recycle scheme" says Kirsten Henson Materials Manager for the London Olympic Park London are the first Olympic Games whose guidelines include the recycling of PVC Cultural Olympiad edit Main article Cultural Olympiad Tower Bridge illuminated with the Olympic Rings during the week leading up to the Opening Ceremony The Olympic Charter the set of rules and guidelines for the organization of the Olympic Games and for governing the Olympic Movement states that LOCOG shall organise a programme of cultural events which must cover at least the entire period during which the Olympic Village is open The Cultural Olympiad comprises many programmes with over events spread over four years across the whole of the United Kingdom and culminating in the London Festival Opening ceremony edit Main articles Summer Olympics opening ceremony and Summer Olympics Parade of Nations Fireworks at the opening ceremony The opening ceremony was held on July and called "Isles of Wonder" Oscar winning director Danny Boyle was its artistic director with music direction by Rick Smith of Underworld The Games were officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II accompanied by Prince Philip Duke of Edinburgh It was the second Games the Queen had opened personally the first being in in Montreal

The ceremony included a short comic film starring Daniel Craig as secret agent James Bond and the Queen as herself and another starring Rowan Atkinson as Mr Bean Live musical performers included Frank Turner Dame Evelyn Glennie Mike Oldfield the London Symphony Orchestra Dizzee Rascal Arctic Monkeys and Sir Paul McCartney who performed "Hey Jude" as the closing act The ceremony transmitted live on BBC One attracted a peak viewing audience of over million in the UK about half of the population Closing ceremony edit Main articles Summer Olympics closing ceremony and Summer Olympics closing ceremony flag bearers The closing ceremony was held on August It featured a flashback fiesta to British music with The Who closing the performance The ceremony also included a handover of the Olympic flag by Boris Johnson Mayor of London to Eduardo Paes Mayor of Rio de Janeiro the host city of the Summer Olympics The Games edit Participating National Olympic Committees edit Around athletes from National Olympic Committees NOCs took part countries acquired at least one medal gold silver or bronze surpassing the Summer Olympics in London and the Commonwealth Games in Manchester as the largest multi sport event ever to be held in the United Kingdom Three athletes from the Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committee which the IOC Executive Committee had ceased to recognise at the IOC session of July and one athlete from South Sudan which has no recognized NOC participated independently under the Olympic flag Team sizes hide Participating National Olympic Committees Afghanistan Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil British Virgin Islands Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo DR Congo Cook Islands Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gabon The Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Great Britain host Greece Grenada Guam Guatemala Guinea Guinea Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland Independent Olympic Athletes India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Federated States of Micronesia Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestine Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino São Tomé and Príncipe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Chinese Taipei Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Timor Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Vietnam Virgin Islands Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Number of Athletes by National Olympic Committees edit show Country Athletes National houses edit The Holland Heinken House the Dutch home in Alexandra Palace During the Games some countries and continents had a national house These temporary meeting place for supporters athletes and other followers were located throughout London show Nation Location Name Source Sports edit The Summer Olympic programme featured sports encompassing disciplines and events The number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses Aquatics Diving Swimming Synchronized swimming Water polo Archery Athletics Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing Sprint Slalom Cycling competitors BMX Mountain biking Road Track Equestrian Dressage Eventing Jumping Fencing Field hockey Football Gymnastics Artistic Rhythmic Trampoline Handball Judo Modern pentathlon Rowing Sailing Shooting Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Volleyball Beach volleyball Weightlifting Wrestling Freestyle Greco Roman Women's boxing was included in the programme for the first time and women competed in three weight classes There was a special dispensation for the shooting events which would otherwise have been illegal under UK gun law In tennis mixed doubles returned to the Olympic programme for the first time since London's bid featured the same sports that had been included in other recent Summer Olympics but the IOC voted to drop baseball and softball from the Games two days after it had selected London as the host city There was an appeal but the IOC voted to uphold the decision and the two sports were last scheduled for the Olympics The IOC then voted on whether or not to replace them They considered karate squash golf roller sports and rugby sevens Karate and squash were the two final nominees but neither received enough votes to reach the required two thirds majority Although formal demonstration sports were eliminated after the Summer Olympics special tournaments for non Olympic sports can be run during the Games such as the Wushu tournament at the Summer Olympics There were attempts to run Twenty cricket and netball tournaments alongside the Games but neither campaign was successful Calendar edit All times are in British Summer Time UTC See also Chronological summary of the Summer Olympics The final official schedule was released on February OC Opening ceremony ? Event competitions Event finals CC Closing ceremony July August Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Events Ceremonies OC CC Archery ? ? ? ? Athletics Badminton ? ? ? ? ? ? Basketball ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Boxing ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Canoeing ? ? ? ? ? Cycling ? ? Diving ? ? ? ? ? Equestrian ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Fencing Field hockey ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Football ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Gymnastics ? ? ? ? Handball ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Judo Modern pentathlon Rowing ? ? ? ? Sailing ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Shooting Swimming Synchronized swimming ? ? ? Table tennis ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Taekwondo Tennis ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Triathlon Volleyball ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Water polo ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Weightlifting Wrestling Total event finals Cumulative total July August Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Events Records edit Main articles World records at the Summer Olympics and Olympic records at the Summer Olympics The Olympic Games featured world records in eight sports The largest number of records were set in swimming with eight China Great Britain and the United States set the most records with five each Medal count edit Main article Summer Olympics medal table Further information List of Summer Olympics medal winners A total of National Olympic Committees NOCs won medals of those countries winning at least one gold medal Bahrain Botswana Cyprus Gabon Grenada a gold medal Guatemala and Montenegro won their first ever Olympic medals The United States finished at the top of the table winning gold medals and winning medals overall China finished second with gold medals and medals overall Hosts Great Britain came in third place winning gold medals and medals overall in their best performance since London hosted its first Summer Olympic Games back in pushing Russia into fourth place who won gold medals although they won medals more than Great Britain overall Summer Olympics medal table Rank NOC Gold Silver Bronze Total United States USA ‡ China CHN ‡ Great Britain GBR Russia RUS ‡ South Korea KOR Germany GER France FRA Italy ITA Hungary HUN ‡ Australia AUS – Remaining NOCs Total NOCs Key Host nation Great Britain ‡ See subpage Changes in medal standings Broadcasting edit Main article List of Summer Olympics broadcasters The International Broadcast Centre in June The host broadcaster was Olympic Broadcasting Services OBS an agency of the IOC The OBS used its own cameras and crews subcontracted from other Olympic broadcasters to cover the events The base video and audio were sold to other broadcasters who added their own commentary and presentation The official recording format of the Olympic Games used Panasonic's digital technologies The official video was produced and distributed from the International Broadcast Centre in i High Definition HD format Panasonic announced that DVCPRO HD would be the official recording format OBS London used P HD shoulder mount camcorders The IOC's wanted television coverage to reach as broad a worldwide audience as possible and London was covered by several national and regional broadcasters In the UK the BBC carried the Olympics and Channel the Paralympics The BBC aimed to broadcast all hours of the Games BBC Parliament's Freeview channel was suspended BBC Three's on air time was extended so that it could show Olympic events in the daytime and additional BBC Olympics channels were available via cable satellite and the internet in the UK The US television rights owned by NBC accounted for over half the rights revenue for the IOC book Thousands of Americans however accessed the BBC's omnibus coverage using proxy servers or VPNs Despite high viewership many viewers were disappointed with NBC's coverage The operations of broadcasters granted rights to the Games were hosted in the dedicated International Broadcast Centre inside the security cordon of the Olympic Park YouTube planned to stream the Games in territories in Asia and Sub Saharan Africa where there were no official broadcasters In Sri Lanka a dispute occurred between Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation SLRC and MBC Networks MTV MBC as to who was the official broadcaster of the Games This problem was caused as Asia Pacific Broadcasting Union ABU had offered the official broadcasting rights to both networks as both of the networks were ABU members So SLRC filed a case against MBC Networks for broadcasting rights at the Colombo Magistrate's Court Considering the case the court issued a special court order preventing MBC Networks' Olympic broadcast and stated that SLRC should be the sole broadcaster However when the Games started both networks broadcast most of the events simultaneously Another dispute had previously occurred between Carlton Sports Network CSN and SLRC but the Sports Minister Mahindananda Aluthgamage had stated that SLRC had the exclusive rights Marketing edit Main article Summer Olympics marketing "Survival" by Muse was announced as the official song of the Olympics to be played by international broadcasters reporting on the Games In August the Royal Mail commissioned artists and illustrators to design stamps which were released in batches of between and The last ones were released on July Two £ coins designed by Saiman Miah have been made to commemorate the Olympics As with other Olympics since the Royal Mint will strike a set of commemorative one kilogram gold and silver coins dated info Logo and graphics edit There have been two London logos one created by Kino Design for the bidding process and a second as the brand for the Games themselves The former was a ribbon with blue yellow black green and red stripes winding through the text "LONDON " making the shape of the River Thames in East London The latter designed by Wolff Olins was published on June It is a representation of the number with the Olympic Rings embedded within the zero The Paralympics logo far left and the different official colour combinations for the Wolff Olins main logo design Public reaction to the main logo in a June BBC poll was largely negative more than of votes gave it the lowest possible rating Several newspapers ran their own logo competitions displaying alternative submissions from their readers and several writers from news agencies criticised the logo A segment of animated footage released at the same time as the logo was reported to trigger seizures in a small number of people with photosensitive epilepsy and a short segment was removed from the London website in response It was suggested that the logo resembles the cartoon character Lisa Simpson performing fellatio on Bart Simpson In February Iran threatened to boycott the Olympics complaining that the logo appeared to spell out the word "Zion" However this boycott did not occur The official London Olympic typeface was called Headline and also suffered some criticism Journalist Simon Garfield made it number in the list of the " Worst Fonts in the World" in his book Just My Type commenting that "the uncool font is based on jaggedness and crudeness" although he conceded that it was "a brilliant piece of corporate branding" The magazine Wired pointed out that the typeface was intended for "awareness impact and memorability as a headline typeface" rather than elegance or readability in long sections of text Mascots edit Main article Wenlock and Mandeville Anabolic steroids technically known as anabolic androgenic steroids AAS are drugs that are structurally related to the cyclic steroid rings system and have similar effects to testosterone in the body They increase protein within cells especially in skeletal muscles Anabolic steroids also have androgenic and virilizing properties including the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics such as the growth of the vocal cords testicles primary sexual characteristics and body hair secondary sexual characteristics The word anabolic referring to anabolism comes from the Greek ??aß??? anabole "that which is thrown up mound" and the word androgenic from the Greek ??d??? andros "of a man" ?e??? genes "born" Anabolic steroids were first made in the s and are now used therapeutically in medicine to stimulate muscle growth and appetite induce male puberty and treat chronic wasting conditions such as cancer and AIDS The American College of Sports Medicine acknowledges that AAS in the presence of adequate diet can contribute to increases in body weight often as lean mass increases and that the gains in muscular strength achieved through high intensity exercise and proper diet can be additionally increased by the use of AAS in some individuals Health risks can be produced by long term use or excessive doses of anabolic steroids Coronation portrait of Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh, June 1953 Coronation of Elizabeth II Main article: Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II During 1951, George VI's health declined and Elizabeth frequently stood in for him at public events. When she toured Canada and visited President Harry S. Truman in Washington, D.C., in October 1951, her private secretary, Martin Charteris, carried a draft accession declaration in case the King died while she was on tour.