provide freight service in Canton. Akron-Canton Regional Airport (IATA: CAK, IACO: KCAK) is a commercial Class C airport located 10 miles (16 km) north of the city and provides daily commercial passenger and air freight service. Stark Area Regional Transit Authority (SARTA) provides public transit bus service within the county, including service to Massillon, the Akron-Canton Regional Airport, and the Amtrak station located in Alliance. Popular culture[edit] On the July 21, 2008, Stephen Colbert on The Colbert Report made a comment about John McCain making a campaign stop in Canton, Ohio, and "not the crappy Canton in Georgia."[38] The comment resulted in a local uproar, with the Canton, Georgia, mayor insisting Colbert had never visited the town along with an invitation for him to do so.[38] On July 30, 2008, Colbert apologized for the story, insisting that he was incorrect and that the "real" crappy Canton was Canton, Kansas, after which he made several jokes at the Kansas town's expense.[39][40] On August 5, Colbert apologized to citizens of Canton, Georgia and Canton, Kansas, then directing his derision on Canton, South Dakota. Colbert later went on to offer a half-hearted apology to Canton, South Dakota before proceeding to mock Canton, Texas. On October 28, Colbert turned his attention back to Canton, Ohio after Barack Obama made a campaign stop there, forcing Colbert to find it "crappy." This is a timeline of the history of Africans and their descendants in what is now the United States, from 1565 to the present. Contents [hide] 1 16th century 2 17th century 3 18th century 4 19th century 4.1 1800–1859 4.2 1860–1874 4.3 1875–1899 5 20th century 5.1 1900–1924 5.2 1925–1949 5.3 1950–1959 5.4 1960–1969 5.5 1970–2000 6 21st century 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 Further reading 10 External links 16th century[edit] Main article: Slavery in Colonial United States 1565 The Spanish colony of St. Augustine in Florida became the first permanent European settlement in what would become the US centuries later; it included an unknown number of African slaves. 17th century[edit] 1619 The first record of Africans in English colonial America when men were brought to the Jamestown colony who had been taken as prizes from a Spanish ship. They were treated as indentured servants, and at least one was recorded as eventually owning land in the colony. 1640 John Punch, a black indentured servant, ran away with two white indentured servants, James Gregory and Victor. After the three were captured, Punch was sentenced to serve Virginia planter Hugh Gwyn for life. This made John Punch the first legally documented slave in Virginia (and the US).[1][2][3][4][5] 1654 John Casor, a black man who claimed to have completed his term of indenture, became the first legally recognized slave-for-life in a civil case in the Virginia colony. The court ruled with his master who said he had an indefinite servitude for life.[6] 1662 Virginia law, using the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, said that children in the colony were born into their mother's social status; therefore children born to enslaved mothers were classified as slaves, regardless of their father's race or status. This was contrary to English common law for English subjects, which held that children took their father's social status. 1672 Royal African Company is founded in England, allowing slaves to be shipped from Africa to the colonies in North America and the Caribbean. England entered the slave trade. 1676 Both free and enslaved African Americans fought in Bacon's Rebellion along with English colonists.[7] 18th century[edit] See also: Atlantic slave trade 1705 The Virginia Slave codes define as slaves all those servants brought into the colony who were not Christian in their original countries, as well as those American Indians sold by other Indians to colonists. 1712 April 6 – The New York Slave Revolt of 1712.[8] 1739 September 9 – In the Stono Rebellion, South Carolina slaves gather at the Stono River to plan an armed march for freedom.[9] 1753 Benjamin Banneker designed and built the first clock in the British American colonies. He also created a series of almanacs. He corresponded with Thomas Jefferson and wrote that "blacks were intellectually equal to whites". Banneker worked with Pierre L'Enfant to survey and design a street and urban plan for Washington, D.C.[10] 1760 Jupiter Hammon has a poem printed, becoming the first published African-American poet. 1765–1767 Non-Importation Agreements – The First Continental Congress creates a multi-colony agreement to forbid importation of anything from British merchants. This implicitly includes slaves, and stops the slave trade in Philadelphia. The second similar act explicitly stops the slave trade.[11] 1770 March 5 – Crispus Attucks is killed by British soldiers in the Boston Massacre, a precursor to the American Revolution. 1773 Phillis Wheatley has her book Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral published. 1774 The first black Baptist congregations are organized in the South: Silver Bluff Baptist Church in South Carolina, and First African Baptist Church near Petersburg, Virginia. 1775 April 14 – The Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully held in Bondage holds four meetings. It was re-formed in 1784 as the Pennsylvania Abolition Society, and Benjamin Franklin would later be its president. 1776–1783 American Revolution Thousands of enslaved African Americans in the South escape to British lines, as they were promised freedom to fight with the British. In South Carolina, 25,000 enslaved African Americans, one-quarter of those held, escape to the British or otherwise leave their plantations.[12] After the war, many African Americans are evacuated with the British for England; more than 3,000 Black Loyalists are transported with other Loyalists to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, where they are granted land. Still others go to Jamaica and the West Indies. An estimated 8-10,000 were evacuated from the colonies in these years as free people, about 50 percent of those slaves who defected to the British and about 80 percent of those who survived.[13] Many free blacks in the North fight with the colonists for the rebellion. 1777 July 8 – The Vermont Republic (a sovereign nation at the time) abolishes slavery, the first future state to do so. No slaves were held in Vermont. 1780 Pennsylvania becomes the first U.S. state to abolish slavery. 1781 In challenges by Elizabeth Freeman and Quock Walker, two independent county courts in Massachusetts found slavery illegal under state constitution and declared each to be free persons. 1783 Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court affirmed that Massachusetts state constitution had abolished slavery. It ruled that "the granting of rights and privileges [was] wholly incompatible and repugnant to" slavery, in an appeal case arising from the escape of Marijonas Mikutavicius – singer author of Trys Milijonai the unofficial sports anthem in Lithuania Vincas Niekus – lt Vincas Niekus composer Virgilijus Noreika – one of the most successful opera singers tenor Mykolas Kleopas Oginskis – one of the best composer of the late th century Kipras Petrauskas – lt Kipras Petrauskas popular early opera singer tenor Stasys Povilaitis – one of the popular singers during the Soviet period Violeta Riaubiškyte – pop singer TV show host Mindaugas Rojus opera singer tenor baritone Ceslovas Sasnauskas – composer Rasa Serra – lt Rasa Serra real name Rasa Veretenceviene singer Traditional folk A cappella jazz POP Audrone Simonaityte Gaižiuniene – lt Audrone Gaižiuniene Simonaityte one of the more popular female opera singers soprano Virgis Stakenas – lt Virgis Stakenas singer of country folk music Antanas Šabaniauskas – lt Antanas Šabaniauskas singer tenor Jurga Šeduikyte – art rock musician won the Best Female Act and the Best Album of in the Lithuanian Bravo Awards and the Best Baltic Act at the MTV Europe Music Awards Jonas Švedas – composer Michael Tchaban composer singer and songwriter Violeta Urmanaviciute Urmana opera singer soprano mezzosoprano appearing internationally Painters and graphic artists edit See also List of Lithuanian artists Robertas Antinis – sculptor Vytautas Ciplijauskas lt Vytautas Ciplijauskas painter Jonas Ceponis – lt Jonas Ceponis painter Mikalojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis – painter and composer Asteroid Ciurlionis is named for him Kostas Dereškevicius lt Kostas Dereškevicius painter Vladimiras Dubeneckis painter architect Stasys Eidrigevicius graphic artist Pranas Gailius lt Pranas Gailius painter Paulius Galaune Petronele Gerlikiene – self taught Lithuanian American artist Algirdas Griškevicius lt Algirdas Griškevicius Vincas Grybas – sculptor Leonardas Gutauskas lt Leonardas Gutauskas painter writer Vytautas Kairiukštis – lt Vytautas Kairiukštis painter art critic Vytautas Kasiulis – lt Vytautas Kasiulis painter graphic artist stage designer Petras Kalpokas painter Rimtas Kalpokas – lt Rimtas Kalpokas painter graphic artist Leonas Katinas – lt Leonas Katinas painter Povilas Kaupas – lt Povilas Kaupas Algimantas Kezys Lithuanian American photographer Vincas Kisarauskas – lt Vincas Kisarauskas painter graphic artist stage designer Saulute Stanislava Kisarauskiene – lt Saulute Stanislava Kisarauskiene graphic artist painter Stasys Krasauskas – lt Stasys Krasauskas graphic artist Stanislovas Kuzma – lt Stanislovas Kuzma sculptor Antanas Martinaitis – lt Antanas Martinaitis painter Jonas Rimša – lt Jonas Rimša painter Jan Rustem painter Antanas Samuolis – lt Antanas Samuolis painter Šarunas Sauka painter Boris Schatz – sculptor and founder of the Bezalel Academy Irena Sibley née Pauliukonis – Children s book author and illustrator Algis Skackauskas – painter Antanas Žmuidzinavicius – painter Franciszek Smuglewicz – painter Yehezkel Streichman Israeli painter Kazys Šimonis – painter Algimantas Švegžda – lt Algimantas Švegžda painter Otis Tamašauskas Lithographer Print Maker Graphic Artist Adolfas Valeška – painter and graphic artist Adomas Varnas – painter Kazys Varnelis – artist Vladas Vildžiunas lt Vladas Vildžiunas sculptor Mikalojus Povilas Vilutis lt Mikalojus Povilas Vilutis graphic artist Viktoras Vizgirda – painter William Zorach – Modern artist who died in Bath Maine Antanas Žmuidzinavicius – painter Kazimieras Leonardas Žoromskis – painter Politics edit President Valdas Adamkus right chatting with Vice President Dick Cheney left See also List of Lithuanian rulers Mindaugas – the first and only King of Lithuania – Gediminas – the ruler of Lithuania – Algirdas – the ruler together with Kestutis of Lithuania – Kestutis – the ruler together with Algirdas of Lithuania – Vytautas – the ruler of Lithuania – together with Jogaila Jogaila – the ruler of Lithuania – from to together with Vytautas the king of Poland – Jonušas Radvila – the field hetman of Grand Duchy of Lithuania – Dalia Grybauskaite – current President of Lithuania since Valdas Adamkus – President of Lithuania till Jonas Basanavicius – "father" of the Act of Independence of Algirdas Brazauskas – the former First secretary of Central Committee of Communist Party of Lithuanian SSR the former president of Lithuania after and former Prime Minister of Lithuania Joe Fine – mayor of Marquette Michigan – Kazys Grinius – politician third President of Lithuania Mykolas Krupavicius – priest behind the land reform in interwar Lithuania Vytautas Landsbergis – politician professor leader of Sajudis the independence movement former speaker of Seimas member of European Parliament Stasys Lozoraitis – diplomat and leader of Lithuanian government in exile – Stasys Lozoraitis junior – politician diplomat succeeded his father as leader of Lithuanian government in exile – Antanas Merkys – the last Prime Minister of interwar Lithuania Rolandas Paksas – former President removed from the office after impeachment Justas Paleckis – journalist and politician puppet Prime Minister after Soviet occupation Kazimiera Prunskiene – the first female Prime Minister Mykolas Sleževicius – three times Prime Minister organized

on team sports played equally by both genders NBC spends a smaller portion of coverage time on woman than men in the Winter Olympics but during the summer Olympics women seem to get a more equal share of attention In the summer Games NBC actually spent more time on women than men and women received of clock time within NBC’s telecast at the London games “If your primary concern is to see the US win medals the last couple of Olympics the woman are winning the majority of the medals so you’re going to be showing more women’s sport ” says Billings When women’s sports are covered in the media that doesn’t mean they are represented well by the commentators There will generally be comments about how women’s sports are years behind men’s sports in what the athletes are able to accomplish You also hear a lot about how a women was lucky if she succeeded in a sport rather than about her ability and commitment The women in non contact or graceful less aggressive sports have been getting much more TV time If you’re a gymnast diver runner swimmer or volleyball player you’re more likely to be covered If you compete in judo or shotput you’re out of luck Women’s beach volleyball tends to get a lot of coverage but there are arguments over why this is so Although it is an awesome sport and America happens to have some of the best sand volleyball players there are it is questionable if they receive more coverage because of their talent or because of their outfits In when all four American Olympic volleyball teams beach and indoor men’s and women’s medaled the women’s beach volleyball team received more coverage than either men’s team the women’s indoor team wasn’t covered at all The Games Sports edit This section is incomplete July Since all new sports asking to be included in the Olympic program must feature women’s events The Olympic Games in London were the first Olympics in which women competed in all sports in the program According to The International Olympic Committee’s list of women’s sports updated in May these were the following years every new woman’s sport was introduced The first women’s sports were in which were tennis and golf The next Olympics added archery tennis and figure skating and swimming The next sports were not added until twelve sixteen years later fencing and gymnastics The second winter sport added to women’s sport was alpine skiing in Another long twelve to sixteen years later canoeing was added in and equestrian sports in Two Olympics following speed skating was added to the games in The following Olympics volleyball and luge were added in rowing basketball and handball were added in field hockey was added in shooting and cycling were introduced in The next two Olympic terms included more women’s sports tennis table tennis sailing in and badminton judo biathlon in In football and softball in curling and ice hockey in weightlifting penthalon taekwondo and triathlon in bobsleighing was added in wrestling in BMX The last updated women’s sports included in the Olympic games according to the IOC are boxing and ski jumping Basketball edit Women's basketball has been contested in the Summer Olympics since Boxing edit Boxing was the last all male sport in the Olympics It took over years from when men's boxing was announced for women's boxing to be announced Women's boxing was first introduced at the Summer Olympics with Nicola Adams winning the first boxing gold medal in the flyweight division Cycling edit While men's road and track cycling have been Olympic disciplines since the first modern Olympics in Athens in there were no women's cycling events in the Olympic programme until the Games in Los Angeles when the first women's road race was held The first track cycling event for women followed in but the London Games were the first with equal numbers of events for men and women which entailed a reduction in the number of men's events as well as an increase in the number of women's events The disciplines of mountain biking and BMX were introduced in and respectively with separate men's and women's events from the outset Ice hockey edit Canadian Hayley Wickenheiser is the all time leading scorer in the women's tournament and was named tournament MVP twice Canadian Hayley Wickenheiser is the all time leading scorer in the women's tournament and was named tournament MVP twice At the th IOC Session in July the IOC voted to approve women's hockey as an Olympic event beginning with the Winter Olympics as part of their effort to increase the number of female athletes at the Olympics Women's hockey had not been in the programme when Nagano Japan had won the right to host the Olympics and the decision required approval by the Nagano Winter Olympic Organizing Committee NWOOC The NWOOC was initially hesitant to include the event because of the additional costs of staging the tournament and because they felt their team which had failed to qualify for that year's World Championships could not be competitive According to Glynis Peters the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association's CAHA head of female hockey "the Japanese would have to finance an entirely new sports operation to bring their team up to Olympic standards in six years which they were also really reluctant to do " In November the NWOOC and IOC Coordination Committee reached an agreement to include a women's ice hockey tournament in the programme Part of the agreement was that the tournament would be limited to six teams and no additional facilities would be built The CAHA also agreed to help build and train the Japanese team so that it could be more competitive The IOC had agreed that if the NWOOC had not approved the event it would be held at the Winter Olympics The format of the first tournament was similar to the men's preliminary round robin games followed by a medal round playoff Softball edit Main article Softball at the Summer Olympics In fast pitch softball was selected to debut as a medal event for women only at the Summer Olympics The Olympics also marked a key era in the introduction of technology in softball the IOC funded a landmark biomechanical study on pitching during the games citation needed The th meeting of the International Olympic Committee held in Singapore in July voted to drop softball and baseball for the Summer Olympic Games Attempts to get softball readded to the Olympic program for the games failed when the International Olympic Committee executive board instead selected golf and rugby sevens The United States have won three of the four Olympic tournaments Weightlifting edit Women's weightlifting made its Olympic debut at the Games in Sydney with the following weight classes kg kg kg kg kg kg kg Around the world edit Rome edit The role American women at the Olympics gained in importance and visibility compared to their male American peers Oceania edit Australia edit The Summer Olympics formally the Games of the XXX Olympiad and commonly known as London was a major international multi sport event celebrated in the tradition of the Olympic Games as governed by the International Olympic Committee IOC It took place in London and to a lesser extent across the United Kingdom from July to August The first event the group stage in women's football began on July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff followed by the opening ceremonies on July More than athletes from National Olympic Committees NOCs participated Following a bid headed by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe and then Mayor of London Ken Livingstone London was selected as the host city on July during the th IOC Session in Singapore defeating bids from Moscow New York City Madrid and Paris London was the first city to host the modern Olympic Games three times having previously done so in and in Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment with an emphasis on sustainability The main focus was a new hectare acre Olympic Park constructed on a former industrial site at Stratford East London The Games also made use of venues that already existed before the bid The Games received widespread acclaim for their organisation with the volunteers the British military and public enthusiasm praised particularly highly The opening ceremony directed by Danny Boyle received widespread acclaim throughout the world particular praise from the British public and a minority of widely ranging criticisms from some social media sites During the Games Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time winning his nd medal Saudi Arabia Qatar and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time so that every currently eligible country has sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games Women's boxing was included for the first time thus the Games became the first at which every sport had female competitors These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Jacques Rogge The final medal tally was led by the United States followed by China and host Great Britain Several world and Olympic records were set at the games Though there were several controversies the games were deemed generally successful with the rising standards of competition amongst nations across the world Contents hide Bidding process Development and preparation Venues Public transport Financing Volunteers Ticketing