[55] In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of Kenya. On 6 February 1952, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, Sagana Lodge, after a night spent at Treetops Hotel, when word arrived of the death of the King and consequently Elizabeth's immediate accession to the throne. Philip broke the news to the new Queen.[56] Martin Charteris asked her to choose a regnal name; she chose to remain Elizabeth, "of course".[57] She was proclaimed queen throughout her realms and the royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom.[58] She and the Duke of Edinburgh moved into Buckingham Palace.[59] With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed probable that the royal house would bear her husband's name, becoming the House of Mountbatten, in line with the custom of a wife taking her husband's surname on marriage. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Elizabeth's grandmother, Queen Mary, favoured the retention of the House of Windsor, and so on 9 April 1952 Elizabeth issued a declaration that Windsor would continue to be the name of the royal house. The Duke complained, "I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children."[60] In 1960, after the death of Queen Mary in 1953 and the resignation of Churchill in 1955, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles.[61] Amid preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret informed her sister that she wished to marry Peter Townsend, a divorcé‚ 16 years Margaret's senior, with two sons from his previous marriage. The Queen asked them to wait for a year; in the words of Martin Charteris, "the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess, but I think she thought—she hoped—given time, the affair would peter out."[62] Senior politicians were against the match and the Church of England did not permit remarriage after divorce. If Margaret had contracted a civil marriage, she would have been expected to renounce her right of succession.[63] Eventually, she decided to abandon her plans with Townsend.[64] In 1960, she married Antony Armstrong-Jones, who was created Earl of Snowdon the following year. They were divorced in 1978; she did not remarry.[65] Despite the death of Queen Mary on 24 March, the coronation on 2 June 1953 went ahead as planned, as Mary had asked before she died.[66] The ceremony in Westminster Abbey, with the exception of the anointing and communion, was televised for the first time.[67][d] Elizabeth's coronation gown was embroidered on her instructions with the floral emblems of Commonwealth countries:[71] English Tudor rose; Scots thistle; Welsh leek; Irish shamrock; Australian wattle; Canadian maple leaf; New Zealand silver fern; South African protea; lotus flowers for India and Ceylon; and Pakistan's wheat, cotton, and jute.[72] Continuing evolution of the Commonwealth Further information: Historical development of the Commonwealth realms, from the Queen's accession The Commonwealth realms (pink) and their territories and protectorates (red) at the beginning of Elizabeth II's reign A formal group of Elizabeth in tiara and evening dress with eleven politicians in evening dress or national costume. Elizabeth II and Commonwealth leaders at the 1960 Commonwealth Conference, Windsor Castle From Elizabeth's birth onwards, the British Empire continued its transformation into the Commonwealth of Nations.[73] By the time of her accession in 1952, her role as head of multiple independent states was already established.[74] Spanning 1953–54, the Queen and her husband embarked on a six-month around-the-world tour. She became the first reigning monarch of Australia and New Zealand to visit those nations.[75] During the tour, crowds were immense; three-quarters of the population of Australia were estimated to have seen her.[76] Throughout her reign, the Queen has undertaken state visits to foreign countries and tours of Commonwealth ones and she is the most widely travelled head of state.[77] In 1956, French Prime Minister Guy Mollet and British Prime Minister Sir Anthony Eden discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth. The proposal was never accepted and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, the precursor of the European Union.[78] In November 1956, Britain and France invaded Egypt in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal. Lord Mountbatten claimed the Queen was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it. Eden resigned two months later.[79] The absence of a formal mechanism within the Conservative Party for choosing a leader meant that, following Eden's resignation, it fell to the Queen to decide whom to commission to form a government. Eden recommended that she consult Lord Salisbury, the Lord President of the Council. Lord Salisbury and Lord Kilmuir, the Lord Chancellor, consulted the British Cabinet, Winston Churchill, and the Chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee, resulting in the Queen appointing their recommended candidate: Harold Macmillan.[80] The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden's successor led in 1957 to the first major personal criticism of the Queen. In a magazine, which he owned and edited,[81] Lord Altrincham accused her of being "out of touch".[82] Altrincham was denounced by public figures and slapped by a member of the public appalled by his comments.[83] Aleksejs Širovs born – chess player Andris Škele born – politician Prime Minister of Latvia Armands Škele – basketball player Ksenia Solo born – actress Ernests Štalbergs – – architect ensemble of the Freedom Monument Izaks Nahmans Šteinbergs – – politician lawyer and author Maris Štrombergs – BMX cyclist gold medal winner at and Olympics T edit Esther Takeuchi born – materials scientist and chemical engineer Mihails Tals – – the th World Chess Champion Janis Roberts Tilbergs – – painter sculptor U edit Guntis Ulmanis born – president of Latvia Karlis Ulmanis – – prime minister and president of Latvia


abby-lane abby-rode abigail-clayton ada-tauler addie-juniper addison-cain adele-wiesenthal adeline-lange adeline-pollicina adriana-amante adrianna-laurenti adrianna-russo agnes agnes-ardant agnes-zalontai aimee-addison aisha-sun aja aleena-ferari alessandra-schiavo aletta-ocean alexandra-nice alexandria-cass alexa-parks alex-dane alex-foxe alexia-knight alexis-devell alexis-firestone alexis-greco alexis-payne alexis-x alex-storm alex-white aliana-love alice-springs alicia-alighatti alicia-monet alicia-rio alicyn-sterling alighiera-olena ali-moore aline-santos alissa-ashley allysin-chaynes alysin-embers alyssa-love alyssa-reece amanda-addams amanda-blake amanda-blue amanda-jane-adams amanda-rae amanda-stone amanda-tyler amber-hunt amberlina-lynn amber-lynn amber-michaels amber-peach amber-wild amber-woods ambrosia-fox amia-miley ami-rodgers amy-allison amy-brooke amy-rose amy-starz anastasia-christ anastasia-sands andrea-adams andrea-brittian andrea-lange andrea-true andy angel angela-baron angela-summers angel-barrett angel-cash angel-cruz angel-cummings angel-ducharme angelica-sin angelika-reschner angelina-brasini angelina-korrs angelina-valentine angel-kelly angel-long angel-west angie-knight anita-andic anita-blond anita-cannibal anita-dark anna-belle anna-malle anna-nikova anna-pierce anna-ventura anna-veruska anne-bie-warburg anne-libert anne-magle anne-sand annette-haven annie-sprinkle ann-kiray ann-marie-michelle antonia-dorian april-flowers april-may april-west arcadia-lake ariana-bali ariana-jollee arlana-blue ashley-anne ashley-brooks ashley-coda ashley-fires ashley-lauren ashley-long ashley-marie ashley-nicole ashley-perk ashley-renee ashley-robbins ashley-welles ashley-wells ashley-winger ashlyn-gere astrid-bone athena-star aubrey-nichols aurora aurora-snow autumn-bliss autumn-rayne ava-devine ava-lauren avalon ava-marteens avy-lee-roth bailey-monroe bambi-allen barbara-bourbon barbara-boutet barbara-dare barbara-doll barbara-moose barbarella barbie-angel barbie-doll barett-moore bea-fiedler beata beatrice-poggi beatrice-valle becky-savage becky-sunshine belinda-butterfield bella-donna bethany-sweet beverly-bliss beverly-glen biggi-stenzhorn bionca black-widow blond-cat blondi blue-angel bobbi-bliss bobbi-dean bobbie-burns bonnie-holiday brandee brandi-edwards brandy-alexandre brandy-dean brandy-lee brandy-smile brandy-wine bree-anthony breezy-lane brenda-basse briana-blair bridgette-belle bridgette-monet bridgette-monroe bridget-waters brigitte-lahaie brigitte-monnin brigitte-verbecq brittany brittany-stryker britt-corvin britt-morgan bronze brooke-bennett brooke-fields brooke-haven brooke-west brook-van-buuren buffy-davis bunnie-blake bunny-bleu bunny-hatton busty-belle cali-caramel calisyn-heart cameo cameron-love camila-sampaio camilla-rhodes camille-morgan camrie-foxxx candace-daley candi candida-royalle candie-evens candi-summers candy-apples candy-barr candy-hill candy-samples candy-stanton cara-lott caressa-savage carmel-nougat carmen-blonde carmen-de-la-torre carmen-moore carmen-rose carol-connors carol-cross carol-cummings carole-dubois carole-gire carole-pierac carol-titian carolyn-connoly carolyn-monroe carrie-cruise cassandra-leigh cassidy cassie-courtland cataline-bullock catherine-count catherine-crystal catherine-ringer catherine-tailleferre cathy-delorme cathy-menard cathy-stewart celeste-fox celine-gallone chanel-preston chanel-price chantal-virapin chanta-rose chantelle-stevens charisma charisma-cole charlie-latour charlie-waters charlotte-de-castille charmane-star chasey-lain chayse-manhattan chaz-vincent chelsea-sinclaire chennin-blanc cheri-janvier cheri-taylor cherry-hill chessie-moore cheyenne-hunter cheyenne-silver china-lee china-leigh china-moon chloe-cruize chloe-dior chloe-kez chloe-stevens chris-collins chris-jordan chris-petersen chrissie-beauchamp christa-abel christa-ludwig christie-ford christi-lake christina-berg christina-blond christina-evol christina-skye christine-black christine-chavert christine-neona christine-rigoler christy-canyon cicciolina cindi-stephens cindy-carver cindy-crawford cindy-more cindy-shepard cindy-wong cinthya-marinho clair-dia claire-robbins claude-janna claudia-jackson claudia-jamsson claudia-mehringer claudia-nero claudia-van-statt claudia-zante claudine-beccarie clea-carson cleo-nichole cleo-patra cody-lane cody-love cody-nicole coffee-brown colleen-brennan connie-bennett connie-peterson constance-money copper-penny coreena corey-everson corinne-lemoine corneliah cory-everson cory-wolf courtney courtney-cummz courtney-james cris-cassidy crissy-moran cris-taliana crystal-breeze crystal-dawn crystal-holland crystal-knight crystal-lake crystal-lovin crystal-sync csilla-kalnay cuban-bee cynara-fox cyndee-summers cynthia-black cynthia-brooks cynthia-hammers cynthia-lavigne dagmar-lost daisy-layne dallas-miko dana-dylan dana-lynn danica-rhea daniela-nanou daniela-schiffer daniele-troeger daniella daniella-schiffer danielle danielle-foxxx danielle-rodgers danny-ricci danyel-cheeks daphne daphne-rosen darby-lloyd-rains darla-crane darla-delovely davia-ardell dayton-rain debbie-northrup debbie-revenge debbie-van-gils debi-diamond debi-jointed debra-lynn deidra-hopkins deidre-holland delania-raffino delia-moore delphine-thail delta-force delta-white demi-moor denice-klarskov denise-derringer denise-dior denise-sloan desiree-cousteau desiree-foxx desiree-lane desiree-west deva-station devin-devasquez devinn-lane devon-shire dia diana-holt diana-kisabonyi diana-siefert diana-stevenson diane-dubois diane-richards diane-sloan diane-suresne dido-angel dillan-lauren dina-deville dina-jewel dina-pearl ditty-blue diva divinity-love djiana dolly-darkley dominique dominique-dewitt dominique-saint-claire donna-hart donna-marie dorle-buchner dorothy-lemay dorothy-onan drea drimla dru-berrymore dusty-rose dyanna-lauren ebony-ayes edina-blond edita-ungerova edwige-faillel eileen-wells elaine-southern elena-berkova elena-maria-ricci eleonore-melzer elisabeth-bure elis-black elise elise-di-medici elle-devyne elle-rio elodie-delage elsa-maroussia elza-brown emili-doll emily-evermoore emily-george emily-jewel emmanuelle-pareze envy-mi erica-boyer erica-eaton erica-havens erica-idol erica-lauren erika-bella erika-cool erika-heaven erika-lockett esme-monroe eva-allen eva-angel eva-dionisio eva-gross eva-kleber eva-lux eva-uettori eve-laurence evelyne-lang evie-delatosso fabiana-venturi faith-stevens fallon fanny-garreau fanny-steel faye-runaway flame flick-shagwell flore-soller flower france-lomay france-quenie francoise frankie-leigh gabriella gabriella-mirelba gabriella-vincze gail-force gail-palmer gail-sterling georgette-saunders georgia-peach georgina-spelvin gia-givanna gianna-lynn gili-sky gina-carrera gina-gianetti gina-janssen gina-lee gina-martell gina-valentino ginger-jay ginger-lee ginger-lynn ginny-noack giovanna gisela-schwarz giselle-monet gladys-laroche gloria-leonard gloria-todd golden-jade greta-carlson greta-milos guia-lauri-filzi gwenda-farnel hare-krane harley-raine hayley-jade hazel-young heather-deeley heather-ellis heather-hart heather-lere heather-lyn heather-manfield heather-thomas heather-torrance heather-wayne heather-young helen-madigan helen-thomas helga-sven helga-wild hillary-summers holly-hollywood holly-joy holly-page holly-ryder honey-winter hottie-hollie hyapatia-lee ida-fabry ildiko-smits illana-moor ines-ridere ingrid-choray isabella-dior isabella-soprano isabelle-allay isabelle-brell isabelle-marchall isobel-wren iveta ivette-blanche jackie-right jacqueline-lorians jacy-allen jada-stevens jade-east jade-hsu jade-marcela jade-summers jade-wong jahn-gold jamie-brooks jamie-james jamie-summers jana-irrova jana-mrazkova jane-baker jane-darling jane-iwanoff jane-lindsay jane-lixx janet-jacme janey-robbins jasmine-delatori jayden-simone jaylyn-rose jayna-woods jazella-moore jazmin-luna-gold jean-afrique jeanette-littledove jeanie-marie-sullivan jean-jennings jeanna-fine jeannie-pepper jenna-jameson jenna-jane jenna-presley jenna-wells jennifer-haussmann jennifer-janes jennifer-jordan jennifer-morante jennifer-noxt jennifer-stewart jennifer-welles jennifer-west jenny jenny-feeling jenny-fields jenny-wings jersey-jaxin jesie-st-james jesse-capelli jessica-bangkok jessica-bogart jessica-darlin jessica-fiorentino jessica-gabriel jessica-laine jessica-may jessica-road jessica-wylde jessi-foster jill-ferari jill-kelly joana-redgrave joan-devlon joanna-storm joanna-sweet jody-maxwell joelle-lequement joelle-petinot johnni-black jordana-james jordan-green jordan-nevaeh jordan-star josephine-carrington joslyn-james julia-chanel julia-dal-fuoco juliana-grandi julia-paes julia-parton julia-perrin julia-swen julia-thomas julie-meadows julie-rage julie-simone juliet-anderson juliet-graham juliette-carelton kacey-jordan kagney-linn-karter kaitlyn-ashley kalena-rios kami-andrews kamila-smith kandee-licks kandi-barbour 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maryanne-fisher mary-hubay mary-ramunno mary-stuart mascha-mouton maud-kennedy mauvais-denoir maxine-tyler maya-black maya-france megan-leigh megan-martinez megan-reece mei-ling melanie-hotlips melanie-scott melba-cruz melinda-russell melissa-bonsardo melissa-del-prado melissa-golden melissa-martinez melissa-melendez melissa-monet mercedes-dragon mercedes-lynn merle-michaels mesha-lynn mia-beck mia-lina mia-smiles michele-raven michelle-aston michelle-ferrari michelle-greco michelle-maren michelle-maylene michelle-monroe micki-lynn mika-barthel mika-tan mikki-taylor mimi-morgan mindy-rae ming-toy miranda-stevens miss-bunny miss-meadow miss-pomodoro missy missy-graham missy-stone missy-vega misti-jane mistress-candice misty-anderson misty-dawn misty-rain misty-regan mona-lisa mona-page moni monica-baal monica-swinn monika-peta monika-sandmayr monika-unco monique-bruno monique-cardin monique-charell monique-demoan monique-gabrielle monique-la-belle morgan-fairlane morrigan-hel