Countdown Security Medals Torch relay Environmental policy Cultural Olympiad Opening ceremony Closing ceremony The Games Participating National Olympic Committees Number of Athletes by National Olympic Committees National houses Sports Calendar Records Medal count Broadcasting Marketing Logo and graphics Mascots Chariots of Fire Sponsors Controversies Drug testing See also References Book references External links Bidding process edit Main article Bids for the Summer Olympics By July the deadline for interested cities to submit bids to the International Olympic Committee IOC nine cities had submitted bids to host the Summer Olympics Havana Istanbul Leipzig London Madrid Moscow New York City Paris and Rio de Janeiro On May as a result of a scored technical evaluation the IOC reduced the number of cities to five London Madrid Moscow New York and Paris All five submitted their candidate files by November and were visited by the IOC inspection team during February and March The Paris bid suffered two setbacks during the IOC inspection visit a number of strikes and demonstrations coinciding with the visits and a report that a key member of the bid team Guy Drut would face charges over alleged corrupt party political finances Lord Coe – the head of the London bid Throughout the process Paris was widely seen as the favourite particularly as this was its third bid in recent years London was initially seen as lagging behind Paris by a considerable margin Its position began to improve after the appointment of Lord Coe as the new head of London on May In late August reports predicted a tie between London and Paris On June the IOC released its evaluation reports for the five candidate cities They did not contain any scores or rankings but the report for Paris was considered the most positive London was close behind having closed most of the gap observed by the initial evaluation in New York and Madrid also received very positive evaluations On July when asked who would win Jacques Rogge said "I cannot predict it since I don't know how the IOC members will vote But my gut feeling tells me that it will be very close Perhaps it will come down to a difference of say ten votes or maybe less " On July the final selection was announced at the th IOC Session in Singapore Moscow was the first city to be eliminated followed by New York and Madrid The final two contenders were London and Paris At the end of the fourth round of voting London won the right to host the Games with votes to Paris' The celebrations in London were short lived being overshadowed by bombings on London's transport system less than hours after the announcement host city election – ballot results City NOC Round Round Round Round London United Kingdom Paris France Madrid Spain — New York City United States — — Moscow Russia — — — Development and preparation edit This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience Please help relocate any relevant information and remove excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia's inclusion policy October Main article Summer Olympic development The London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games LOCOG was created to oversee the staging of the Games after the success of the bid and held its first board meeting on October The committee chaired by Lord Coe was in charge of implementing and staging the Games while the Olympic Delivery Authority ODA was in charge of the construction of the venues and infrastructure The latter was established in April The Government Olympic Executive GOE a unit within the Department for Culture Media and Sport DCMS was the lead government body for coordinating the London Olympics It focused on oversight of the Games cross programme programme management and the London Olympic Legacy before and after the Games that would benefit London and the United Kingdom The organisation was also responsible for the supervision of the £ billion of public sector funding In August security concerns arose surrounding the hosting of the Olympic Games in London due to the England riots with a few countries expressing fear over the safety of the Games in spite of the International Olympic Committee's assurance that the riots would not affect the Games The IOC's Coordination Commission for the Games completed its tenth and final visit to London in March Its members concluded that "London is ready to host the world this summer" Venues edit Main article Venues of the Summer Olympics and Paralympics The Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy on the Isle of Portland in Dorset hosted the sailing events The Olympic and Paralympic Games used a mixture of new venues existing and historic facilities and temporary facilities some of them in well known locations such as Hyde Park and Horse Guards Parade After the Games some of the new facilities will be reused in their Olympic form while others will be resized or relocated The majority of venues have been divided into three zones within Greater London the Olympic Zone the River Zone and the Central Zone In addition there are a few venues that by necessity are outside the boundaries of Greater London such as the Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy some mi km southwest of London which hosted the sailing events The football tournament was staged at several grounds around the UK Work began on the Park in December when a sports hall in Eton Manor was pulled down The athletes' village in Portland was completed in September In November the hectare acre Olympic Park plans were revealed The plans for the site were approved in September by Tower Hamlets Newham Hackney and Waltham Forest The redevelopment of the area to build the Olympic Park required compulsory purchase orders of property The London Development Agency was in dispute with London and Continental Railways about the orders in November By May of the land had been bought as businesses fought eviction Residents who opposed the eviction tried to find ways to stop it by setting up campaigns but they had to leave as of land was bought and the other bought as a £ billion regeneration project started Aerial view of the Olympic Park in April There were some issues with the original venues not being challenging enough or being financially unviable Both the Olympic road races and the mountain bike event were initially considered to be too easy so they were eventually scheduled on new locations The Olympic marathon course which was set to finish in the Olympic stadium was moved to The Mall since closing Tower Bridge was deemed to cause traffic problems in central London North Greenwich Arena was scrapped in a cost cutting exercise Wembley Arena being used for badminton and rhythmic gymnastics events instead Test events were held throughout and either through an existing championship such as Wimbledon Championships or as a specially created event held under the banner of London Prepares Public transport edit The Olympic Javelin service ran between St Pancras and Ebbsfleet via Stratford London's public transport scored poorly in the IOC's initial evaluation however it felt that if the improvements were delivered in time for the Games London would cope Transport for London TfL carried out numerous improvements in preparation for including the expansion of the London Overground's East London Line upgrades to the Docklands Light Railway and the North London Line and the introduction of a new "Javelin" high speed rail service According to Network Rail an additional train services operated during the Games and train operators ran longer trains during the day During the Games Stratford International station was not served by any international services just as it had not been before the Games westbound trains did not stop at Hackney Wick railway station and Pudding Mill Lane DLR station closed entirely during the Games The Emirates Air Line crosses the River Thames between Greenwich Peninsula and the Royal Docks TfL also built a £ million cable car across the River Thames called the Emirates Air Line to link Olympics venues It was inaugurated in June and crosses the Thames between Greenwich Peninsula and the Royal Docks carrying up to passengers an hour cutting journey times between the O arena and the ExCeL exhibition centre and providing a crossing every seconds The plan was to have of athletes travel less than minutes to their event and of them within minutes of their event The Olympic Park would be served by ten separate railway lines with a combined capacity of passengers per hour In addition LOCOG planned for of the venues to be served by three or more types of public transport Two park and ride sites off the M with a combined capacity of cars were minutes away from the Olympic Park Another park and ride site was planned in Ebbsfleet with a capacity for cars where spectators could board a minute shuttle train service To get spectators to Eton Dorney four park and ride schemes were set up Olympic rings marked on a street indicating that the lane was reserved for the use of Olympic athletes and staff TfL defined a network of roads leading between venues as the Olympic Route Network roads connecting between all of the Olympic venues located within London Many of these roads also contained special "Olympic lanes" marked with the Olympic rings—reserved for the use of Olympic athletes officials and other VIPs during the Games Members of the public driving in an Olympic lane were subject to a fine of £ Additionally London buses would not include roads with Olympic lanes on their routes The painting of Olympic lane indicators in mid July led to confusion from commuters who wrongly believed that the Olympic lane restrictions had already taken effect they were to take effect on July The A experienced traffic jams due to drivers avoiding the Olympic lane and likewise on a section of Southampton Row where the only lanes available in one direction were the Olympic lane and the bus lane Concerns were expressed at the logistics of spectators travelling to the events outside London In particular the sailing events at Portland had no direct motorway connections and local roads are heavily congested by tourist traffic in the summer However a £ million relief road connecting Weymouth to Dorchester was built and opened in Some £ million was put aside for the rest of the improvements TfL created a promotional campaign and website Get Ahead of the Games to help provide information related to transport during the Olympics and Paralympics Through the campaign TfL also encouraged the use of cycling as a mode of transport during the Games However despite this encouragement to use bicycles members of the public protested that riding bikes on London roads would be more dangerous due to the blocked