moxxie-maddron mulani-rivera mysti-may nadege-arnaud nadia-styles nadine-bronx nadine-proutnal nadine-roussial nadi-phuket nanci-suiter nancy-hoffman nancy-vee natacha-delyro natalia-wood natalli-diangelo natascha-throat natasha-skyler naudia-nyce nessa-devil nessy-grant nesty nicki-hunter nicky-reed nicole-berg nicole-bernard nicole-black nicole-grey nicole-london nicole-parks nicole-scott nicole-taylor nicolette-fauludi nicole-west nika-blond nika-mamic niki-cole nikita-love nikita-rush nikki-charm nikki-grand nikki-king nikki-knight nikki-randall nikki-rhodes nikki-santana nikki-steele nikki-wilde niko nina-cherry nina-deponca nina-hartley nina-preta oana-efria obaya-roberts olesja-derevko olga-cabaeva olga-conti olga-pechova olga-petrova olivia-alize olivia-del-rio olivia-flores olivia-la-roche olivia-outre ophelia-tozzi orchidea-keresztes orsolya-blonde paige-turner paisley-hunter pamela-bocchi pamela-jennings pamela-mann pamela-stanford pamela-stealt pandora paola-albini 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shyla-foxxx shy-love sierra-sinn sierra-skye sigrun-theil silver-starr silvia-bella silvia-saint silvie-de-lux silvy-taylor simone-west sindee-coxx sindy-lange sindy-shy siobhan-hunter skylar-knight skylar-price skyler-dupree smokie-flame smoking-mary-jane solange-shannon sonya-summers sophia-santi sophie-call sophie-duflot sophie-evans sophie-guers stacey-donovan stacy-lords stacy-moran stacy-nichols stacy-silver stacy-thorn starla-fox starr-wood stefania-bruni stella-virgin stephanie-duvalle stephanie-rage stephanie-renee stevie-taylor summer-knight summer-rose sunny-day sunset-thomas sunshine-seiber susan-hart susanne-brend susan-nero susi-hotkiss suzanne-mcbain suzan-nielsen suzie-bartlett suzie-carina suzi-sparks sweet-nice sweety-pie sybille-rossani sylvia-benedict sylvia-bourdon sylvia-brand sylvia-engelmann syreeta-taylor syren-de-mer syvette szabina-black szilvia-lauren tai-ellis taija-rae taisa-banx talia-james tamara-lee tamara-longley tamara-n-joy tamara-west tami-white tammy tammy-lee tammy-reynolds tania-lorenzo tantala-ray tanya-danielle tanya-fox tanya-foxx tanya-lawson tanya-valis tara-aire tasha-voux tatjana-belousova tatjana-skomorokhova tawnee-lee tawny-pearl tayla-rox taylor-wane teddi-austin teddi-barrett tera-bond tera-heart tera-joy teresa-may teresa-orlowski teri-diver teri-weigel terri-dolan terri-hall tess-ferre tess-newheart thais-vieira tia-cherry tianna tiara tiffany-blake tiffany-clark tiffany-duponte tiffany-rayne tiffany-rousso tiffany-storm tiffany-towers tiffany-tyler tiger-lily tigr timea-vagvoelgyi tina-blair tina-burner tina-evil tina-gabriel tina-loren tina-marie tina-russell tish-ambrose tommi-rose tonisha-mills topsy-curvey tori-secrets tori-sinclair tori-welles tracey-adams traci-lords traci-topps traci-winn tracy-duzit tracy-love tracy-williams tricia-devereaux tricia-yen trinity-loren trisha-rey trista-post trixie-tyler ultramax ursula-gaussmann ursula-moore uschi-karnat valentina valerie-leveau valery-hilton 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These effects include harmful changes in cholesterol levels increased low density lipoprotein and decreased high density lipoprotein acne high blood pressure liver damage mainly with oral steroids and dangerous changes in the structure of the left ventricle of the heart Conditions pertaining to hormonal imbalances such as gynecomastia and testicular size reduction may also be caused by anabolic steroids Ergogenic uses for anabolic steroids in sports racing and bodybuilding as performance enhancing drugs are controversial because of their adverse effects and the potential to gain unfair advantage is considered cheating Their use is referred to as doping and banned by all major sporting bodies For many years AAS have been by far the most detected doping substances in IOC accredited laboratories In countries where AAS are controlled substances there is often a black market in which smuggled clandestinely manufactured or even counterfeit drugs are sold to users Contents hide Uses Medical Ergogenic Available forms Adverse effects Neuropsychiatric Physiological Pharmacology Mechanism of action Anabolic and androgenic effects Physical and chemical properties Detection in body fluids History Isolation of gonadal anabolic androgenic steroids Development of synthetic anabolic androgenic steroids Society and culture Legal status Status in sports Usage Economics See also References Further reading External links Uses edit Medical edit Various anabolic steroids and related compounds Since the discovery and synthesis of testosterone in the s anabolic steroids have been used by physicians for many purposes with varying degrees of success for the treatment of Bone marrow stimulation For decades anabolic steroids were the mainstay of therapy for hypoplastic anemias due to leukemia or kidney failure especially aplastic anemia Anabolic steroids have largely been replaced in this setting by synthetic protein hormones such as epoetin alfa that selectively stimulate growth of blood cell precursors Growth stimulation Anabolic steroids can be used by pediatric endocrinologists to treat children with growth failure However the availability of synthetic growth hormone which has fewer side effects makes this a secondary treatment Stimulation of appetite and preservation and increase of muscle mass Anabolic steroids have been given to people with chronic wasting conditions such as cancer and AIDS Induction of male puberty Androgens are given to many boys distressed about extreme delay of puberty Testosterone is now nearly the only androgen used for this purpose and has been shown to increase height weight and fat free mass in boys with delayed puberty Male contraception in the form of testosterone enanthate potential for use in the near future as a safe reliable and reversible male contraceptive Stimulation of lean body mass and prevention of bone loss in elderly men as some studies indicate However a placebo controlled trial of low dose testosterone supplementation in elderly men with low levels of testosterone found no benefit on body composition physical performance insulin sensitivity or quality of life Hormone replacement for men with low levels of testosterone also effective in improving libido for elderly males Gender dysphoria by producing secondary male characteristics such as a deeper voice increased bone and muscle mass facial hair increased levels of red blood cells and clitoral enlargement in trans man patients among other people designated female at birth or who develop female secondary sexual characteristics but desire to rather be read as male or look more ambiguous such as a number of non binary transgender people both intersex and dyadic and dysphoric non transgender intersex men Increased Maximum Inspiratory Pressure A study in "Research in Sports Medicine" has found that the combination of resistance training and anabolic steroid administration produce a significant increase in MIP in a cohort of long term AAS users Ergogenic edit See also Ergogenic use of anabolic steroids Numerous vials of injectable anabolic steroids Most steroid users are not athletes Between million and million people of the population are thought to have misused AAS in the United States Studies in the United States have shown that anabolic steroid users tend to be mostly middle class heterosexual men with a median age of about who are noncompetitive bodybuilders and non athletes and use the drugs for cosmetic purposes "Among to year old boys use of steroids and similar drugs jumped percent from to with percent saying they use them for looks rather than sports a study by insurer Blue Cross Blue Shield found " Eisenhauer Another study found that non medical use of AAS among college students was at or less than According to a recent survey of steroid users were noncompetitive bodybuilders and non athletes while about reported unsafe injection practices such as reusing needles sharing needles and sharing multidose vials though a study found that sharing of needles was extremely uncommon among individuals using anabolic steroids for non medical purposes less than Another study found that of non medical anabolic steroid users had post secondary degrees and more had completed college and fewer had failed to complete high school than is expected from the general populace The same study found that individuals using anabolic steroids for non medical purposes had a higher employment rate and a higher household income than the general population Anabolic steroid users tend to research the drugs they are taking more than other controlled substance users however the major sources consulted by steroid users include friends non medical handbooks internet based forums blogs and fitness magazines which can provide questionable or inaccurate information Anabolic steroid users tend to be disillusioned by the portrayal of anabolic steroids as deadly in the media and in politics According to one study AAS users also distrust their physicians and in the sample had not disclosed their AAS use to their physicians Another study had similar findings showing that while of individuals using anabolic steroids for non medical purposes were willing to seek medical supervision for their steroid use lacked trust in their physicians felt that the medical community's knowledge of non medical anabolic steroid use was lacking and felt that the public has an exaggerated view of the side effects of anabolic steroid use A recent study has also shown that long term AAS users were more likely to have symptoms of muscle dysmorphia and also showed stronger endorsement of more conventional male roles A recent study in the Journal of Health Psychology showed that many users believed that steroids used in moderation were safe Anabolic steroids have been used by men and women in many different kinds of professional sports to attain a competitive edge or to assist in recovery from injury These sports include bodybuilding weightlifting shot put and other track and field cycling baseball wrestling mixed martial arts boxing football and cricket Such use is prohibited by the rules of the governing bodies of most sports Anabolic steroid use occurs among adolescents especially by those participating in competitive sports It has been suggested that the prevalence of use among high school students in the U S may be as high as Male students used anabolic steroids more frequently than female students and on average those that participated in sports used steroids more often than those that did not Available forms edit A vial of injectable testosterone cypionate There are four common forms in which anabolic steroids are administered oral pills injectable steroids creams gels for topical application and skin patches Oral administration is the most convenient Testosterone administered by mouth is rapidly absorbed but it is largely converted to inactive metabolites and only about is available in active form In order to be sufficiently active when given by mouth testosterone derivatives are alkylated at the position e g methyltestosterone and fluoxymesterone This modification reduces the liver's ability to break down these compounds before they reach the systemic circulation Testosterone can be administered parenterally but it has more irregular prolonged absorption time and greater activity in muscle in enanthate undecanoate or cypionate ester form These derivatives are hydrolyzed to release free testosterone at the site of injection absorption rate and thus injection schedule varies among different esters but medical injections are normally done anywhere between semi weekly to once every weeks A more frequent schedule may be desirable in order to maintain a more constant level of hormone in the system Injectable steroids are typically administered into the muscle not into the vein to avoid sudden changes in the amount of the drug in the bloodstream In addition because estered testosterone is dissolved in oil intravenous injection has the potential to cause a dangerous embolism clot in the bloodstream Transdermal patches adhesive patches placed on the skin may also be used to deliver a steady dose through the skin and into the bloodstream Testosterone containing creams and gels that are applied daily to the skin are also available but absorption is inefficient roughly varying between individuals and these treatments tend to be more expensive Individuals who are especially physically active and or bathe often may not be good candidates since the medication can be washed off and may take up to six hours to be fully absorbed There is also the risk that an intimate partner or child may come in contact with the application site and inadvertently dose himself or herself children and women are highly sensitive to testosterone and can suffer unintended masculinization and health effects even from small doses Injection is the most common method used by individuals administering anabolic steroids for non medical purposes The traditional routes of administration do not have differential effects on the efficacy of the drug Studies indicate that the anabolic properties of anabolic steroids are relatively similar despite the differences in pharmacokinetic principles such as first pass metabolism However the orally available forms of AAS may cause liver damage in high doses Adverse effects edit See also Anabolic androgenic steroids abuse Neuropsychiatric edit A review in CNS Drugs determined that "significant psychiatric symptoms including aggression and violence mania and less frequently psychosis and suicide have been associated with steroid abuse Long term steroid abusers may develop symptoms of dependence and withdrawal on discontinuation of AAS" High concentrations of AAS comparable to those likely sustained by many recreational AAS users produce apoptotic effects on neurons citation needed raising the specter of possibly irreversible neurotoxicity Recreational AAS use appears to be associated with a range of potentially prolonged psychiatric effects including dependence syndromes mood disorders and progression to other forms of substance abuse but the prevalence and severity of these various effects remains poorly understood There is no evidence that steroid dependence develops from therapeutic use of anabolic steroids to treat medical disorders but instances of AAS dependence have been reported among weightlifters and bodybuilders who chronically administered supraphysiologic doses Mood disturbances e g depression hypo mania psychotic features are likely to be dose and drug dependent but AAS dependence or withdrawal effects seem to occur only in a small number of AAS users Large scale long term studies of psychiatric effects on AAS users are not currently available In the first naturalistic long term study on ten users seven of which having completed the study found a high incidence of mood disorders and substance abuse but few clinically relevant changes in physiological parameters or laboratory measures were noted throughout the study and these changes were not clearly related to periods of reported AAS use A month study which was published in and which involved body builders and athletes suggests that the wide range of psychiatric side effects induced by the use of AAS is correlated to the severity of abuse Diagnostic Statistical Manual assertion edit DSM IV lists General diagnostic criteria for a personality disorder guideline that "The pattern must not be better accounted for as a manifestation of another mental disorder or to the direct physiological effects of a substance e g drug or medication or a general medical condition e g head trauma " As a result anabolic steroid users may get misdiagnosed by a psychiatrist not told about their habit Personality