Olympic lanes and also protested against a decision to close the Lea Valley towpath during the Olympics and Paralympics due to security concerns Financing edit The costs of mounting the Games are separate from those for building the venues and infrastructure and redeveloping the land for the Olympic Park While the Games are privately funded the venues and Park costs are met largely by public money The original budget for the Games was £ billion billion USD but this was increased almost fourfold to about £ billion billion USD in The revised figures were announced to the House of Commons on March by Tessa Jowell Along with East End regeneration costs the breakdown was Building the venues and infrastructure — £ billion Elite sport and Paralympic funding — £ million Security and policing — £ million Regeneration of the Lower Lea Valley — £ billion Contingency fund — £ billion Volunteers edit Unpaid volunteers known as Games Makers performed a variety of tasks before and during the Games A target of volunteers was set as early as When recruitment took place in over applications were received Sebastian Coe said in February "Our Games Makers will contribute a total of around eight million volunteer hours during the Games and the Games simply wouldn't happen without them" The volunteers wore clothing which included purple and red polo shirts and jackets beige trousers grey socks and grey and white trainers which they collected from the Uniform Distribution and Accreditation Centre Volunteers also wore photo accreditation badges which were also worn by officials athletes family members and media which gain them access to specific venues and buildings around the site Ticketing edit Organisers estimated that some million tickets would be available for the Olympic Games and million tickets for the Paralympic Games LOCOG aimed to raise £ –£ million in ticket sales There were also free events such as marathon triathlon and road cycling although for the first time in Olympic history the sailing events were ticketed Eventually more than tickets were sold Following IOC rules people applied for tickets from the NOC of their country of residence European Union residents were able to apply for tickets in any EU country In Great Britain ticket prices ranged from £ for many events to £ for the most expensive seats at the opening ceremony Some free tickets were given to military personnel as part of the Tickets For Troops scheme as well as to survivors and families of those who died during July London bombings Initially people were able to apply for tickets via a website from March until April There was a huge demand for tickets with a demand of over three times the number of tickets available The process was widely criticised as more than of the sessions went to a random ballot and over half the people who applied got no tickets On May a round of nearly one million "second chance" tickets went on sale over a day period between June and July About million tickets available for football and for other sports including archery field hockey football judo boxing and volleyball Although technical difficulties were encountered ten sports had sold out by am of the first day Countdown edit The Countdown Clock in Trafalgar Square During the closing ceremony of the Olympics the Olympic Flag was formally handed over from the Mayor of Beijing to the Mayor of London This was followed by a section highlighting London One month later the Olympic and Paralympic flags were raised outside the London City Hall A countdown clock in Trafalgar Square was unveiled days before the Games The clock broke down the following day but was later fixed It is a two sided clock with the Paralympic countdown on the other side The countdown to the start of the Olympics began with a ceremony for the lighting of the Olympic flame in Olympia Greece Security edit Main article Security for the Summer Olympics The security operation was led by the police with officers available supported by members of the armed forces Naval and air assets including ships situated in the Thames Eurofighter jets and surface to air missiles were deployed as part of the security operation the biggest security operation Britain had faced for decades The cost of security increased from £ million to £ million and the figure of armed forces personnel was more than Britain currently had deployed in Afghanistan The Metropolitan Police and the Royal Marines carried out security exercises in preparation for the Olympics on January with marine police officers in rigid inflatables and fast response boats joined by up to military personnel and a Lynx Navy helicopter The Ministry of Defence distributed leaflets to residents of the Lexington building in Bow announcing that a missile system was to be stationed on top of the water tower This caused concern to some residents The Ministry said it probably would use Starstreak missiles and that site evaluations had taken place but that no final decision had taken place It emerged in July that G S the firm responsible for supplying security staff for the Olympics had been unable to recruit enough so the shortfall would have to be made up by UK military servicepeople There were also media reports that G S had failed to respond to people applying for jobs as security staff that recruits were inadequately trained that some were teenagers and some were not fully conversant in English citation needed Medals edit Mo Farah with Usain Bolt Approximately Olympic and Paralympic medals were produced by the Royal Mint at Llantrisant They were designed by David Watkins Olympics and Lin Cheung Paralympics of the gold silver and copper was donated by Rio Tinto from a mine in Salt Lake County Utah in the U S The remaining came from a Mongolian mine Each medal weighs – g – oz has a diameter of mm in and is mm in thick with the sport and discipline engraved on the rim The obverse as is traditional features Nike the Greek goddess of victory stepping from the Panathinaiko Stadium that hosted the first modern Olympic Games in with Parthenon in the background the reverse features the Games logo the River Thames and a series of lines representing "the energy of athletes and a sense of pulling together" The medals were transferred to the Tower of London vaults on July for storage Each gold medal is made up of percent silver and percent gold with the remainder copper The silver medal which represents second place is made up of percent silver with the remainder copper The bronze medal is made up of percent copper percent zinc and percent tin The value of the materials in the gold medal is about £ US the silver about £ US and the bronze about £ US as of July Torch relay edit Main article Summer Olympics torch relay The torch relay in Newport Isle of Wight The Olympics torch relay ran from May to July before the Games Plans for the relay were developed in – with the torch bearer selection process announced on May The Olympic flame arrived on flight BA known as Firefly and was carried on the flight inside miners lamps supplied by Protector Lamp from Eccles Greater Manchester Protector Lamp on May from Greece The relay lasted days with evening celebrations and six island visits and involved some people carrying the torch about mi km starting from Land's End in Cornwall The torch had one day outside the United Kingdom when it visited Dublin Ireland on June The relay focused on National Heritage Sites locations with sporting significance key sporting events schools registered with the Get Set School Network green spaces and biodiversity Live Sites city locations with large screens and festivals and other events Dumfries and Galloway was the only Region in the whole of the United Kingdom that had the Olympic Torch pass through it twice A group of young athletes nominated by retired Olympic athletes ran the torch around the stadium These torchbearers were Callum Airlie Jordan Duckitt Desiree Henry Katie Kirk Cameron MacRitchie Aidan Reynolds and Adelle Tracey Together the torchbearers each lit a petal which spread the fire to the petals of the cauldron representing the countries that participated in the games Environmental policy edit The Olympic Park was planned to incorporate hectares of wildlife habitat with a total of bird boxes and bat boxes Local waterways and riverbanks were enhanced as part of the process Renewable energy also features at the Olympics It was originally planned to provide of the energy for the Olympic Park and Village from renewable technologies however this may now be as little as Proposals to meet the original target included large scale on site wind turbines and hydroelectric generators in the River Thames These plans were scrapped for safety reasons The focus has since moved to installing solar panels on some buildings and providing the opportunity to recover energy from waste Food packaging at the Olympics is made from compostable materials – like starch and cellulose based bioplastics – where it cannot be re used or recycled This includes fast food wrappers sandwich boxes and drink cartons After they have been used many of these materials would be suitable for anaerobic digestion AD allowing them to be made into renewable energy Buildings like the Water Polo Arena will be relocated elsewhere Building Parts like Roofing Covers and membranes of different temporary venues will be recycled via Vinyloop This allows to meet the standards of the Olympic Delivery Authority concerning environmental protection Through this recycling process the Olympic Games PVC Policy is fulfilled It says that Where London procures PVC for temporary usage or where permanent usage is not assured London is required to ensure that there is a take back scheme that offers a closed loop reuse system or mechanical recycling system for post consumer waste "The majority of temporary facilities created for the Olympic Games including the Aquatic centre temporary stands basketball arena Water Polo Arena and the shooting facilities at the Royal Artillery Barracks are essentially big tents Basically PVC stretched over lightweight steel frame This design solution makes them efficient to install reduces the need for any significant foundations and are of course reusable We were challenged by the public around the use of PVC but we considered it to be the right material for certain functions We therefore challenged the PVC supply chain to have certain environmental performance criteria in place including a take back and 1886 Norris Wright Cuney becomes the chairman of the Texas Republican Party, the most powerful role held by any African American in the South during the 19th century. 1887 October 3 – The State Normal School for Colored Students, which would become Florida A&M University, is founded. 1890 Mississippi, with a white Democrat-dominated legislature, passes a new constitution that effectively disfranchises most blacks through voter registration and electoral requirements, e.g., poll taxes, residency tests and literacy tests. This shuts them out of the political process, including service on juries and in local offices. By 1900 two-thirds of the farmers in the bottomlands of the Mississippi Delta are African Americans who cleared and bought land after the Civil War.[23] 1892 Ida B. Wells publishes her pamphlet Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases. 1893 Daniel Hale Williams performed open-heart surgery in 1893 and founded Provident Hospital in Chicago, the first with an interracial staff.[24] 1895 September 18 – Booker T. Washington delivers his Atlanta Compromise address at the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta, Georgia. W. E. B. Du Bois is the first African-American to be awarded a Ph.D by Harvard University. 1896 May 18 – In Plessy v. Ferguson, the U.S. Supreme Court upholds de jure racial segregation of "separate but equal" facilities. (see "Jim Crow laws" for historical discussion). The National Association of Colored Women is formed by the merger of smaller groups. As one of the earliest Black Hebrew Israelites in the United States, William Saunders Crowdy re-establishes the Church of God and Saints of Christ. George Washington Carver is invited by Booker T. Washington to head the Agricultural Department at what would become Tuskegee University. His work would revolutionize farming – he found about 300 uses for peanuts. 1898 Louisiana enacts the first statewide grandfather clause that provides exemption for illiterate whites to voter registration literacy test requirements. In Williams v. Mississippi the U.S. Supreme Court upholds the voter registration and election provisions of Mississippi's constitution because they applied to all citizens. Effectively, however, they disenfranchise blacks and poor whites. The result is that other southern states copy these provisions in their new constitutions and amendments through 1908, disfranchising most African Americans and tens of thousands of poor whites until the 1960s. November 10 – Coup d'état begins in Wilmington, North Carolina, resulting in considerable loss of life and property in the African-American community and the installation of a white supremacist Democratic Party regime. 1899 September 18 – The "Maple Leaf Rag" is an early ragtime composition for piano by Scott Joplin. 20th century[edit] 1900–1924[edit] 1900 Since the Civil War, 30,000 African-American teachers had been trained and put to work in the South. The majority of blacks had become literate.[25] 1901 Booker T. Washington's autobiography Up from Slavery is published. Benjamin Tillman, senator from South Carolina, comments on Theodore Roosevelt's dining with Booker T. Washington: “The action of President Roosevelt in entertaining that nigger will necessitate our killing a thousand niggers in the South before they learn their place again.”[26] 1903 September – W. E. B. Du Bois's article The Talented Tenth published. W. E. B. Du Bois's seminal work The Souls of Black Folk is published. 1904 May 15 – Sigma Pi Phi, the first African-American Greek-letter organization, is founded by African-American men as a professional organization, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Orlando, Florida hires its first black postman. 1905 July 11 – First meeting of the Niagara Movement, an interracial group to work for civil rights.[27] 1906 The Brownsville Affair, which eventually involves President Roosevelt.[27] December 4 – African-American men found Alpha Phi Alpha at Cornell University, the first intercollegiate fraternity for African-American men. 1907 National Primitive Baptist Convention of the U.S.A. formed. 1908 December 26 – Jack Johnson wins the World Heavyweight Title. Alpha Kappa Alpha at Howard University; African-American college women found the first college sorority for African-American women. 1909 February 12 – Planned first meeting of group which would become the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), an interracial group devoted to civil rights. The meeting actually occurs on May 31, but February 12 is normally cited as the NAACP's founding date. May 31 – The National Negro Committee meets and is formed; it will be the precursor to the NAACP. 1910 May 30 – The National Negro Committee chooses "National Association for the Advancement of Colored People" as its organization name. September 29 – Committee on Urban Conditions Among Negroes formed; the next year it will merge with other groups to form the National Urban League. The NAACP begins publishing The Crisis. 1911 January 5 – Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity, Inc. was founded at Indiana University. November 17 – Omega Psi Phi Fraternity, Inc., which is the first African-American Greek-lettered organization founded at an HBCU (Howard University). 1913 The Moorish Science Temple of America, a religious organization, is founded by Noble Drew Ali (Timothy Drew). January 13 – Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc., was founded at Howard University 1914 January 9 – Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc. was founded at Howard University by A. Langston Taylor, Leonard F. Morse, and Charles I. Brown Newly elected president Woodrow Wilson orders physical re-segregation of federal workplaces and employment after nearly 50 years of integrated facilities.[28][29][30] 1915 February 8 – The Birth of a Nation is released to film theaters. The NAACP protests in cities across the country, convincing some not to show the film. June 21 – In Guinn v. United States, the U.S. Supreme Court rules against grandfather clauses used to deny blacks the right to vote. September 9 – Professor Carter G. Woodson founds the Association for the Study of African American Life and History in Chicago. A schism from the National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc. forms the National Baptist Convention of America, Inc. 1916 January – Professor Carter Woodson and the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History begins publishing the Journal of Negro History, the first academic journal devoted to the study of African-American history. March 23 – Marcus Garvey arrives in the U.S. (see Garveyism). Los Angeles hires the country's first black female police officer.[citation needed] The Great Migration begins and lasts until 1940. Approximately one and a half million African-Americans move from the Southern United States to the North and Midwest. More than five million migrate in the Second Great Migration from 1940 to 1970, which includes more destinations in California and the West. 1917 May–June – East St. Louis Riot August 23 – Houston Riot In Buchanan v. Warley, the U.S. Supreme Court upholds that racially segregated housing violates the 14th Amendment. 1918 Viola Pettus, an African-American nurse in Marathon, Texas, wins attention for her courageous care of victims of the Spanish Influenza, including members of the Ku Klux Klan. Mary Turner was a 33-year-old lynched in Lowndes County, Georgia who was Eight months pregnant. Turner and her child were murdered after she publicly denounced the extrajudicial killing of her husband by a mob. Her death is considered a stark example of racially motivated mob violence in the American south, and was referenced by the NAACP's anti-lynching campaign of the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s. 1919 Summer – Red Summer of 1919 riots: Chicago, Washington, D.C.; Knoxville, Indianapolis, and elsewhere. September 28 – Omaha Race Riot of 1919, Nebraska. October 1–5 – Elaine Race Riot, Phillips County, Arkansas. Numerous blacks are convicted by an all-white jury or plead guilty. In Moore v. Dempsey (1923), the U.S. Supreme Court overturns six convictions for denial of due process under the Fourteenth Amendment. 1920 February 13 – Negro National League (1920–1931) established. Fritz Pollard and Bobby Marshall are the first two African-American players in the National Football League (NFL). Pollard goes on to become the first African-American coach in the NFL. January 16 – Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Inc., was founded at Howard University 1921 May 23 – Shuffle Along is the first major African American hit musical on Broadway. May 31 – Tulsa Race Riot, Oklahoma Bessie Coleman becomes the first African American to earn a pilot's license. 1923 Garrett A. Morgan invented and patented the first automatic three-position traffic light.[31] January 1–7 – Rosewood massacre: Six African Americans and two whites die in a week of violence when a white woman in Rosewood, Florida, claims she was beaten and raped by a black man. February 19 – In Moore v. Dempsey, the U.S. Supreme Court holds that mob-dominated trials violate the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Jean Toomer's novel Cane is published. 1924 Knights of Columbus commissions and publishes The Gift of Black Folk: The Negroes in the Making of America by civil rights activist and NAACP cofounder W. E. B. Du Bois as part of the organization's Racial Contribution Series. Spelman Seminary becomes Spelman College. 1925–1949[edit] 1925 Spring – American Negro Labor Congress is founded. August 8 – 35,000 Ku Klux Klan members march in Washington, D.C. (see List of protest marches on Washington, D.C.) Countee Cullen publishes his first collection of poems in Color. Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters is organized. The Harlem Renaissance (also known as the New Negro Movement) is named after the anthology The New Negro, edited by Alain Locke . 1926 The Harlem Globetrotters are founded. Historian Carter G. Woodson proposes Negro History Week. Corrigan v Buckley challenges deed restrictions preventing a white seller from selling to a black buyer. The U.S. Supreme Court rules in favor of Buckley, stating that the 14th Amendment does not apply because Washington, DC is a city and not a state, thereby rendering the Due Process Clause inapplicable. Also, that the Due Process Clause does not apply to private agreements. 1928 Claude McKay's Home to Harlem wins the Harmon Gold Award for Literature. 1929 The League of United Latin American Citizens, the first organization to fight for the civil rights of Latino Americans, is founded in Corpus Christi, Texas. John Hope becomes president of Atlanta University. Graduate classes are offered in the liberal arts, and Atlanta University becomes the first predominantly black university to offer graduate education. Unknown – Hallelujah! is released, one of the first films to star an all-black cast. 1930 August 7 – Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith were African-American men lynched in Marion, Indiana, after being taken from jail and beaten by a mob. They had been arrested that night as suspects in a robbery, murder and rape case. A third African-American suspect, 16-year-old James Cameron, had also been arrested and narrowly escaped being killed by the mob. He later became a civil rights activist.