profiles edit Cooper Noakes Dunne Lambert and Rochford identified that anabolic–androgenic steroid AAS using individuals are more likely to score higher on borderline times antisocial times paranoid times schizotypal times histrionic times passive aggressive times and narcissistic times personality profiles than non users Other studies have suggested that antisocial personality disorder is slightly more likely among anabolic steroid users than among non users Pope & Katz Bipolar dysfunction substance dependency and conduct disorder have also been associated with AAS use Mood and anxiety edit Affective disorders have long been recognised as a complication of anabolic steroid use Case reports describe both hypomania and mania along with irritability elation recklessness racing thoughts and feelings of power and invincibility that did not meet the criteria for mania hypomania Of bodybuilders who used anabolic steroids reported unspecified mood disturbance Aggression and hypomania edit From the mid s onward the media reported "roid rage" as a side effect of AAS A review determined that some but not all randomized controlled studies have found that anabolic steroid use correlates with hypomania and increased aggressiveness but pointed out that attempts to determine whether AAS use triggers violent behavior have failed primarily because of high rates of non participation A study on a nationally representative sample of young adult males in the United States found an association between lifetime and past year self reported anabolic androgenic steroid use and involvement in violent acts Compared with individuals that did not use steroids young adult males that used anabolic androgenic steroids reported greater involvement in violent behaviors even after controlling for the effects of key demographic variables previous violent behavior and polydrug use A review examining the blind studies available at that time also found that these had demonstrated a link between aggression and steroid use but pointed out that with estimates of over one million past or current steroid users in the United States at that time an extremely small percentage of those using steroids appear to have experienced mental disturbance severe enough to result in clinical treatments or medical case reports A randomized controlled trial which involved men did not find an increase in the occurrence of angry behavior during weeks of administration of testosterone enanthate at mg week but this study screened out subjects that had previously abused steroids or had any psychiatric antecedents A trial conducted in using testosterone cypionate at mg week found that treatment significantly increased manic scores on the YMRS and aggressive responses on several scales The drug response was highly variable However of subjects exhibited minimal psychiatric effects became mildly hypomanic and subjects became markedly hypomanic The mechanism of these variable reactions could not be explained by demographic psychological laboratory or physiological measures A study of two pairs of identical twins in which one twin used anabolic steroids and the other did not found that in both cases the steroid using twin exhibited high levels of aggressiveness hostility anxiety and paranoid ideation not found in the "control" twin A small scale study of AAS users found that cluster B personality disorders were confounding factors for aggression Androgenic steroids are known to increase aggression with greater likelihood when compared to more anabolic steroids Trenbolone is frequently noted for its increases in aggression citation needed Equipoise is known to increase anxiety in some users citation needed Depression and suicide edit The relationship between AAS use and depression is inconclusive There have been anecdotal reports of depression and suicide in teenage steroid users but little systematic evidence A review found that anabolic androgenic steroids may both relieve and cause depression and that cessation or diminished use of anabolic androgenic steroids may also result in depression but called for additional studies due to disparate data In the case of suicide of a sample of those classified as AAS users reported attempting suicide during withdrawal Malone Dimeff Lombardo & Sample Physiological edit Depending on the length of drug abuse there is a chance that the immune system can be damaged Most of these side effects are dose dependent the most common being elevated blood pressure especially in those with pre existing hypertension Anabolic steroids have been shown to alter fasting blood sugar and glucose tolerance tests Anabolic steroids such as testosterone also increase the risk of cardiovascular disease or coronary artery disease Acne is fairly common among anabolic steroid users mostly due to stimulation of the sebaceous glands by increased testosterone levels Conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone DHT can accelerate the rate of premature baldness for males genetically predisposed but testosterone itself can produce baldness in females A number of severe side effects can occur if adolescents use anabolic steroids For example the steroids may prematurely stop the lengthening of bones premature epiphyseal fusion through increased levels of estrogen metabolites resulting in stunted growth Other effects include but are not limited to accelerated bone maturation increased frequency and duration of erections and premature sexual development Anabolic steroid use in adolescence is also correlated with poorer attitudes related to health Cancer edit WHO organization International Agency for Research on Cancer IARC list Androgenic anabolic steroids under Group A Probably carcinogenic to humans Cardiovascular edit Other side effects can include alterations in the structure of the heart such as enlargement and thickening of the left ventricle which impairs its contraction and relaxation Possible effects of these alterations in the heart are hypertension cardiac arrhythmias congestive heart failure heart attacks and sudden cardiac death These changes are also seen in non drug using athletes but steroid use may accelerate this process However both the connection between changes in the structure of the left ventricle and decreased cardiac function as well as the connection to steroid use have been disputed AAS use can cause harmful changes in cholesterol levels Some steroids cause an increase in LDL "bad" cholesterol and a decrease in HDL "good" cholesterol In addition steroids provoke a rapid increase in body weight and an accompanying rise in blood pressure both of which leave users more vulnerable to a cardiovascular event Growth defects edit An important side effect to mention for high school athletes because steroids can cause the premature closure of the growth plate leading to stunted growth Feminization edit Male with gynecomastia See also Feminization biology There are also sex specific side effects of anabolic steroids Development of breast tissue in males a condition called gynecomastia which is usually caused by high levels of circulating estradiol may arise because of increased conversion of testosterone to estradiol by the enzyme aromatase Reduced sexual function and temporary infertility can also occur in males Another male specific side effect that can occur is testicular atrophy caused by the suppression of natural testosterone levels which inhibits production of sperm most of the mass of the testes is developing sperm This side effect is temporary The size of the testicles usually returns to normal within a few weeks of discontinuing anabolic steroid use as normal production of sperm resumes Masculinization edit See also Virilization Female specific side effects include increases in body hair permanent deepening of the voice enlarged clitoris and temporary decreases in menstrual cycles Alteration of fertility and ovarian cysts can also occur in females When taken during pregnancy anabolic steroids can affect fetal development by causing the development of male features in the female fetus and female features in the male fetus Kidney problems edit Kidney tests revealed that nine of the ten steroid users developed a condition called focal segmental glomerulosclerosis a type of scarring within the kidneys The kidney damage in the bodybuilders has similarities to that seen in morbidly obese patients but appears to be even more severe Liver problems edit High doses of oral anabolic steroid compounds can cause liver damage as the steroids are metabolized a alkylated in the digestive system to increase their bioavailability and stability Peliosis hepatis has been increasingly recognised with the use of anabolic steroids Pharmacology edit Mechanism of action edit See also Steroid hormone The human androgen receptor bound to testosterone The protein is shown as a ribbon diagram in red green and blue with the steroid shown in white The pharmacodynamics of anabolic steroids are unlike peptide hormones Water soluble peptide hormones cannot penetrate the fatty cell membrane and only indirectly affect the nucleus of target cells through their interaction with the cell’s surface receptors However as fat soluble hormones anabolic steroids are membrane permeable and influence the nucleus of cells by direct action The pharmacodynamic action of anabolic steroids begin when the exogenous hormone penetrates the membrane of the target cell and binds to an androgen receptor located in the cytoplasm of that cell From there the compound hormone receptor diffuses into the nucleus where it either alters the expression of genes or activates processes that send signals to other parts of the cell Different types of anabolic steroids bind to the androgen receptor with different affinities depending on their chemical structure Some anabolic steroids such as methandrostenolone bind weakly to this receptor in vitro but still exhibit androgenic effects in vivo The reason for this discrepancy is not known The effect of anabolic steroids on muscle mass is caused in at least two ways first they increase the production of proteins second they reduce recovery time by blocking the effects of stress hormone cortisol on muscle tissue so that catabolism of muscle is greatly reduced It has been hypothesized that this reduction in muscle breakdown may occur through anabolic steroids inhibiting the action of other steroid hormones called glucocorticoids that promote the breakdown of muscles Anabolic steroids also affect the number of cells that develop into fat storage cells by favouring cellular differentiation into muscle cells instead Anabolic steroids can also decrease fat by increasing basal metabolic rate BMR since an increase in muscle mass increases BMR Anabolic and androgenic effects edit Relative androgenic anabolic activity in animals Preparation Ratio Testosterone Methyltestosterone Fluoxymesterone Oxymetholone Oxandrolone – Nandrolone decanoate – As the name suggests anabolic androgenic steroids have two different but overlapping types of effects anabolic meaning that they promote anabolism cell growth and androgenic or virilising meaning that they affect the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics Some examples of the anabolic effects of these hormones are increased protein synthesis from amino acids increased appetite increased bone remodeling and growth and stimulation of bone marrow which increases the production of red blood cells Through a number of mechanisms anabolic steroids stimulate the formation of muscle cells and hence cause an increase in the size of skeletal muscles leading to increased strength The androgenic effects of AAS are numerous Depending on the length of use the side effects of the steroid can be irreversible Processes affected include pubertal growth sebaceous gland oil production and sexuality especially in fetal development Some examples of virilizing effects are growth of the clitoris in females and the penis in male children the adult penis size does not change due to steroids medical citation needed increased vocal cord size increased libido suppression of natural sex hormones and impaired production of sperm Effects on women include deepening of the voice facial hair growth and possibly a decrease in breast size Men may develop an enlargement of breast tissue known as gynecomastia testicular atrophy and a reduced sperm count The androgenic anabolic ratio of an AAS is an important factor when determining the clinical application of these compounds Compounds with a high ratio of androgenic to an anabolic effects are the drug of choice in androgen replacement therapy e g treating hypogonadism in males whereas compounds with a reduced androgenic anabolic ratio are preferred for anemia and osteoporosis and to reverse protein loss following trauma surgery or prolonged immobilization Determination of androgenic anabolic ratio is typically performed in animal studies which has led to the marketing of some compounds claimed to have anabolic activity with weak androgenic effects This disassociation is less marked in humans where all anabolic steroids have significant androgenic effects A commonly used protocol for determining the androgenic anabolic ratio dating back to the s uses the relative weights of ventral prostate VP and levator ani muscle LA of male rats The VP weight is an indicator of the androgenic effect while the LA weight is an indicator of the anabolic effect Two or more batches of rats are castrated and given no treatment and respectively some AAS of interest The LA VP ratio for an AAS is calculated as the ratio of LA VP weight gains produced by the treatment with that compound using castrated but untreated rats as baseline LAc t–LAc VPc t–VPc The LA VP weight gain ratio from rat experiments is not unitary for testosterone typically – but it is normalized for presentation purposes and used as basis of comparison for other AAS which have their androgenic anabolic ratios scaled accordingly as shown in the table above In the early s this procedure was standardized and generalized throughout OECD in what is now known as the Hershberger assay Body composition and strength improvements edit Body weight in men may increase by – kg as a result of short term < weeks AAS use which may be attributed mainly to an increase of lean mass Animal studies also found that fat mass was reduced but most studies in humans failed to elucidate significant fat mass decrements The effects on lean body mass have been shown to be dose dependent Both muscle hypertrophy and the formation of new muscle fibers have been observed The hydration of lean mass remains unaffected by AAS use although small increments of blood volume cannot be ruled out The upper region of the body thorax neck shoulders and upper arm seems to be more susceptible for AAS than other body regions because of predominance of androgen receptors in the upper body The largest difference in muscle fiber size between AAS users and non users was observed in type I muscle fibers of the vastus lateralis and the trapezius muscle as a result of long term AAS self administration After drug withdrawal the effects fade away slowly but may persist for more than – weeks after cessation of AAS use Strength improvements in the range of – of baseline strength depending largely on the drugs and dose used as well as the administration period Overall the exercise where the most significant improvements were observed is the bench press For almost two decades it was assumed that AAS exerted significant effects only in experienced strength athletes A randomized controlled trial demonstrated however that even in novice athletes a week strength training program accompanied by testosterone enanthate at mg week may improve strength more than training alone does This dose is sufficient