[32] The League of Struggle for Negro Rights is founded in New York City. Jessie Daniel Ames forms the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching. She gets 40,000 white women to sign a pledge against lynching and for change in the South.[33] 1931 March 25 – Scottsboro Boys arrested in what would become a nationally controversial case. Walter Francis White becomes the executive secretary of the NAACP. 1932 The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male begins at Tuskegee University. 1933 Hocutt v. Wilson unsuccessfully challenged segregation in higher education in the United States. 1934 Wallace D. Fard, leader of the Nation of Islam, mysteriously disappears. He is succeeded by Elijah Muhammad. 1935 June 18 – In Murray v. Pearson, Thurgood Marshall and Charles Hamilton Houston of the NAACP successfully argue the landmark case in Maryland to open admissions to the segregated University of Maryland School of Law on the basis of equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment. Jesse Owens wins gold medals in front of Hitler. 1936 August – American sprinter Jesse Owens wins four gold medals at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. 1937 6.2.1 General works 6.2.2 Baseball 6.2.3 Boxing 6.2.4 Chess 6.2.5 Olympics Athletes[edit] Baseball[edit] Ryan Braun, outfielder (Milwaukee Brewers) Ike Davis, first baseman (Oakland Athletics) Ian Kinsler, second baseman (Detroit Tigers) Ryan Lavarnway, catcher (Atlanta Braves) Jason Marquis, pitcher (Cincinnati Reds) Joc Pederson, outfielder (Los Angeles Dodgers) Kevin Youkilis, first and third baseman Cal Abrams, US, outfielder[2] Rubén Amaro, Jr., US, outfielder, general manager (Philadelphia Phillies)[2] Morrie Arnovich, US, outfielder, All-Star[2] Brad Ausmus, US, catcher, All-Star, 3x Gold Glove, manager of the Detroit Tigers[2] José Bautista, Dominican-born, pitcher[2] Robert "Bo" Belinsky, U.S., pitcher. Pitched no-hit game as rookie with Los Angeles Angels in 1962.[3] Moe Berg, US, catcher & shortstop, and spy for US in World War II[2] Ron Blomberg, US, DH/first baseman/outfielder, Major League Baseball's first designated hitter[4] Lou Boudreau, US, shortstop, 8x All-Star, batting title, MVP, Baseball Hall of Fame, manager[2] Ralph Branca, US, pitcher, 3x All-Star[5] Ryan Braun, US, outfielder, 2007 Rookie of the Year, home run champion, 5x All-Star, 5x Silver Slugger, 2011 National League MVP (Milwaukee Brewers)[6] Craig Breslow, US, relief pitcher (Boston Red Sox)[2] Mark Clear, US, relief pitcher, 2x All-Star[7] Andy Cohen, US, second baseman, coach Harry Danning, US, catcher, 4x All-Star[2][8] Ike Davis, US, first baseman (Oakland Athletics)[9] Moe Drabowsky, US, pitcher[10] Harry Eisenstat, US, pitcher[11] Mike Epstein, US, first baseman[2] Harry Feldman, US, pitcher[2] Scott Feldman, US, pitcher (Houston Astros)[2] Gavin Fingleson, South African-born Australian, Olympic silver medalist[12] Nate Freiman, US, first baseman (Oakland Athletics)[13][14] Sam Fuld, US, outfielder (Oakland Athletics)[15] Sid Gordon, US, outfielder & third baseman, 2x All-Star[2] John Grabow, US, relief pitcher[2] Shawn Green, US, right fielder, 2x All-Star, Gold Glove, Silver Slugger[2] Hank Greenberg, US, first baseman & outfielder, 5x All-Star, 4x home run champion, 4x RBI leader, 2x MVP, Baseball Hall of Fame[2] Ken Holtzman, US, starting pitcher, 2x All-Star[2] Joe Horlen, US, pitcher, All-Star, ERA leader[2] Gabe Kapler, US, outfielder[2] Ian Kinsler, US, second baseman, 3x All-Star (Detroit Tigers)[16] Sandy Koufax, US, starting pitcher, 6x All-Star, 5x ERA leader, 4x strikeouts leader, 3x Wins leader, 2x W-L% leader, 1 perfect game, MVP, 3x Cy Young Award, Baseball Hall of Fame[2] Barry Latman, US, pitcher[11] Ryan Lavarnway, US, catcher (Atlanta Braves)[17] Al Levine, US, relief pitcher[2] Mike Lieberthal, US, catcher, 2x All-Star, Gold Glove[2] Elliott Maddox, US, outfielder & third baseman[2] Jason Marquis, US, starting pitcher, Silver Slugger, All Star (Cincinnati Reds)[2] Erskine Mayer, US, pitcher[2] Bob Melvin, US, catcher & manager of the Oakland Athletics[18] Jon Moscot, US, pitcher (Cincinnati Reds)[19] Jeff Newman, US, catcher & first baseman, All-Star, manager[2] Joc Pederson, US, outfielder (Los Angeles Dodgers)[20] Barney Pelty, US, pitcher[2] Lipman Pike, US, outfielder, second baseman, & manager, 4x home run champion, RBI leader[2] Kevin Pillar, US, outfielder (Toronto Blue Jays) Aaron Poreda, US, pitcher (Yomiuri Giants)[2] Scott Radinsky, US, relief pitcher[2] Dave Roberts, US, pitcher[2] Saul Rogovin, US, pitcher[2] Al "Flip" Rosen, US, third baseman & first baseman, 4x All-Star, 2x home run champion, 2x RBI leader, MVP[2] Goody Rosen, Canada, outfielder, All-Star[2] Josh Satin, US, second baseman (Cincinnati Reds)[21] Richie Scheinblum, US, outfielder, All-Star[2] Scott Schoeneweis, US, pitcher[2] Michael Schwimer, US, relief pitcher (Toronto Blue Jays)[22] Art Shamsky, US, outfielder & first baseman[2] Larry Sherry, US, relief pitcher[2] Norm Sherry, US, catcher & manager[2] Moe "the Rabbi of Swat" Solomon, US, outfielder[2] George Stone, US, outfielder, 1x batting title[23] Steve Stone, US, starting pitcher, All-Star, Cy Young Award[2] Danny Valencia, US, third baseman (Oakland Athletics)[24] Phil "Mickey" Weintraub, US, first baseman & outfielder Josh Whitesell, US, first baseman (Saraperos de Saltillo)[25] Steve Yeager, US, catcher[2] Kevin Youkilis, US, first baseman, third baseman, & left fielder, 3x All-Star, Gold Glove, Hank Aaron Award[2] Josh Zeid, US, pitcher for the Detroit Tigers Basketball[edit] Omri Casspi Jordan Farmar Gal Mekel Jon Scheyer Sam Balter, US, 5' 10" guard, Olympic champion[8][26] Sue Bird, US & Israel, WNBA 5' 9" point guard, 2x Olympic champion, 4x All-Star (Seattle Storm)[27] David Blatt, US & Israel, Israeli Premier League 6' 3.5" point guard, coached Russia National Basketball Team, Israel's Maccabi Tel Aviv to Euroleague Championship, Euroleague Coach of the Year, 4x Israeli Coach of the Year, Head Coach of Cleveland Cavaliers[28][29] David Blu (formerly "Bluthenthal"), US & Israel, Euroleague 6' 7" forward (Maccabi Tel Aviv)[30] Harry Boykoff, US, NBA 6' 10" center[31] Tal Brody, US & Israel, Euroleague 6' 2" shooting guard[8] Larry Brown, US, ABA 5' 9" point guard, 3x All-Star, 3x assists leader, NCAA National Championship coach (1988), NBA coach, Olympic champion, Hall of Fame[8][26] Omri Casspi, Israel, 6' 9" small forward, drafted in 1st round of 2009 NBA Draft (Sacramento Kings)[32] Shay Doron, Israel & US, WNBA 5' 9" guard (New York Liberty)[33] Lior Eliyahu, Israel, 6' 9" power forward, NBA draft 2006 (Orlando Magic; traded to Houston Rockets), playing in the Euroleague (Hapoel Jerusalem)[34] Jordan Farmar, US, NBA 6' 2" point guard (Los Angeles Clippers)[35] Marty Friedman, US, 5' 7" guard & coach, Hall of Fame[8] Ernie Grunfeld, Romania-born US, NBA 6' 6" guard/forward & GM, Olympic champion[36] Yotam Halperin, Israel, 6' 5" guard, drafted in 2006 NBA draft by Seattle SuperSonics (Hapoel Jerusalem)[34] Sonny Hertzberg, US, NBA 5' 9" point guard, original NY Knickerbocker[37] Art Heyman, US, NBA 6' 5" forward/guard[37] Nat Holman, US, ABL 5' 11" guard & coach, Hall of Fame[8] Red Holzman, US, BAA & NBA 5' 10" guard, 2x All-Star, & NBA coach, NBA Coach of the Year, Hall of Fame[8] Eban Hyams, India-Israel-Australia, 6' 5" guard formerly of the Australian National Basketball League, Israeli Super League, first ever Indian national to play in ULEB competitions[38] Barry Kramer, first team All-American at NYU in 1963 Joel Kramer, US Phoenix Suns 6'7" forward Sylven Landesberg, US, 6' 6" former UVA shooting guard (Maccabi Tel Aviv)[39] Rudy LaRusso, US, NBA 6' 7" forward/center, 5x All-Star[40] Nancy Lieberman, US, WNBA player, general manager, & coach, Olympic silver, Hall of Fame[26][41] Gal Mekel, Israel, NBA 6' 3" point guard (Dallas Mavericks)[42] Bernard Opper, US, NBL and ABL 5' 10" guard, All-American at University of Kentucky Donna Orender (née Geils), US, Women's Pro Basketball League 5' 7" point guard, All-Star, current WNBA president[37] Lennie Rosenbluth, US, NBA 6' 4" forward[36] Danny Schayes, US, NBA 6' 11" center/forward (son of Dolph Schayes)[37] Dolph Schayes, US, NBA 6' 7" forward/center, 3x FT% leader, 1x rebound leader, 12x All-Star, Hall of Fame, & coach (father of Danny Schayes)[8] Ossie Schectman, US, NBA 6' 0" guard, scorer of first NBA basket[36] Doron Sheffer, US (college), Maccabi Tel Aviv,Hapoel Jerusalem Jon Scheyer, US, All-American Duke University 6' 5" shooting guard & point guard (Maccabi Tel Aviv)[43] Barney Sedran, US, Hudson River League & New York State League 5' 4" guard, Hall of Fame[8] Sidney Tannenbaum, US, BAA 6' 0" guard, 2x All-American, left as NYU all-time scorer[8] Alex Tyus, US & Israel, 6' 8" power forward/center (Maccabi Tel Aviv) Neal Walk, US, NBA 6' 10" center[37] Max Zaslofsky, US, NBA 6' 2" guard/forward, 1x FT% leader, 1x points leader, All-Star, ABA coach[8] Bowling[edit] Barry Asher, 10 PBA titles, PBA Hall of Fame[7] Marshall Holman, 22 PBA titles (11th all-time); PBA Hall of Fame[44] Mark Roth, 34 PBA titles (5th all-time); PBA Hall of Fame[45] Boxing[edit] Yuri Foreman Zab Judah Dmitry Salita Barney Aaron (Young), English-born US lightweight, Hall of Fame[46] Abe Attell ("The Little Hebrew"), US, world champion featherweight, Hall of Fame[8] Monte Attell ("The Knob Hill Terror"), US, bantamweight[47] Max Baer ("Madcap Maxie"), US, world champion heavyweight. Wore a Star of David on his trunks; inducted into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. Hall of Fame/[48] Benny Bass ("Little Fish"), US, world champion featherweight & world champion junior lightweight, Hall of Fame[8] Fabrice Benichou, France, world champion super bantamweight[34] Jack Kid Berg (Judah Bergman), England, world champion junior welterweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks, Hall of Fame[8] Maxie Berger, Canada, wore a Star of David on his trunks[49] Samuel Berger, US, Olympic champion heavyweight[8] Jack Bernstein (also "John Dodick", "Kid Murphy", and "Young Murphy"), US, world champion junior lightweight[8] Nathan "Nat" Bor, US, Olympic bronze lightweight[26] Mushy Callahan (Vincente Sheer), US, world champion light welterweight[47] Joe Choynski ("Chrysanthemum Joe"), US, heavyweight, Hall of Fame[8][50] Robert Cohen, French & Algerian, world champion bantamweight[8] Al "Bummy" Davis (Abraham Davidoff), US, welterweight & lightweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks[47] Louis "Red" Deutsch, US, heavyweight, later famous as the proprietor of the Tube Bar in Jersey City, NJ and inspiration for Moe Szyslak on "The Simpsons" Carolina Duer ("The Turk"), Argentine, WBO world champion super flyweight and bantamweight[51] John "Jackie" Fields (Jacob Finkelstein), US, world champion welterweight & Olympic champion featherweight, Hall of Fame[8] Hagar Finer, Israel, WIBF champion bantamweight[52] Yuri Foreman, Belarusian-born Israeli US middleweight and World Boxing Association champion super welterweight[53] György Gedó, Hungary, Olympic champion light flyweight[41] Abe Goldstein, US, world champion bantamweight[54] Ruby Goldstein ("Ruby the Jewel of the Ghetto"), US, welterweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks[8] Roman Greenberg ("The Lion from Zion"), Israel, International Boxing Organization's Intercontinental champion heavyweight[53] Stéphane Haccoun, France, featherweight, super featherweight, and junior lightweight[55][56] Alphonse Halimi ("La Petite Terreur"), France, world champion bantamweight[8] Harry Harris ("The Human Hairpin"), US, world champion bantamweight[8] Gary Jacobs, Scottish, British, Commonwealth, and European (EBU) champion welterweight[57] Ben Jeby (Morris Jebaltowsky), US, world champion middleweight[47] Yoel Judah, US, 3x world champion kickboxer and boxer & trainer[58] Zab Judah ("Super"), US, world champion junior welterweight & world champion welterweight (Converted to Christianity)[58][59][60][61] Louis Kaplan ("Kid Kaplan"), Russian-born US, world champion featherweight, Hall of Fame[8][50] Solly Krieger ("Danny Auerbach"), US, world champion middleweight[8] Julie Kogon US, 1947 New England Lightweight Champion. Inducted into the Connecticut Boxing Hall of Fame. Benny Leonard (Benjamin Leiner; "The Ghetto Wizard"), US, world champion lightweight, Hall of Fame[8] Battling Levinsky (Barney Lebrowitz), US, world champion light heavyweight, Hall of Fame[8] King Levinsky (Harry Kraków), US, heavweight, also known as Kingfish Levinsky[8] Harry Lewis (Harry Besterman), US, world champion welterweight[47] Ted "Kid" Lewis (Gershon Mendeloff), England, world champion welterweight, Hall of Fame[8] Sammy Luftspring, Canada, Canadian champion welterweight, Canada's Sports Hall of Fame[47] Saoul Mamby, US, world champion junior welterweight[47] Al McCoy (Alexander Rudolph), US, world champion middleweight[8] Daniel Mendoza, England, world champion heavyweight, Hall of Fame[8] Jacob Michaelsen, Denmark, Olympic bronze heavyweight[26] Samuel Mosberg, US, Olympic champion lightweight[8] Bob Olin, US, world champion light heavyweight[62] Victor Perez ("Young"), Tunisian, world champion flyweight[8] Harold Reitman ("The Boxing Doctor"), professional heavyweight that fought while working as surgeon, Golden Gloves champion.[63] Charlie Phil Rosenberg ("Charles Green"), US, world champion bantamweight[8] Dana Rosenblatt ("Dangerous"), US, world champion middleweight[64] Maxie Rosenbloom ("Slapsie"), US, world champion light heavyweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks, Hall of Fame[8] Barney Ross (Dov-Ber Rasofsky), US, world champion lightweight & junior welterweight, Hall of Fame[8] Mike Rossman (Michael Albert DiPiano; "The Jewish Bomber"), US, world champion light heavyweight, wore Star of David on trunks[64] Shamil Sabirov, Russia, Olympic champion light flyweight[26] Dmitry Salita ("Star of David"), US, North American Boxing Association champion light welterweight[65] Isadore "Corporal Izzy" Schwartz ("The Ghetto Midget"), US, world champion flyweight[8] Al Singer ("The Bronx Beauty"), US, world champion lightweight[47] "Lefty" Lew Tendler, US, bantamweight, lightweight, and welterweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks, Hall of Fame[8] Sid Terris ("Ghost of the Ghetto"), US, lightweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks[54] Matt Wels, England, champion of Great Britain lightweight and world champion welterweight Canoeing[edit] Jessica Fox Shaun Rubenstein László Fábián, Hungary, sprint canoer, Olympic champion (K-2 10,000 meter), 4x world champion (3x K-2 10,000 meter and 1x K-4 10,000 meter) and one silver (K-4 10,000 meter)[26] Imre Farkas, Hungary, sprint canoer, 2x Olympic bronze (C-2 1,000 and 10,000 meter)[66] Jessica Fox, French-born Australian, slalom canoer, Olympic silver (K-1 slalom), world championships bronze (C-1)[67] Myriam Fox-Jerusalmi, France, slalom canoer, Olympic bronze (K-1 slalom), 5 golds at ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships (2x K-1, 3x K-1 team)[41] Klára Fried-Bánfalvi, Hungary, sprint canoer, Olympic bronze (K-2 500 m), world champion (K-2 500 m)[26] Leonid Geishtor, USSR (Belarus), sprint canoer, Olympic champion (Canadian pairs 1,000-meter)[41] Joe Jacobi, US, slalom canoer, Olympic champion (Canadian slalom pairs)[41] Michael Kolganov, Soviet (Uzbek)-born Israeli, sprint canoer, world champion, Olympic bronze (K-1 500-meter)[41] Anna Pfeffer, Hungary, sprint canoer, Olympic 2x silver (K-2 500 m), bronze (K-1 500 m); world champion (K-2 500 m), silver (K-4 500 m), 2x bronze (K-2 500)[26] Naum Prokupets, Moldovan-born Soviet, sprint canoer, Olympic bronze (C-2 1,000-meter), gold (C-2 10,000-meter) at ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships[41] Leon Rotman, Romanian, sprint canoer, 2x Olympic champion (C-1 10,000 meter, C-1 1,000-meter) and bronze (C-1 1,000-meter), 14 national titles[41] Shaun Rubenstein, South Africa, canoer, World Marathon champion 2006[68] Cricket[edit] Michael Klinger Ben Ashkenazi, Australia (Victorian Bushrangers) Ali Bacher, South Africa, batsman and administrator (relative of Adam Bacher)[69] Mike Barnard, England, cricketer[69] Mark Bott, England, cricketer[70] Stevie Eskinazi, South African born, Australian raised, English wicketkeeper Mark Fuzes. Australian all rounder played for Hong Kong. Father Peter Fuzes kept goal for Australian Soccer team (see)[71] Dennis Gamsy, South Africa, Test wicket-keeper[72] Darren Gerard, England, cricketer[73] Norman Gordon, South Africa, fast bowler[69] Steven Herzberg, English-born Australian, cricketer[74] Sid Kiel, South Africa, opening batsman (Western Province)[75] Michael Klinger, Australia, batsman (Western Warriors)[69] Leonard "Jock" Livingston, Australia, cricketer[69] Bev Lyon, England, cricketer[69] Dar Lyon, England, cricketer (brother of Bev)[69] Greg, Jason, and Lara Molins, two brothers and a cousin from the same Irish family[74] Jon Moss, Australia, allrounder (Victorian Bushrangers)[69] John Raphael, England, batsman[69] Marshall Rosen, NSW Australia, cricketer and selector[76] Lawrence Seeff, South Africa, batsmen[77] Maurice Sievers, Australia, lower order batsman and fast-medium bowler[69] Bensiyon Songavkar, India, cricketer, MVP of 2009 Maccabiah Games cricket tournament[78] Fred Susskind, South Africa, Test batsman[69] Fred Trueman, England, English test fast bowler (a lifelong Christian)[69] Julien Wiener, Australia, Test cricketer[69] Mandy Yachad, South Africa, Test cricketer[69] Equestrian[edit] Margie Goldstein-Engle Robert Dover, US, 4x Olympic bronze, 1x world championship bronze (dressage)[79] Margie Goldstein-Engle, US, world championship silver, Pan American Games gold, silver, and bronze (jumping)[80] Edith Master, US, Olympic bronze (dressage)[26] Fencing[edit] Helene Mayer Soren Thompson Henri Anspach, Belgium (épée & foil), Olympic champion[26] Paul Anspach, Belgium (épée & foil), 2x Olympic champion[26] Norman Armitage (Norman Cohn), US (sabre), 17x US champion, Olympic bronze[26] Albert "Albie" Axelrod, US (foil); Olympic bronze, 4x US champion[8] Péter Bakonyi, Hungary (saber), Olympic 3x bronze[41] Cliff Bayer, US (foil); youngest US champion[37] Albert Bogen (Albert Bógathy), Austria (saber), Olympic silver[41] Tamir Bloom, US (épée); 2x US champion[37] Daniel Bukantz, US (foil); 4x US champion[37] Sergey Sharikov, Russia (saber), 2x Olympic champion, silver, bronze[26] Yves Dreyfus, France (épée), Olympic bronze, French champion[26] Ilona Elek, Hungary (saber), 2x Olympic champion[26] Boaz Ellis, Israel (foil), 5x Israeli champion[34] Siegfried "Fritz" Flesch, Austria (sabre), Olympic bronze[26] Dr. Dezsö Földes, Hungary (saber), 2x Olympic champion[26] Dr. Jenö Fuchs, Hungary (saber), 4x Olympic champion[81] Támas Gábor, Hungary (épée), Olympic champion[8] János Garay, Hungary (saber), Olympic champion, silver, bronze, killed by the Nazis[8] Dr. Oskar Gerde, Hungary (saber), 2x Olympic champion, killed by the Nazis[26] Dr. Sándor Gombos, Hungary (saber), Olympic champion[62] Vadim Gutzeit, Ukraine (saber), Olympic champion[82] Johan Harmenberg, Sweden (épée), Olympic champion[26] Delila Hatuel, Israel (foil), Olympian, ranked # 9 in world[83] Lydia Hatuel-Zuckerman, Israel (foil), 6x Israeli champion[84][85] Dr. Otto Herschmann, Austria (saber), Olympic silver[26] Emily Jacobson, US (saber), NCAA champion[86] Sada Jacobson, US (saber), ranked # 1 in the world, Olympic silver, 2x bronze[86] Allan Jay, British (épée & foil), Olympic 2x silver, world champion[26] Endre Kabos, Hungary (saber), 3x Olympic champion, bronze[26] Roman Kantor, Poland (épée), Nordic champion & Soviet champion, killed by the Nazis[26] Dan Kellner, US (foil), US champion[86] Byron Krieger, US[87] Grigory Kriss, Soviet (épée), Olympic champion, 2x silver[26] Allan Kwartler, US (saber), 3x Pan American Games champion[10] Alexandre Lippmann, France (épée), 2x Olympic champion, 2x silver, bronze[8] Helene Mayer, Germany & US (foil), Olympic champion[26] Ljubco Georgievski ????? ??????????? Kiro Gligorov ???? ???????? Nikola Gruevski ?????? ???????? Gjorge Ivanov ????? ?????? Gordana Jankuloska ??????? ?????????? Zoran Jolevski ????? ???????? Srgjan Kerim ????? ????? Lazar Koliševski ????? ?????????? Hari Kostov ???? ?????? Trifun Kostovski ?????? ????????? Ilinka Mitreva ?????? ??????? Lazar Mojsov ????? ?????? Tito Petkovski ???? ????????? Lui Temelkovski ??? ??????????? Boris Trajkovski ????? ?????????? Vasil Tupurkovski ????? ??????????? Zoran Zaev ????? ???? Partisans World War II freedom fighters edit Mirce Acev ????? ???? Mihajlo Apostolski ????j?? ?????????? Cede Filipovski Dame ???? ?????????? ???? Blagoj Jankov Muceto ?????? ?????? ?????? Orce Nikolov ???? ??????? Strašo Pindžur ?????? ?????? Hristijan Todorovski Karpoš ????????? ?????????? ?????? Revolutionaries edit Yordan Piperkata ?????? ???????? ????????? Goce Delcev ???? ????? Petar Pop Arsov ????? ??? ????? Dame Gruev ???? ????? Jane Sandanski ???? ????????? Dimitar Pop Georgiev Berovski ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? Ilyo Voyvoda ???? ??? ?????????? Pere Tošev ???? ????? Pitu Guli ???? ???? Dimo Hadži Dimov ???? ???? ????? Hristo Uzunov ?????? ?????? Literature edit Gjorgji Abadžiev ????? ??????? Petre M Andreevski ????? ? ?????????? Maja Apostoloska ???? ??????????? Dimitrija Cupovski ????????? ???????? Jordan Hadži Konstantinov Džinot ?????? ???? ???????????? ????? Vasil Iljoski ????? ?????? Slavko Janevski ?????? ???????? Blaže Koneski ????? ??????? Risto Krle ????? ???? Vlado Maleski ????? ??????? Mateja Matevski ?????? ???????? Krste Misirkov ????? ????????? Kole Nedelkovski ???? ??????????? Olivera Nikolova Anton Panov ????? ????? Gjorche Petrov ????? ?????? Vidoe Podgorec ????? ???????? Aleksandar Prokopiev ?????????? ????????? Koco Racin ???? ????? Jovica Tasevski Eternijan ?????? ???????? ????????? Gane Todorovski ???? ?????????? Stevan Ognenovski ?????? ?????????? Music edit Classical music edit Composers edit Atanas Badev ?????? ????? Dimitrije Bužarovski ????????? ?????????? Kiril Makedonski ????? ?????????? Toma Prošev ???? ?????? Todor Skalovski ????? ????????? Stojan Stojkov ?????? ??????? Aleksandar Džambazov ?????????? ???????? Conductors edit Borjan Canev ?????? ????? Instrumentalists edit Pianists Simon Trpceski ????? ???????? Opera singers edit Blagoj Nacoski ?????? ??????? Boris Trajanov ????? ???????? Popular and folk music edit Composers edit Darko Dimitrov ????? ???????? Slave Dimitrov ????? ???????? Jovan Jovanov ????? ??????? Ilija Pejovski ????? ???????? Musicians edit Bodan Arsovski ????? ???????? Goran Trajkoski ????? ????????? Ratko Dautovski ????? ????????? Kiril Džajkovski ????? ????????? Tale Ognenovski ???? ?????????? Vlatko Stefanovski ?????? ??????????? Stevo Teodosievski ????? ???????????? Aleksandra Popovska ?????????? ???????? Singers and Bands edit Lambe Alabakoski ????? ?????????? Anastasia ????????? Arhangel ???????? Kristina Arnaudova ???????? ????????? Kaliopi Bukle ??????? Dani Dimitrovska ???? ??????????? Riste Tevdoski ????? ???????? Karolina Goceva ???????? ?????? Vaska Ilieva ????? ?????? Andrijana Janevska ????????? ???????? Vlado Janevski ????? ???????? Jovan Jovanov ????? ??????? Leb i sol ??? ? ??? Aleksandar Makedonski ?????????? ?????????? Elvir Mekic ????? ????? Mizar ????? Jasmina Mukaetova ??????? ????e???? The Malagasy French Malgache are the ethnic group that forms nearly the entire population of Madagascar They are divided into two subgroups the "Highlander" Merina Sihanaka and Betsileo of the central plateau around Antananarivo Alaotra Ambatondrazaka and Fianarantsoa and the "coastal dwellers" elsewhere in the country This division has its roots in historical patterns of settlement The original Austronesian settlers from Borneo arrived between the third and tenth centuries and established a network of principalities in the Central Highlands region conducive to growing the rice they had carried with them on their outrigger canoes Sometime later a large number of settlers arrived from East Africa and established kingdoms along the relatively unpopulated coastlines The difference in ethnic origins remains somewhat evident between the highland and coastal regions In addition to the ethnic distinction between highland and coastal Malagasy one may speak of a political distinction as well Merina monarchs in the late th and early th century united the Merina principalities and brought the neighboring Betsileo people under their administration first They later extended Merina control over the majority of the coastal areas as well The military resistance and eventual defeat of most of the coastal communities assured their subordinate position vis à vis the Merina Betsileo alliance During the th and th centuries the French colonial administration capitalized on and further exacerbated these political inequities by appropriating existing Merina governmental infrastructure to run their colony This legacy of political inequity dogged the people of Madagascar after gaining independence in candidates ethnic and regional identities have often served to help or hinder their success in democratic elections Within these two broad ethnic and political groupings the Malagasy were historically subdivided into specifically named ethnic groups who were primarily distinguished from one another on the basis of cultural practices These were namely agricultural hunting or fishing practices construction style of dwellings music hair and clothing styles and local customs or taboos the latter known in the Malagasy language as fady citation needed The number of such ethnic groups in Madagascar has been debated The practices that distinguished many of these groups are less prevalent in the st century than they were in the past But many Malagasy are proud to proclaim their association with one or several of these groups as part of their own cultural identity "Highlander" ethnic groups Merina Sihanaka Betsileo Zafimaniry Coastal ethnic groups Antaifasy or Antefasy Antaimoro or Temoro or Antemoro Antaisaka or Antesaka Antambahoaka Antandroy or Tandroy Antankarana Antanosy or Tanosy Academia edit Afifi al Akiti Khasnor Johan historian Khoo Kay Kim Jomo Kwame Sundaram Danny Quah Harith Ahmad Architects edit Main article List of Malaysian architects Artists edit Main article List of Malaysian artists Business edit Tan Sri Syed Mokhtar Al Bukhary born Tan Sri Dato Loh Boon Siew – Tan Sri Jeffrey Cheah Tan Sri William Cheng Dato Choong Chin Liang born Tan Sri Dato Tony Fernandes born Lim Goh Tong – Tan Sri Tiong Hiew King Tan Sri Teh Hong Piow born Chung Keng Quee – Tan Sri Ananda Krishnan born Robert Kuok born Tan Sri Quek Leng Chan born Shoba Purushothaman Shah Hakim Zain Halim Saad Tan Sri Mohd Saleh Sulong Tan Sri Vincent Tan born Lillian Too born Tan Sri Dr Francis Yeoh Tun Daim Zainuddin born Tan Sri Kong Hon Kong Designers edit Bernard Chandran fashion designer Jimmy Choo born shoe designer Poesy Liang born artist writer philanthropist jewellery designer industrial designer interior architect music composer Inventors edit Yi Ren Ng inventor of the Lytro Entertainers edit Yasmin Ahmad – film director Stacy Angie Francissca Peter born Jamal Abdillah born Sudirman Arshad – Loganathan Arumugam died Datuk David Arumugam Alleycats Awal Ashaari Alvin Anthons born Asmawi bin Ani born Ahmad Azhar born Ning Baizura born Kasma Booty died Marion Caunter host of One In A Million and the TV Quickie Ella born Erra Fazira born Sean Ghazi born Fauziah Latiff born Angelica Lee born Daniel Lee Chee Hun born Fish Leong born Sheila Majid born Amy Mastura born Mohamad Nasir Mohamad born Shathiyah Kristian born Meor Aziddin Yusof born Ah Niu born Dayang Nurfaizah born Shanon Shah born Siti Nurhaliza born Misha Omar born Hani Mohsin – Aziz M Osman born Azmyl Yunor born P Ramlee born Aziz Sattar born Fasha Sandha born Ku Nazhatul Shima Ku Kamarazzaman born Nicholas Teo born Pete Teo Penny Tai born Hannah Tan born Jaclyn Victor born Chef Wan Adira Suhaimi Michael Wong born Victor Wong born Dato Michelle Yeoh Hollywood actress born James Wan director of Hollywood films like several Saw films Insidious The Conjuring Fast and Furious born Ziana Zain born Zee Avi Shila Amzah Yunalis Zarai Zamil Idris born Military edit Leftenan Adnan – Warrior from mainland Malaya Antanum Warrior from Sabah Borneo Rentap Warrior from Sarawak Syarif Masahor Warrior from Sarawak Monsopiad Warrior from Sabah Borneo Haji Abdul Rahman Limbong Warrior from Telemong Terengganu Mat Salleh Warrior from Sabah Borneo Rosli Dhobi Warrior from Sarawak Politicians edit Parameswara founder of Sultanate of Malacca Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al Haj st Prime Minister of independent Malaya Tun Abdul Razak nd Prime Minister V T Sambanthan Founding Fathers of Malaysia along with Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tan Cheng Lock Tun Dato Sir Tan Cheng Lock Founder of MCA Tun Hussein Onn rd Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad th Prime Minister Father of Modernisation Abdullah Ahmad Badawi th Prime Minister since Najib Tun Razak Current Prime Minister since Dato Seri Ong Ka Ting Dato Seri Anwar Ibrahim Dato Wan Hisham Wan Salleh Nik Aziz Nik Mat Raja Nong Chik Zainal Abidin Federal Territory and Urban Wellbeing Minister Wan Azizah Wan Ismail Karpal Singh Lim Kit Siang Lim Guan Eng Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah Religious edit Antony Selvanayagam Roman Catholic Bishop of the Diocese of Penang Anthony Soter Fernandez Archbishop Emeritus of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kuala Lumpur and Bishop Emeritus of the Diocese of Penang Gregory Yong – Second Roman Catholic Archbishop of Singapore Tan Sri Datuk Murphy Nicholas Xavier Pakiam Metropolitan archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kuala Lumpur president of the Catholic Bishops Conference of Malaysia Singapore and Brunei and publisher of the Catholic weekly newspaper The Herald Datuk Ng Moon Hing the fourth and current Anglican Bishop of West Malaysia Sportspeople edit Squash edit Datuk Nicol Ann David Ong Beng Hee Azlan Iskandar Low Wee Wern Badminton edit Chan Chong Ming men s doubles Dato Lee Chong Wei Chew Choon Eng men s doubles Wong Choong Hann Chin Eei Hui women s doubles Hafiz Hashim Roslin Hashim Wong Pei Tty women s doubles Choong Tan Fook men s doubles Lee Wan Wah men s doubles Koo Kien Keat men s doubles Tan Boon Heong men s doubles Retired edit Tan Aik Huang Eddy Choong Punch Gunalan Yap Kim Hock Foo Kok Keong Jalani Sidek Misbun Sidek Rashid Sidek Razif Sidek Cheah Soon Kit Lee Wan Wah Football soccer edit Brendan Gan Sydney FC Shaun Maloney Wigan Athletic Akmal Rizal Perak FA Kedah FA RC Strasbourg FCSR Haguenau Norshahrul Idlan Talaha Kelantan FA Khairul Fahmi Che Mat Kelantan FA Mohd Safiq Rahim Selangor FA Mohd Fadzli Saari Selangor FA PBDKT T Team FC SV Wehen Rudie Ramli Selangor FA PKNS F C SV Wehen Mohd Safee Mohd Sali Selangor FA Pelita Jaya Baddrol Bakhtiar Kedah FA Mohd Khyril Muhymeen Zambri Kedah FA Mohd Azmi Muslim Kedah FA Mohd Fadhli Mohd Shas Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce Mohd Irfan Fazail Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce Wan Zack Haikal Wan Noor Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce F C Ryukyu Nazirul Naim Che Hashim Harimau Muda A F C Ryukyu Khairul Izuan Abdullah Sarawak FA Persibo Bojonegoro PDRM FA Stanley Bernard Stephen Samuel Sabah FA Sporting Clube de Goa Nazmi Faiz Harimau Muda A SC Beira Mar Ahmad Fakri Saarani Perlis FA Atlético S C Chun Keng Hong Penang FA Chanthaburi F C Retired edit Serbegeth Singh owner founder of MyTeam Blackburn Rovers F C Global dvisor Mokhtar Dahari former Selangor FA and Malaysian player Lim Teong Kim former Hertha BSC player