to significantly improve lean muscle mass relative to placebo even in subjects that did not exercise at all The anabolic effects of testosterone enanthate were highly dose dependent Physical and chemical properties edit See also List of anabolic steroids Detection in body fluids edit The most commonly employed human physiological specimen for detecting anabolic steroid usage is urine although both blood and hair have been investigated for this purpose The anabolic steroids whether of endogenous or exogenous origin are subject to extensive hepatic biotransformation by a variety of enzymatic pathways The primary urinary metabolites may be detectable for up to days after the last use depending on the specific agent dose and route of administration A number of the drugs have common metabolic pathways and their excretion profiles may overlap those of the endogenous steroids making interpretation of testing results a very significant challenge to the analytical chemist Methods for detection of the substances or their excretion Others[edit] Mark Aldenderfer, archaeologist and anthropologist[2] Mother Angelica, Roman Catholic nun and foundress of the Eternal Word Television Network Jessie Davis, pregnant murder victim James Oliver Huberty, committed a shooting spree in a McDonald's restaurant Reuben Klamer, inventor of The Game of Life and various other toys; inducted into the Toy Industry Hall of Fame; honored by the Smithsonian Institution Don Mellett, newspaper editor Marshall Rosenberg, the creator of Nonviolent Communication Canton is connected to the Interstate Highway System via Interstate 77 which connects Canton to Charleston, West Virginia, and points south, and to Cleveland and Akron, Ohio, to the north. U.S. Route 30 connects Canton to Fort Wayne, Indiana, and points west, and to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and points east. U.S. Route 62 connects Canton to Columbus, Ohio, and points southwest, and to Youngstown, Ohio, and points northeast. The city has several arterial roads. Ohio 43 (Market Avenue, Walnut Avenue and Cherry Avenue), Ohio 153 (12th Street and Mahoning Road), Ohio 172 (Tuscarawas Street) / The Lincoln Highway, Ohio 297 (Whipple Avenue and Raff Avenue), Ohio 627 (Faircrest Street), Ohio 687 (Fulton Drive), and Ohio 800 (Cleveland Avenue) / A.K.A. Old Route 8. Amtrak offers daily service to Chicago and Washington, D.C., from a regional passenger station located in Alliance, Ohio. Norfolk Southern and the Wheeling-Lake Erie railroads provide freight service in Canton. Akron-Canton Regional Airport (IATA: CAK, IACO: KCAK) is a commercial Class C airport located 10 miles (16 km) north of the city and provides daily commercial passenger and air freight service. Stark Area Regional Transit Authority (SARTA) provides public transit bus service within the county, including service to Massillon, the Akron-Canton Regional Airport, and the Amtrak station located in Alliance. Popular culture[edit] On the July 21, 2008, Stephen Colbert on The Colbert Report made a comment about John McCain making a campaign stop in Canton, Ohio, and "not the crappy Canton in Georgia."[38] The comment resulted in a local uproar, with the Canton, Georgia, mayor insisting Colbert had never visited the town along with an invitation for him to do so.[38] On July 30, 2008, Colbert apologized for the story, insisting that he was incorrect and that the "real" crappy Canton was Canton, Kansas, after which he made several jokes at the Kansas town's expense.[39][40] On August 5, Colbert apologized to citizens of Canton, Georgia and Canton, Kansas, then directing his derision on Canton, South Dakota. Colbert later went on to offer a half-hearted apology to Canton, South Dakota before proceeding to mock Canton, Texas. On October 28, Colbert turned his attention back to Canton, Ohio after Barack Obama made a campaign stop there, forcing Colbert to find it "crappy." This is a timeline of the history of Africans and their descendants in what is now the United States, from 1565 to the present. Contents [hide] 1 16th century 2 17th century 3 18th century 4 19th century 4.1 1800–1859 4.2 1860–1874 4.3 1875–1899 5 20th century 5.1 1900–1924 5.2 1925–1949 5.3 1950–1959 5.4 1960–1969 5.5 1970–2000 6 21st century 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 Further reading 10 External links 16th century[edit] Main article: Slavery in Colonial United States 1565 The Spanish colony of St. Augustine in Florida became the first permanent European settlement in what would become the US centuries later; it included an unknown number of African slaves. 17th century[edit] 1619 The first record of Africans in English colonial America when men were brought to the Jamestown colony who had been taken as prizes from a Spanish ship. They were treated as indentured servants, and at least one was recorded as eventually owning land in the colony. 1640 John Punch, a black indentured servant, ran away with two white indentured servants, James Gregory and Victor. After the three were captured, Punch was sentenced to serve Virginia planter Hugh Gwyn for life. This made John Punch the first legally documented slave in Virginia (and the US).[1][2][3][4][5] 1654 John Casor, a black man who claimed to have completed his term of indenture, became the first legally recognized slave-for-life in a civil case in the Virginia colony. The court ruled with his master who said he had an indefinite servitude for life.[6] 1662 Virginia law, using the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, said that children in the colony were born into their mother's social status; therefore children born to enslaved mothers were classified as slaves, regardless of their father's race or status. This was contrary to English common law for English subjects, which held that children took their father's social status. 1672 Royal African Company is founded in England, allowing slaves to be shipped from Africa to the colonies in North America and the Caribbean. England entered the slave trade. 1676 Both free and enslaved African Americans fought in Bacon's Rebellion along with English colonists.[7] 18th century[edit] See also: Atlantic slave trade 1705 The Virginia Slave codes define as slaves all those servants brought into the colony who were not Christian in their original countries, as well as those American Indians sold by other Indians to colonists. 1712 April 6 – The New York Slave Revolt of 1712.[8] 1739 September 9 – In the Stono Rebellion, South Carolina slaves gather at the Stono River to plan an armed march for freedom.[9] 1753 Benjamin Banneker designed and built the first clock in the British American colonies. He also created a series of almanacs. He corresponded with Thomas Jefferson and wrote that "blacks were intellectually equal to whites". Banneker worked with Pierre L'Enfant to survey and design a street and urban plan for Washington, D.C.[10] 1760 Jupiter Hammon has a poem printed, becoming the first published African-American poet. 1765–1767 Non-Importation Agreements – The First Continental Congress creates a multi-colony agreement to forbid importation of anything from British merchants. This implicitly includes slaves, and stops the slave trade in Philadelphia. The second similar act explicitly stops the slave trade.[11] 1770 March 5 – Crispus Attucks is killed by British soldiers in the Boston Massacre, a precursor to the American Revolution. 1773 Phillis Wheatley has her book Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral published. 1774 The first black Baptist congregations are organized in the South: Silver Bluff Baptist Church in South Carolina, and First African Baptist Church near Petersburg, Virginia. 1775 April 14 – The Society for the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully held in Bondage holds four meetings. It was re-formed in 1784 as the Pennsylvania Abolition Society, and Benjamin Franklin would later be its president. 1776–1783 American Revolution Thousands of enslaved African Americans in the South escape to British lines, as they were promised freedom to fight with the British. In South Carolina, 25,000 enslaved African Americans, one-quarter of those held, escape to the British or otherwise leave their plantations.[12] After the war, many African Americans are evacuated with the British for England; more than 3,000 Black Loyalists are transported with other Loyalists to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, where they are granted land. Still others go to Jamaica and the West Indies. An estimated 8-10,000 were evacuated from the colonies in these years as free people, about 50 percent of those slaves who defected to the British and about 80 percent of those who survived.[13] Many free blacks in the North fight with the colonists for the rebellion. 1777 July 8 – The Vermont Republic (a sovereign nation at the time) abolishes slavery, the first future state to do so. No slaves were held in Vermont. 1780 Pennsylvania becomes the first U.S. state to abolish slavery. 1781 In challenges by Elizabeth Freeman and Quock Walker, two independent county courts in Massachusetts found slavery illegal under state constitution and declared each to be free persons. 1783 Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court affirmed that Massachusetts state constitution had abolished slavery. It ruled that "the granting of rights and privileges [was] wholly incompatible and repugnant to" slavery, in an appeal case arising from the escape of Marijonas Mikutavicius – singer author of Trys Milijonai the unofficial sports anthem in Lithuania Vincas Niekus – lt Vincas Niekus composer Virgilijus Noreika – one of the most successful opera singers tenor Mykolas Kleopas Oginskis – one of the best composer of the late th century Kipras Petrauskas – lt Kipras Petrauskas popular early opera singer tenor Stasys Povilaitis – one of the popular singers during the Soviet period Violeta Riaubiškyte – pop singer TV show host Mindaugas Rojus opera singer tenor baritone Ceslovas Sasnauskas – composer Rasa Serra – lt Rasa Serra real name Rasa Veretenceviene singer Traditional folk A cappella jazz POP Audrone Simonaityte Gaižiuniene – lt Audrone Gaižiuniene Simonaityte one of the more popular female opera singers soprano Virgis Stakenas – lt Virgis Stakenas singer of country folk music Antanas Šabaniauskas – lt Antanas Šabaniauskas singer tenor Jurga Šeduikyte – art rock musician won the Best Female Act and the Best Album of in the Lithuanian Bravo Awards and the Best Baltic Act at the MTV Europe Music Awards Jonas Švedas – composer Michael Tchaban composer singer and songwriter Violeta Urmanaviciute Urmana opera singer soprano mezzosoprano appearing internationally Painters and graphic artists edit See also List of Lithuanian artists Robertas Antinis – sculptor Vytautas Ciplijauskas lt Vytautas Ciplijauskas painter Jonas Ceponis – lt Jonas Ceponis painter Mikalojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis – painter and composer Asteroid Ciurlionis is named for him Kostas Dereškevicius lt Kostas Dereškevicius painter Vladimiras Dubeneckis painter architect Stasys Eidrigevicius graphic artist Pranas Gailius lt Pranas Gailius painter Paulius Galaune Petronele Gerlikiene – self taught Lithuanian American artist Algirdas Griškevicius lt Algirdas Griškevicius Vincas Grybas – sculptor Leonardas Gutauskas lt Leonardas Gutauskas painter writer Vytautas Kairiukštis – lt Vytautas Kairiukštis painter art critic Vytautas Kasiulis – lt Vytautas Kasiulis painter graphic artist stage designer Petras Kalpokas painter Rimtas Kalpokas – lt Rimtas Kalpokas painter graphic artist Leonas Katinas – lt Leonas Katinas painter Povilas Kaupas – lt Povilas Kaupas Algimantas Kezys Lithuanian American photographer Vincas Kisarauskas – lt Vincas Kisarauskas painter graphic artist stage designer Saulute Stanislava Kisarauskiene – lt Saulute Stanislava Kisarauskiene graphic artist painter Stasys Krasauskas – lt Stasys Krasauskas graphic artist Stanislovas Kuzma – lt Stanislovas Kuzma sculptor Antanas Martinaitis – lt Antanas Martinaitis painter Jonas Rimša – lt Jonas Rimša painter Jan Rustem painter Antanas Samuolis – lt Antanas Samuolis painter Šarunas Sauka painter Boris Schatz – sculptor and founder of the Bezalel Academy Irena Sibley née Pauliukonis – Children s book author and illustrator Algis Skackauskas – painter Antanas Žmuidzinavicius – painter Franciszek Smuglewicz – painter Yehezkel Streichman Israeli painter Kazys Šimonis – painter Algimantas Švegžda – lt Algimantas Švegžda painter Otis Tamašauskas Lithographer Print Maker Graphic Artist Adolfas Valeška – painter and graphic artist Adomas Varnas – painter Kazys Varnelis – artist Vladas Vildžiunas lt Vladas Vildžiunas sculptor Mikalojus Povilas Vilutis lt Mikalojus Povilas Vilutis graphic artist Viktoras Vizgirda – painter William Zorach – Modern artist who died in Bath Maine Antanas Žmuidzinavicius – painter Kazimieras Leonardas Žoromskis – painter Politics edit President Valdas Adamkus right chatting with Vice President Dick Cheney left See also List of Lithuanian rulers Mindaugas – the first and only King of Lithuania – Gediminas – the ruler of Lithuania – Algirdas – the ruler together with Kestutis of Lithuania – Kestutis – the ruler together with Algirdas of Lithuania – Vytautas – the ruler of Lithuania – together with Jogaila Jogaila – the ruler of Lithuania – from to together with Vytautas the king of Poland – Jonušas Radvila – the field hetman of Grand Duchy of Lithuania – Dalia Grybauskaite – current President of Lithuania since Valdas Adamkus – President of Lithuania till Jonas Basanavicius – "father" of the Act of Independence of Algirdas Brazauskas – the former First secretary of Central Committee of Communist Party of Lithuanian SSR the former president of Lithuania after and former Prime Minister of Lithuania Joe Fine – mayor of Marquette Michigan – Kazys Grinius – politician third President of Lithuania Mykolas Krupavicius – priest behind the land reform in interwar Lithuania Vytautas Landsbergis – politician professor leader of Sajudis the independence movement former speaker of Seimas member of European Parliament Stasys Lozoraitis – diplomat and leader of Lithuanian government in exile – Stasys Lozoraitis junior – politician diplomat succeeded his father as leader of Lithuanian government in exile – Antanas Merkys – the last Prime Minister of interwar Lithuania Rolandas Paksas – former President removed from the office after impeachment Justas Paleckis – journalist and politician puppet Prime Minister after Soviet occupation Kazimiera Prunskiene – the first female Prime Minister Mykolas Sleževicius – three times Prime Minister organized

products in urine specimens usually involve gas chromatography–mass spectrometry or liquid chromatography mass spectrometry History edit Isolation of gonadal anabolic androgenic steroids edit The use of gonadal steroids pre dates their identification and isolation Medical use of testicle extract began in the late th century while its effects on strength were still being studied The isolation of gonadal steroids can be traced back to when Adolf Butenandt a chemist in Marburg purified milligrams of the male hormone androstenone from tens of thousands of litres of urine This steroid was subsequently synthesized in by Leopold Ruzicka a chemist in Zurich In the s it was already known that the testes contain a more powerful androgen than androstenone and three groups of scientists funded by competing pharmaceutical companies in the Netherlands Germany and Switzerland raced to isolate it This hormone was first identified by Karoly Gyula David E Dingemanse J Freud and Ernst Laqueur in a May paper "On Crystalline Male Hormone from Testicles Testosterone " They named the hormone testosterone from the stems of testicle and sterol and the suffix of ketone The chemical synthesis of testosterone was achieved in August that year when Butenandt and G Hanisch published a paper describing "A Method for Preparing Testosterone from Cholesterol " Only a week later the third group Ruzicka and A Wettstein announced a patent application in a paper "On the Artificial Preparation of the Testicular Hormone Testosterone Androsten one ol " Ruzicka and Butenandt were offered the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their work but the Nazi government forced Butenandt to decline the honor although he accepted the prize after the end of World War II Clinical trials on humans involving either oral doses of methyltestosterone or injections of testosterone propionate began as early as Testosterone propionate is mentioned in a letter to the editor of Strength and Health magazine in this is the earliest known reference to an anabolic steroid in a U S weightlifting or bodybuilding magazine There are often reported rumors that German soldiers were administered anabolic steroids during the Second World War the aim being to increase their aggression and stamina but these are as yet unproven Adolf Hitler himself according to his physician was injected with testosterone derivatives to treat various ailments AAS were used in experiments conducted by the Nazis on concentration camp inmates and later by the allies attempting to treat the malnourished victims that survived Nazi camps President John F Kennedy was administered steroids both before and during his presidency Development of synthetic anabolic androgenic steroids edit The development of muscle building properties of testosterone was pursued in the s in the Soviet Union and in Eastern Bloc countries such as East Germany where steroid programs were used to enhance the performance of Olympic and other amateur weight lifters In response to the success of Russian weightlifters the U S Olympic Team physician John Ziegler worked with synthetic chemists to develop an anabolic steroid with reduced androgenic effects Ziegler's work resulted in the production of methandrostenolone which Ciba Pharmaceuticals marketed as Dianabol The new steroid was approved for use in the U S by the Food and Drug Administration FDA in It was most commonly administered to burn victims and the elderly The drug's off label users were mostly bodybuilders and weight lifters Although Ziegler prescribed only small doses to athletes he soon discovered that those having abused Dianabol suffered from enlarged prostates and atrophied testes AAS were placed on the list of banned substances of the IOC in and a decade later the committee introduced 'out of competition' doping tests because many athletes used AAS in their training period rather than during competition Three major ideas governed modifications of testosterone into a multitude of AAS Alkylation at alpha position with methyl or ethyl group created orally active compounds because it slows the degradation of the drug by the liver esterification of testosterone and nortestosterone at the beta position allows the substance to be administered parenterally and increases the duration of effectiveness because agents soluble in oily liquids may be present in the body for several months and alterations of the ring structure were applied for both oral and parenteral agents to seeking to obtain different anabolic to androgenic effect ratios Society and culture edit Legal status edit Various compounds with anabolic and androgenic effects their relation with anabolic steroids The legal status of anabolic steroids varies from country to country some have stricter controls on their use or prescription than others though in many countries they are not illegal In the U S anabolic steroids are currently listed as Schedule III controlled substances under the Controlled Substances Act which makes simple possession of such substances without a prescription a federal crime punishable by up to one year in prison for the first offense Unlawful distribution or possession with intent to distribute anabolic steroids as a first offense is punished by up to ten years in prison In Canada anabolic steroids and their derivatives are part of the Controlled drugs and substances act and are Schedule IV substances meaning that it is illegal to obtain or sell them without a prescription however possession is not punishable a consequence reserved for schedule I II or III substances Those guilty of buying or selling anabolic steroids in Canada can be imprisoned for up to months Import and export also carry similar penalties In Canada researchers have concluded that steroid use among student athletes is extremely widespread A study conducted in by the Canadian Centre for Drug Free Sport found that nearly Canadians between the ages of and use steroids Anabolic steroids are also illegal without prescription in Australia Argentina Brazil and Portugal and are listed as Class C Controlled Drugs in the United Kingdom Anabolic steroids are readily available without a prescription in some countries such as Mexico and Thailand United States edit Steroid pills intercepted by the US Drug Enforcement Administration during the "Operation raw deal" bust in September The history of the U S legislation on anabolic steroids goes back to the late s when the U S Congress considered placing anabolic steroids under the Controlled Substances Act following the controversy over Ben Johnson's victory at the Summer Olympics in Seoul During deliberations the American Medical Association AMA Drug Enforcement Administration DEA Food and Drug Administration FDA as well as the National Institute on Drug Abuse NIDA all opposed listing anabolic steroids as controlled substances citation needed citing the fact that use of these hormones does not lead to the physical or psychological dependence required for such scheduling under the Controlled Substance Act Nevertheless anabolic steroids were added to Schedule III of the Controlled Substances Act in the Anabolic Steroids Control Act of The same act also introduced more stringent controls with higher criminal penalties for offenses involving the illegal distribution of anabolic steroids and human growth hormone By the early s after anabolic steroids were scheduled in the U S several pharmaceutical companies stopped manufacturing or marketing the products in the U S including Ciba Searle Syntex and others In the Controlled Substances Act anabolic steroids are defined to be any drug or hormonal substance chemically and pharmacologically related to testosterone other than estrogens progestins and corticosteroids that promote muscle growth The act was amended by the Anabolic Steroid Control Act of which added prohormones to the list of controlled substances with effect from January United Kingdom edit In the United Kingdom anabolic steroids are classified as class C drugs for their illegal abuse potential which puts them in the same class as benzodiazepines Anabolic steroids are in Schedule which is divided in parts Part contains most of the benzodiazepines and Part contains the anabolic and androgenic steroids Part drugs are subject to full import and export controls with possession being an offence without an appropriate prescription There is no restriction on the possession when it is part of a medicinal product Part drugs require a Home Office licence for importation and export unless the substance is in the form of a medicinal product and is for self administration by a person Older Woman Tied TV Series Tied Up and Gagged with My Land Lady Sisters Hogtied and Gagged as Chloe Nicholle He Gagged Me with the Panties I Was Wearing And Then He Tied Me in a Brutally Tight Chicken Wing Hogtie as Chloe Nicholle You Tied Me Too Tight as Chloe Nicholle Ma Soeur et Moi Figuration as Chloé Husbands Teaching Wives How to Suck 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Video Anal Savage Video as Nina Cherry Anal Territory Video Anal Video Virgins Video Anal Virgins Video Babewire Video Bedtime Stories Video Big Boob Boat Butt Ride Video Breastman's Hot Legs Contest Video Butt Hunt Video Butt Sisters Do New Orleans Video By Myself Video Career Girls Video Carmen Video as Nina Anderson Corporate Bitch Video Cousin Philmore Butts on the Prowl Video Dirty Tails Video Double D Dykes Video Double Dicked Video DPTV Video Dr Peter Proctor's House of Anal Delights Video Exotic Car Models Video Filth Video Frankenpenis Video The Bride of Frankenpenis Friendly Fire Video Gang Bang Bitches Video Girls with Tight Pussies Video Hardcore Fantasies Video Hell Hole Video Hollywood Legs Video Hooters and the Blow Jobs Video Hot Tight Asses Video Hot Tight Asses Video Hot Tight Asses Video Hunt Video Illicit Affairs Video Inrearendence Day Video Juliette's Desires Video Lady M's Anything Nasty # Pink Pussy Party Video Lesbian Connection Video Nena Max Tunnel of Lust Video My Ass Video Nektar Video Nena Cherry's DP Gangbang Video Oddyssey Group Vol Video Planet X Video Pocahotass Video as Nina Cherry Prime Choice Video Puritan Magazine Video Pussy Hunt Vol Video Pussy Hunt Vol Video Pussyman's House Party Video Pussyman's House Party Video Pussyman Auditions Video Road Thrill Video Rumpman in & Out of Africa Video Rumpmans Backdoor Sailing Video Samantha and Co Video The Analist Video The Most Dangerous Game Video The Unaboner Video Ultimate Pleasures Video Under the Covers Video Tom Byron Steve Drake Steve Drake NonSex Demi Fairbanks Demi Fairbanks Kelly Jean Kelly Jean Kimberly Kummings Kimberly Kummings Gangbang All the Way Video Girly Girls Video Private Lust Treasures Video Private Casting X Brigitte Video Suitcase Pimps Video Prostitute Sweet Summer Sex Kittens Video as Tracey Love Hardcore Hairdresser Video Blonde Brigade Video Nurse Orgy Video Car Wash Angels Video as Tracey Love Conflict Video G Spot Chronicles Video Kelly the Coed Video as Tracy Luv L A Video Liquid Gold Video Rocks That Ass Video The World's Luckiest Patient Video as Tracey Love The Shark Video A Girl's Affair Video Gutter Mouths Video Liquid Gold Video The Best by Private Beach Bitches Blowjob Adventures of Dr Fellatio Video Erotic Illusions Video Fresh Flesh Video Triple X Files Enjoy Silvie Video Amazing Sex Talk Video California Cocksuckers Video Gutter Mouths Video Triple X Files Do You Know Katja Kean Video White Trash Whore Video Anal Openings and Face Soakings Video Hillbilly Honeys Babes Illustrated Video Anal Talisman Video Abducted Video A List Video All American Anal Nurses Video Anal Cornhole Cutie Video Anal Fireball Video Anal Nurses Carnal Garden Video Newly Wed Corn Hole Patrol Entangled Video Everybody Wants Some Video Tom Byron May 18 – In Plessy v. Ferguson, the U.S. Supreme Court upholds de jure racial segregation of "separate but equal" facilities. (see "Jim Crow laws" for historical discussion). The National Association of Colored Women is formed by the merger of smaller groups. As one of the earliest Black Hebrew Israelites in the United States, William Saunders Crowdy re-establishes the Church of God and Saints of Christ. George Washington Carver is invited by Booker T. Washington to head the Agricultural Department at what would become Tuskegee University. His work would revolutionize farming – he found about 300 uses for peanuts. 1898 Louisiana enacts the first statewide grandfather clause that provides exemption for illiterate whites to voter registration literacy test requirements. In Williams v. Mississippi the U.S. Supreme Court upholds the voter registration and election provisions of Mississippi's constitution because they applied to all citizens. Effectively, however, they disenfranchise blacks and poor whites. The result is that other southern states copy these provisions in their new constitutions and amendments through 1908, disfranchising most African Americans and tens of thousands of poor whites until the 1960s. November 10 – Coup d'état begins in Wilmington, North Carolina, resulting in considerable loss of life and property in the African-American community and the installation of a white supremacist Democratic Party regime. 1899 September 18 – The "Maple Leaf Rag" is an early ragtime composition for piano by Scott Joplin. 20th century[edit] 1900–1924[edit] 1900 Since the Civil War, 30,000 African-American teachers had been trained and put to work in the South. The majority of blacks had become literate.[25] 1901 Booker T. Washington's autobiography Up from Slavery is published. Benjamin Tillman, senator from South Carolina, comments on Theodore Roosevelt's dining with Booker T. Washington: “The action of President Roosevelt in entertaining that nigger will necessitate our killing a thousand niggers in the South before they learn their place again.”[26] 1903 September – W. E. B. Du Bois's article The Talented Tenth published. W. E. B. Du Bois's seminal work The Souls of Black Folk is published. 1904 May 15 – Sigma Pi Phi, the first African-American Greek-letter organization, is founded by African-American men as a professional organization, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Orlando, Florida hires its first black postman. 1905 July 11 – First meeting of the Niagara Movement, an interracial group to work for civil rights.[27] 1906 The Brownsville Affair, which eventually involves President Roosevelt.[27] December 4 – African-American men found Alpha Phi Alpha at Cornell University, the first intercollegiate fraternity for African-American men. 1907 National Primitive Baptist Convention of the U.S.A. formed. 1908 December 26 – Jack Johnson wins the World Heavyweight Title. Alpha Kappa Alpha at Howard University; African-American college women found the first college sorority for African-American women. 1909 February 12 – Planned first meeting of group which would become the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), an interracial group devoted to civil rights. The meeting actually occurs on May 31, but February 12 is normally cited as the NAACP's founding date. May 31 – The National Negro Committee meets and is formed; it will be the precursor to the NAACP. 1910 May 30 – The National Negro Committee chooses "National Association for the Advancement of Colored People" as its organization name. September 29 – Committee on Urban Conditions Among Negroes formed; the next year it will merge with other groups to form the National Urban League. The NAACP begins publishing The Crisis. 1911 January 5 – Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity, Inc. was founded at Indiana University. November 17 – Omega Psi Phi Fraternity, Inc., which is the first African-American Greek-lettered organization founded at an HBCU (Howard University). 1913 The Moorish Science Temple of America, a religious organization, is founded by Noble Drew Ali (Timothy Drew). January 13 – Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc., was founded at Howard University 1914 January 9 – Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc. was founded at Howard University by A. Langston Taylor, Leonard F. Morse, and Charles I. Brown Newly elected president Woodrow Wilson orders physical re-segregation of federal workplaces and employment after nearly 50 years of integrated facilities.[28][29][30] 1915 February 8 – The Birth of a Nation is released to film theaters. The NAACP protests in cities across the country, convincing some not to show the film. June 21 – In Guinn v. United States, the U.S. Supreme Court rules against grandfather clauses used to deny blacks the right to vote. September 9 – Professor Carter G. Woodson founds the Association for the Study of African American Life and History in Chicago. A schism from the National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc. forms the National Baptist Convention of America, Inc. 1916 January – Professor Carter Woodson and the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History begins publishing the Journal of Negro History, the first academic journal devoted to the study of African-American history. March 23 – Marcus Garvey arrives in the U.S. (see Garveyism). Los Angeles hires the country's first black female police officer.[citation needed] The Great Migration begins and lasts until 1940. Approximately one and a half million African-Americans move from the Southern United States to the North and Midwest. More than five million migrate in the Second Great Migration from 1940 to 1970, which includes more destinations in California and the West. 1917 May–June – East St. Louis Riot August 23 – Houston Riot In Buchanan v. Warley, the U.S. Supreme Court upholds that racially segregated housing violates the 14th Amendment. 1918 Viola Pettus, an African-American nurse in Marathon, Texas, wins attention for her courageous care of victims of the Spanish Influenza, including members of the Ku Klux Klan. Mary Turner was a 33-year-old lynched in Lowndes County, Georgia who was Eight months pregnant. Turner and her child were murdered after she publicly denounced the extrajudicial killing of her husband by a mob. Her death is considered a stark example of racially motivated mob violence in the American south, and was referenced by the NAACP's anti-lynching campaign of the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s. 1919 Summer – Red Summer of 1919 riots: Chicago, Washington, D.C.; Knoxville, Indianapolis, and elsewhere. September 28 – Omaha Race Riot of 1919, Nebraska. October 1–5 – Elaine Race Riot, Phillips County, Arkansas. Numerous blacks are convicted by an all-white jury or plead guilty. In Moore v. Dempsey (1923), the U.S. Supreme Court overturns six convictions for denial of due process under the Fourteenth Amendment. 1920 February 13 – Negro National League (1920–1931) established. Fritz Pollard and Bobby Marshall are the first two African-American players in the National Football League (NFL). Pollard goes on to become the first African-American coach in the NFL. January 16 – Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Inc., was founded at Howard University 1921 May 23 – Shuffle Along is the first major African American hit musical on Broadway. May 31 – Tulsa Race Riot, Oklahoma Bessie Coleman becomes the first African American to earn a pilot's license. 1923 Garrett A. Morgan invented and patented the first automatic three-position traffic light.[31] January 1–7 – Rosewood massacre: Six African Americans and two whites die in a week of violence when a white woman in Rosewood, Florida, claims she was beaten and raped by a black man. February 19 – In Moore v. Dempsey, the U.S. Supreme Court holds that mob-dominated trials violate the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Jean Toomer's novel Cane is published. 1924 Knights of Columbus commissions and publishes The Gift of Black Folk: The Negroes in the Making of America by civil rights activist and NAACP cofounder W. E. B. Du Bois as part of the organization's Racial Contribution Series. Spelman Seminary becomes Spelman College. 1925–1949[edit] 1925 Spring – American Negro Labor Congress is founded. August 8 – 35,000 Ku Klux Klan members march in Washington, D.C. (see List of protest marches on Washington, D.C.) Countee Cullen publishes his first collection of poems in Color. Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters is organized. The Harlem Renaissance (also known as the New Negro Movement) is named after the anthology The New Negro, edited by Alain Locke . 1926 The Harlem Globetrotters are founded. Historian Carter G. Woodson proposes Negro History Week. Corrigan v Buckley challenges deed restrictions preventing a white seller from selling to a black buyer. The U.S. Supreme Court rules in favor of Buckley, stating that the 14th Amendment does not apply because Washington, DC is a city and not a state, thereby rendering the Due Process Clause inapplicable. Also, that the Due Process Clause does not apply to private agreements. 1928 Claude McKay's Home to Harlem wins the Harmon Gold Award for Literature. 1929 The League of United Latin American Citizens, the first organization to fight for the civil rights of Latino Americans, is founded in Corpus Christi, Texas. John Hope becomes president of Atlanta University. Graduate classes are offered in the liberal arts, and Atlanta University becomes the first predominantly black university to offer graduate education. Unknown – Hallelujah! is released, one of the first films to star an all-black cast. 1930 August 7 – Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith were African-American men lynched in Marion, Indiana, after being taken from jail and beaten by a mob. They had been arrested that night as suspects in a robbery, murder and rape case. A third African-American suspect, 16-year-old James Cameron, had also been arrested and narrowly escaped being killed by the mob. He later became a civil rights activist.[32] The League of Struggle for Negro Rights is founded in New York City. Jessie Daniel Ames forms the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching. She gets 40,000 white women to sign a pledge against lynching and for change in the South.[33] 1931 March 25 – Scottsboro Boys arrested in what would become a nationally controversial case. Walter Francis White becomes the executive secretary of the NAACP. 1932 The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male begins at Tuskegee University. 1933 Hocutt v. Wilson unsuccessfully challenged segregation in higher education in the United States. 1934 Wallace D. Fard, leader of the Nation of Islam, mysteriously disappears. He is succeeded by Elijah Muhammad. 1935 June 18 – In Murray v. Pearson, Thurgood Marshall and Charles Hamilton Houston of the NAACP successfully argue the landmark case in Maryland to open admissions to the segregated University of Maryland School of Law on the basis of equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment. Jesse Owens wins gold medals in front of Hitler. 1936 August – American sprinter Jesse Owens wins four gold medals at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. 1937 6.2.1 General works 6.2.2 Baseball 6.2.3 Boxing 6.2.4 Chess 6.2.5 Olympics Athletes[edit] Baseball[edit] Ryan Braun, outfielder (Milwaukee Brewers) Ike Davis, first baseman (Oakland Athletics) Ian Kinsler, second baseman (Detroit Tigers) Ryan Lavarnway, catcher (Atlanta Braves) Jason Marquis, pitcher (Cincinnati Reds) Joc Pederson, outfielder (Los Angeles Dodgers) Kevin Youkilis, first and third baseman Cal Abrams, US, outfielder[2] Rubén Amaro, Jr., US, outfielder, general manager (Philadelphia Phillies)[2] Morrie Arnovich, US, outfielder, All-Star[2] Brad Ausmus, US, catcher, All-Star, 3x Gold Glove, manager of the Detroit Tigers[2] José Bautista, Dominican-born, pitcher[2] Robert "Bo" Belinsky, U.S., pitcher. Pitched no-hit game as rookie with Los Angeles Angels in 1962.[3] Moe Berg, US, catcher & shortstop, and spy for US in World War II[2] Ron Blomberg, US, DH/first baseman/outfielder, Major League Baseball's first designated hitter[4] Lou Boudreau, US, shortstop, 8x All-Star, batting title, MVP, Baseball Hall of Fame, manager[2] Ralph Branca, US, pitcher, 3x All-Star[5] Ryan Braun, US, outfielder, 2007 Rookie of the Year, home run champion, 5x All-Star, 5x Silver Slugger, 2011 National League MVP (Milwaukee Brewers)[6] Craig Breslow, US, relief pitcher (Boston Red Sox)[2] Mark Clear, US, relief pitcher, 2x All-Star[7] Andy Cohen, US, second baseman, coach Harry Danning, US, catcher, 4x All-Star[2][8] Ike Davis, US, first baseman (Oakland Athletics)[9] Moe Drabowsky, US, pitcher[10] Harry Eisenstat, US, pitcher[11] Mike Epstein, US, first baseman[2] Harry Feldman, US, pitcher[2] Scott Feldman, US, pitcher (Houston Astros)[2] Gavin Fingleson, South African-born Australian, Olympic silver medalist[12] Nate Freiman, US, first baseman (Oakland Athletics)[13][14] Sam Fuld, US, outfielder (Oakland Athletics)[15] Sid Gordon, US, outfielder & third baseman, 2x All-Star[2] John Grabow, US, relief pitcher[2] Shawn Green, US, right fielder, 2x All-Star, Gold Glove, Silver Slugger[2] Hank Greenberg, US, first baseman & outfielder, 5x All-Star, 4x home run champion, 4x RBI leader, 2x MVP, Baseball Hall of Fame[2] Ken Holtzman, US, starting pitcher, 2x All-Star[2] Joe Horlen, US, pitcher, All-Star, ERA leader[2] Gabe Kapler, US, outfielder[2] Ian Kinsler, US, second baseman, 3x All-Star (Detroit Tigers)[16] Sandy Koufax, US, starting pitcher, 6x All-Star, 5x ERA leader, 4x strikeouts leader, 3x Wins leader, 2x W-L% leader, 1 perfect game, MVP, 3x Cy Young Award, Baseball Hall of Fame[2] Barry Latman, US, pitcher[11] Ryan Lavarnway, US, catcher (Atlanta Braves)[17] Al Levine, US, relief pitcher[2] Mike Lieberthal, US, catcher, 2x All-Star, Gold Glove[2] Elliott Maddox, US, outfielder & third baseman[2] Jason Marquis, US, starting pitcher, Silver Slugger, All Star (Cincinnati Reds)[2] Erskine Mayer, US, pitcher[2] Bob Melvin, US, catcher & manager of the Oakland Athletics[18] Jon Moscot, US, pitcher (Cincinnati Reds)[19] Jeff Newman, US, catcher & first baseman, All-Star, manager[2] Joc Pederson, US, outfielder (Los Angeles Dodgers)[20] Barney Pelty, US, pitcher[2] Lipman Pike, US, outfielder, second baseman, & manager, 4x home run champion, RBI leader[2] Kevin Pillar, US, outfielder (Toronto Blue Jays) Aaron Poreda, US, pitcher (Yomiuri Giants)[2] Scott Radinsky, US, relief pitcher[2] Dave Roberts, US, pitcher[2] Saul Rogovin, US, pitcher[2] Al "Flip" Rosen, US, third baseman & first baseman, 4x All-Star, 2x home run champion, 2x RBI leader, MVP[2] Goody Rosen, Canada, outfielder, All-Star[2] Josh Satin, US, second baseman (Cincinnati Reds)[21] Richie Scheinblum, US, outfielder, All-Star[2] Scott Schoeneweis, US, pitcher[2] Michael Schwimer, US, relief pitcher (Toronto Blue Jays)[22] Art Shamsky, US, outfielder & first baseman[2] Larry Sherry, US, relief pitcher[2] Norm Sherry, US, catcher & manager[2] Moe "the Rabbi of Swat" Solomon, US, outfielder[2] George Stone, US, outfielder, 1x batting title[23] Steve Stone, US, starting pitcher, All-Star, Cy Young Award[2] Danny Valencia, US, third baseman (Oakland Athletics)[24] Phil "Mickey" Weintraub, US, first baseman & outfielder Josh Whitesell, US, first baseman (Saraperos de Saltillo)[25] Steve Yeager, US, catcher[2] Kevin Youkilis, US, first baseman, third baseman, & left fielder, 3x All-Star, Gold Glove, Hank Aaron Award[2] Josh Zeid, US, pitcher for the Detroit Tigers Basketball[edit] Omri Casspi Jordan Farmar Gal Mekel Jon Scheyer Sam Balter, US, 5' 10" guard, Olympic champion[8][26] Sue Bird, US & Israel, WNBA 5' 9" point guard, 2x Olympic champion, 4x All-Star (Seattle Storm)[27] David Blatt, US & Israel, Israeli Premier League 6' 3.5" point guard, coached Russia National Basketball Team, Israel's Maccabi Tel Aviv to Euroleague Championship, Euroleague Coach of the Year, 4x Israeli Coach of the Year, Head Coach of Cleveland Cavaliers[28][29] David Blu (formerly "Bluthenthal"), US & Israel, Euroleague 6' 7" forward (Maccabi Tel Aviv)[30] Harry Boykoff, US, NBA 6' 10" center[31] Tal Brody, US & Israel, Euroleague 6' 2" shooting guard[8] Larry Brown, US, ABA 5' 9" point guard, 3x All-Star, 3x assists leader, NCAA National Championship coach (1988), NBA coach, Olympic champion, Hall of Fame[8][26] Omri Casspi, Israel, 6' 9" small forward, drafted in 1st round of 2009 NBA Draft (Sacramento Kings)[32] Shay Doron, Israel & US, WNBA 5' 9" guard (New York Liberty)[33] Lior Eliyahu, Israel, 6' 9" power forward, NBA draft 2006 (Orlando Magic; traded to Houston Rockets), playing in the Euroleague (Hapoel Jerusalem)[34] Jordan Farmar, US, NBA 6' 2" point guard (Los Angeles Clippers)[35] Marty Friedman, US, 5' 7" guard & coach, Hall of Fame[8] Ernie Grunfeld, Romania-born US, NBA 6' 6" guard/forward & GM, Olympic champion[36] Yotam Halperin, Israel, 6' 5" guard, drafted in 2006 NBA draft by Seattle SuperSonics (Hapoel Jerusalem)[34] Sonny Hertzberg, US, NBA 5' 9" point guard, original NY Knickerbocker[37] Art Heyman, US, NBA 6' 5" forward/guard[37] Nat Holman, US, ABL 5' 11" guard & coach, Hall of Fame[8] Red Holzman, US, BAA & NBA 5' 10" guard, 2x All-Star, & NBA coach, NBA Coach of the Year, Hall of Fame[8] Eban Hyams, India-Israel-Australia, 6' 5" guard formerly of the Australian National Basketball League, Israeli Super League, first ever Indian national to play in ULEB competitions[38] Barry Kramer, first team All-American at NYU in 1963 Joel Kramer, US Phoenix Suns 6'7" forward Sylven Landesberg, US, 6' 6" former UVA shooting guard (Maccabi Tel Aviv)[39] Rudy LaRusso, US, NBA 6' 7" forward/center, 5x All-Star[40] Nancy Lieberman, US, WNBA player, general manager, & coach, Olympic silver, Hall of Fame[26][41] Gal Mekel, Israel, NBA 6' 3" point guard (Dallas Mavericks)[42] Bernard Opper, US, NBL and ABL 5' 10" guard, All-American at University of Kentucky Donna Orender (née Geils), US, Women's Pro Basketball League 5' 7" point guard, All-Star, current WNBA president[37] Lennie Rosenbluth, US, NBA 6' 4" forward[36] Danny Schayes, US, NBA 6' 11" center/forward (son of Dolph Schayes)[37] Dolph Schayes, US, NBA 6' 7" forward/center, 3x FT% leader, 1x rebound leader, 12x All-Star, Hall of Fame, & coach (father of Danny Schayes)[8] Ossie Schectman, US, NBA 6' 0" guard, scorer of first NBA basket[36] Doron Sheffer, US (college), Maccabi Tel Aviv,Hapoel Jerusalem Jon Scheyer, US, All-American Duke University 6' 5" shooting guard & point guard (Maccabi Tel Aviv)[43] Barney Sedran, US, Hudson River League & New York State League 5' 4" guard, Hall of Fame[8] Sidney Tannenbaum, US, BAA 6' 0" guard, 2x All-American, left as NYU all-time scorer[8] Alex Tyus, US & Israel, 6' 8" power forward/center (Maccabi Tel Aviv) Neal Walk, US, NBA 6' 10" center[37] Max Zaslofsky, US, NBA 6' 2" guard/forward, 1x FT% leader, 1x points leader, All-Star, ABA coach[8] Bowling[edit] Barry Asher, 10 PBA titles, PBA Hall of Fame[7] Marshall Holman, 22 PBA titles (11th all-time); PBA Hall of Fame[44] Mark Roth, 34 PBA titles (5th all-time); PBA Hall of Fame[45] Boxing[edit] Yuri Foreman Zab Judah Dmitry Salita Barney Aaron (Young), English-born US lightweight, Hall of Fame[46] Abe Attell ("The Little Hebrew"), US, world champion featherweight, Hall of Fame[8] Monte Attell ("The Knob Hill Terror"), US, bantamweight[47] Max Baer ("Madcap Maxie"), US, world champion heavyweight. Wore a Star of David on his trunks; inducted into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. Hall of Fame/[48] Benny Bass ("Little Fish"), US, world champion featherweight & world champion junior lightweight, Hall of Fame[8] Fabrice Benichou, France, world champion super bantamweight[34] Jack Kid Berg (Judah Bergman), England, world champion junior welterweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks, Hall of Fame[8] Maxie Berger, Canada, wore a Star of David on his trunks[49] Samuel Berger, US, Olympic champion heavyweight[8] Jack Bernstein (also "John Dodick", "Kid Murphy", and "Young Murphy"), US, world champion junior lightweight[8] Nathan "Nat" Bor, US, Olympic bronze lightweight[26] Mushy Callahan (Vincente Sheer), US, world champion light welterweight[47] Joe Choynski ("Chrysanthemum Joe"), US, heavyweight, Hall of Fame[8][50] Robert Cohen, French & Algerian, world champion bantamweight[8] Al "Bummy" Davis (Abraham Davidoff), US, welterweight & lightweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks[47] Louis "Red" Deutsch, US, heavyweight, later famous as the proprietor of the Tube Bar in Jersey City, NJ and inspiration for Moe Szyslak on "The Simpsons" Carolina Duer ("The Turk"), Argentine, WBO world champion super flyweight and bantamweight[51] John "Jackie" Fields (Jacob Finkelstein), US, world champion welterweight & Olympic champion featherweight, Hall of Fame[8] Hagar Finer, Israel, WIBF champion bantamweight[52] Yuri Foreman, Belarusian-born Israeli US middleweight and World Boxing Association champion super welterweight[53] György Gedó, Hungary, Olympic champion light flyweight[41] Abe Goldstein, US, world champion bantamweight[54] Ruby Goldstein ("Ruby the Jewel of the Ghetto"), US, welterweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks[8] Roman Greenberg ("The Lion from Zion"), Israel, International Boxing Organization's Intercontinental champion heavyweight[53] Stéphane Haccoun, France, featherweight, super featherweight, and junior lightweight[55][56] Alphonse Halimi ("La Petite Terreur"), France, world champion bantamweight[8] Harry Harris ("The Human Hairpin"), US, world champion bantamweight[8] Gary Jacobs, Scottish, British, Commonwealth, and European (EBU) champion welterweight[57] Ben Jeby (Morris Jebaltowsky), US, world champion middleweight[47] Yoel Judah, US, 3x world champion kickboxer and boxer & trainer[58] Zab Judah ("Super"), US, world champion junior welterweight & world champion welterweight (Converted to Christianity)[58][59][60][61] Louis Kaplan ("Kid Kaplan"), Russian-born US, world champion featherweight, Hall of Fame[8][50] Solly Krieger ("Danny Auerbach"), US, world champion middleweight[8] Julie Kogon US, 1947 New England Lightweight Champion. Inducted into the Connecticut Boxing Hall of Fame. Benny Leonard (Benjamin Leiner; "The Ghetto Wizard"), US, world champion lightweight, Hall of Fame[8] Battling Levinsky (Barney Lebrowitz), US, world champion light heavyweight, Hall of Fame[8] King Levinsky (Harry Kraków), US, heavweight, also known as Kingfish Levinsky[8] Harry Lewis (Harry Besterman), US, world champion welterweight[47] Ted "Kid" Lewis (Gershon Mendeloff), England, world champion welterweight, Hall of Fame[8] Sammy Luftspring, Canada, Canadian champion welterweight, Canada's Sports Hall of Fame[47] Saoul Mamby, US, world champion junior welterweight[47] Al McCoy (Alexander Rudolph), US, world champion middleweight[8] Daniel Mendoza, England, world champion heavyweight, Hall of Fame[8] Jacob Michaelsen, Denmark, Olympic bronze heavyweight[26] Samuel Mosberg, US, Olympic champion lightweight[8] Bob Olin, US, world champion light heavyweight[62] Victor Perez ("Young"), Tunisian, world champion flyweight[8] Harold Reitman ("The Boxing Doctor"), professional heavyweight that fought while working as surgeon, Golden Gloves champion.[63] Charlie Phil Rosenberg ("Charles Green"), US, world champion bantamweight[8] Dana Rosenblatt ("Dangerous"), US, world champion middleweight[64] Maxie Rosenbloom ("Slapsie"), US, world champion light heavyweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks, Hall of Fame[8] Barney Ross (Dov-Ber Rasofsky), US, world champion lightweight & junior welterweight, Hall of Fame[8] Mike Rossman (Michael Albert DiPiano; "The Jewish Bomber"), US, world champion light heavyweight, wore Star of David on trunks[64] Shamil Sabirov, Russia, Olympic champion light flyweight[26] Dmitry Salita ("Star of David"), US, North American Boxing Association champion light welterweight[65] Isadore "Corporal Izzy" Schwartz ("The Ghetto Midget"), US, world champion flyweight[8] Al Singer ("The Bronx Beauty"), US, world champion lightweight[47] "Lefty" Lew Tendler, US, bantamweight, lightweight, and welterweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks, Hall of Fame[8] Sid Terris ("Ghost of the Ghetto"), US, lightweight, wore a Star of David on his trunks[54] Matt Wels, England, champion of Great Britain lightweight and world champion welterweight Canoeing[edit] Jessica Fox Shaun Rubenstein László Fábián, Hungary, sprint canoer, Olympic champion (K-2 10,000 meter), 4x world champion (3x K-2 10,000 meter and 1x K-4 10,000 meter) and one silver (K-4 10,000 meter)[26] Imre Farkas, Hungary, sprint canoer, 2x Olympic bronze (C-2 1,000 and 10,000 meter)[66] Jessica Fox, French-born Australian, slalom canoer, Olympic silver (K-1 slalom), world championships bronze (C-1)[67] Myriam Fox-Jerusalmi, France, slalom canoer, Olympic bronze (K-1 slalom), 5 golds at ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships (2x K-1, 3x K-1 team)[41] Klára Fried-Bánfalvi, Hungary, sprint canoer, Olympic bronze (K-2 500 m), world champion (K-2 500 m)[26] Leonid Geishtor, USSR (Belarus), sprint canoer, Olympic champion (Canadian pairs 1,000-meter)[41] Joe Jacobi, US, slalom canoer, Olympic champion (Canadian slalom pairs)[41] Michael Kolganov, Soviet (Uzbek)-born Israeli, sprint canoer, world champion, Olympic bronze (K-1 500-meter)[41] Anna Pfeffer, Hungary, sprint canoer, Olympic 2x silver (K-2 500 m), bronze (K-1 500 m); world champion (K-2 500 m), silver (K-4 500 m), 2x bronze (K-2 500)[26] Naum Prokupets, Moldovan-born Soviet, sprint canoer, Olympic bronze (C-2 1,000-meter), gold (C-2 10,000-meter) at ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships[41] Leon Rotman, Romanian, sprint canoer, 2x Olympic champion (C-1 10,000 meter, C-1 1,000-meter) and bronze (C-1 1,000-meter), 14 national titles[41] Shaun Rubenstein, South Africa, canoer, World Marathon champion 2006[68] Cricket[edit] Michael Klinger Ben Ashkenazi, Australia (Victorian Bushrangers) Ali Bacher, South Africa, batsman and administrator (relative of Adam Bacher)[69] Mike Barnard, England, cricketer[69] Mark Bott, England, cricketer[70] Stevie Eskinazi, South African born, Australian raised, English wicketkeeper Mark Fuzes. Australian all rounder played for Hong Kong. Father Peter Fuzes kept goal for Australian Soccer team (see)[71] Dennis Gamsy, South Africa, Test wicket-keeper[72] Darren Gerard, England, cricketer[73] Norman Gordon, South Africa, fast bowler[69] Steven Herzberg, English-born Australian, cricketer[74] Sid Kiel, South Africa, opening batsman (Western Province)[75] Michael Klinger, Australia, batsman (Western Warriors)[69] Leonard "Jock" Livingston, Australia, cricketer[69] Bev Lyon, England, cricketer[69] Dar Lyon, England, cricketer (brother of Bev)[69] Greg, Jason, and Lara Molins, two brothers and a cousin from the same Irish family[74] Jon Moss, Australia, allrounder (Victorian Bushrangers)[69] John Raphael, England, batsman[69] Marshall Rosen, NSW Australia, cricketer and selector[76] Lawrence Seeff, South Africa, batsmen[77] Maurice Sievers, Australia, lower order batsman and fast-medium bowler[69] Bensiyon Songavkar, India, cricketer, MVP of 2009 Maccabiah Games cricket tournament[78] Fred Susskind, South Africa, Test batsman[69] Fred Trueman, England, English test fast bowler (a lifelong Christian)[69] Julien Wiener, Australia, Test cricketer[69] Mandy Yachad, South Africa, Test cricketer[69] Equestrian[edit] Margie Goldstein-Engle Robert Dover, US, 4x Olympic bronze, 1x world championship bronze (dressage)[79] Margie Goldstein-Engle, US, world championship silver, Pan American Games gold, silver, and bronze (jumping)[80] Edith Master, US, Olympic bronze (dressage)[26] Fencing[edit] Helene Mayer Soren Thompson Henri Anspach, Belgium (épée & foil), Olympic champion[26] Paul Anspach, Belgium (épée & foil), 2x Olympic champion[26] Norman Armitage (Norman Cohn), US (sabre), 17x US champion, Olympic bronze[26] Albert "Albie" Axelrod, US (foil); Olympic bronze, 4x US champion[8] Péter Bakonyi, Hungary (saber), Olympic 3x bronze[41] Cliff Bayer, US (foil); youngest US champion[37] Albert Bogen (Albert Bógathy), Austria (saber), Olympic silver[41] Tamir Bloom, US (épée); 2x US champion[37] Daniel Bukantz, US (foil); 4x US champion[37] Sergey Sharikov, Russia (saber), 2x Olympic champion, silver, bronze[26] Yves Dreyfus, France (épée), Olympic bronze, French champion[26] Ilona Elek, Hungary (saber), 2x Olympic champion[26] Boaz Ellis, Israel (foil), 5x Israeli champion[34] Siegfried "Fritz" Flesch, Austria (sabre), Olympic bronze[26] Dr. Dezsö Földes, Hungary (saber), 2x Olympic champion[26] Dr. Jenö Fuchs, Hungary (saber), 4x Olympic champion[81] Támas Gábor, Hungary (épée), Olympic champion[8] János Garay, Hungary (saber), Olympic champion, silver, bronze, killed by the Nazis[8] Dr. Oskar Gerde, Hungary (saber), 2x Olympic champion, killed by the Nazis[26] Dr. Sándor Gombos, Hungary (saber), Olympic champion[62] Vadim Gutzeit, Ukraine (saber), Olympic champion[82] Johan Harmenberg, Sweden (épée), Olympic champion[26] Delila Hatuel, Israel (foil), Olympian, ranked # 9 in world[83] Lydia Hatuel-Zuckerman, Israel (foil), 6x Israeli champion[84][85] Dr. Otto Herschmann, Austria (saber), Olympic silver[26] Emily Jacobson, US (saber), NCAA champion[86] Sada Jacobson, US (saber), ranked # 1 in the world, Olympic silver, 2x bronze[86] Allan Jay, British (épée & foil), Olympic 2x silver, world champion[26] Endre Kabos, Hungary (saber), 3x Olympic champion, bronze[26] Roman Kantor, Poland (épée), Nordic champion & Soviet champion, killed by the Nazis[26] Dan Kellner, US (foil), US champion[86] Byron Krieger, US[87] Grigory Kriss, Soviet (épée), Olympic champion, 2x silver[26] Allan Kwartler, US (saber), 3x Pan American Games champion[10] Alexandre Lippmann, France (épée), 2x Olympic champion, 2x silver, bronze[8] Helene Mayer, Germany & US (foil), Olympic champion[26] Ljubco Georgievski ????? ??????????? Kiro Gligorov ???? ???????? Nikola Gruevski ?????? ???????? Gjorge Ivanov ????? ?????? Gordana Jankuloska ??????? ?????????? Zoran Jolevski ????? ???????? Srgjan Kerim ????? ????? Lazar Koliševski ????? ?????????? Hari Kostov ???? ?????? Trifun Kostovski ?????? ????????? Ilinka Mitreva ?????? ??????? Lazar Mojsov ????? ?????? Tito Petkovski ???? ????????? Lui Temelkovski ??? ??????????? Boris Trajkovski ????? ?????????? Vasil Tupurkovski ????? ??????????? Zoran Zaev ????? ???? Partisans World War II freedom fighters edit Mirce Acev ????? ???? Mihajlo Apostolski ????j?? ?????????? Cede Filipovski Dame ???? ?????????? ???? Blagoj Jankov Muceto ?????? ?????? ?????? Orce Nikolov ???? ??????? Strašo Pindžur ?????? ?????? Hristijan Todorovski Karpoš ????????? ?????????? ?????? Revolutionaries edit Yordan Piperkata ?????? ???????? ????????? Goce Delcev ???? ????? Petar Pop Arsov ????? ??? ????? Dame Gruev ???? ????? Jane Sandanski ???? ????????? Dimitar Pop Georgiev Berovski ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? Ilyo Voyvoda ???? ??? ?????????? Pere Tošev ???? ????? Pitu Guli ???? ???? Dimo Hadži Dimov ???? ???? ????? Hristo Uzunov ?????? ?????? Literature edit Gjorgji Abadžiev ????? ??????? Petre M Andreevski ????? ? ?????????? Maja Apostoloska ???? ??????????? Dimitrija Cupovski ????????? ???????? Jordan Hadži Konstantinov Džinot ?????? ???? ???????????? ????? Vasil Iljoski ????? ?????? Slavko Janevski ?????? ???????? Blaže Koneski ????? ??????? Risto Krle ????? ???? Vlado Maleski ????? ??????? Mateja Matevski ?????? ???????? Krste Misirkov ????? ????????? Kole Nedelkovski ???? ??????????? Olivera Nikolova Anton Panov ????? ????? Gjorche Petrov ????? ?????? Vidoe Podgorec ????? ???????? Aleksandar Prokopiev ?????????? ????????? Koco Racin ???? ????? Jovica Tasevski Eternijan ?????? ???????? ????????? Gane Todorovski ???? ?????????? Stevan Ognenovski ?????? ?????????? Music edit Classical music edit Composers edit Atanas Badev ?????? ????? Dimitrije Bužarovski ????????? ?????????? Kiril Makedonski ????? ?????????? Toma Prošev ???? ?????? Todor Skalovski ????? ????????? Stojan Stojkov ?????? ??????? Aleksandar Džambazov ?????????? ???????? Conductors edit Borjan Canev ?????? ????? Instrumentalists edit Pianists Simon Trpceski ????? ???????? Opera singers edit Blagoj Nacoski ?????? ??????? Boris Trajanov ????? ???????? Popular and folk music edit Composers edit Darko Dimitrov ????? ???????? Slave Dimitrov ????? ???????? Jovan Jovanov ????? ??????? Ilija Pejovski ????? ???????? Musicians edit Bodan Arsovski ????? ???????? Goran Trajkoski ????? ????????? Ratko Dautovski ????? ????????? Kiril Džajkovski ????? ????????? Tale Ognenovski ???? ?????????? Vlatko Stefanovski ?????? ??????????? Stevo Teodosievski ????? ???????????? Aleksandra Popovska ?????????? ???????? Singers and Bands edit Lambe Alabakoski ????? ?????????? Anastasia ????????? Arhangel ???????? Kristina Arnaudova ???????? ????????? Kaliopi Bukle ??????? Dani Dimitrovska ???? ??????????? Riste Tevdoski ????? ???????? Karolina Goceva ???????? ?????? Vaska Ilieva ????? ?????? Andrijana Janevska ????????? ???????? Vlado Janevski ????? ???????? Jovan Jovanov ????? ??????? Leb i sol ??? ? ??? Aleksandar Makedonski ?????????? ?????????? Elvir Mekic ????? ????? Mizar ????? Jasmina Mukaetova ??????? ????e???? The Malagasy French Malgache are the ethnic group that forms nearly the entire population of Madagascar They are divided into two subgroups the "Highlander" Merina Sihanaka and Betsileo of the central plateau around Antananarivo Alaotra Ambatondrazaka and Fianarantsoa and the "coastal dwellers" elsewhere in the country This division has its roots in historical patterns of settlement The original Austronesian settlers from Borneo arrived between the third and tenth centuries and established a network of principalities in the Central Highlands region conducive to growing the rice they had carried with them on their outrigger canoes Sometime later a large number of settlers arrived from East Africa and established kingdoms along the relatively unpopulated coastlines The difference in ethnic origins remains somewhat evident between the highland and coastal regions In addition to the ethnic distinction between highland and coastal Malagasy one may speak of a political distinction as well Merina monarchs in the late th and early th century united the Merina principalities and brought the neighboring Betsileo people under their administration first They later extended Merina control over the majority of the coastal areas as well The military resistance and eventual defeat of most of the coastal communities assured their subordinate position vis à vis the Merina Betsileo alliance During the th and th centuries the French colonial administration capitalized on and further exacerbated these political inequities by appropriating existing Merina governmental infrastructure to run their colony This legacy of political inequity dogged the people of Madagascar after gaining independence in candidates ethnic and regional identities have often served to help or hinder their success in democratic elections Within these two broad ethnic and political groupings the Malagasy were historically subdivided into specifically named ethnic groups who were primarily distinguished from one another on the basis of cultural practices These were namely agricultural hunting or fishing practices construction style of dwellings music hair and clothing styles and local customs or taboos the latter known in the Malagasy language as fady citation needed The number of such ethnic groups in Madagascar has been debated The practices that distinguished many of these groups are less prevalent in the st century than they were in the past But many Malagasy are proud to proclaim their association with one or several of these groups as part of their own cultural identity "Highlander" ethnic groups Merina Sihanaka Betsileo Zafimaniry Coastal ethnic groups Antaifasy or Antefasy Antaimoro or Temoro or Antemoro Antaisaka or Antesaka Antambahoaka Antandroy or Tandroy Antankarana Antanosy or Tanosy Academia edit Afifi al Akiti Khasnor Johan historian Khoo Kay Kim Jomo Kwame Sundaram Danny Quah Harith Ahmad Architects edit Main article List of Malaysian architects Artists edit Main article List of Malaysian artists Business edit Tan Sri Syed Mokhtar Al Bukhary born Tan Sri Dato Loh Boon Siew – Tan Sri Jeffrey Cheah Tan Sri William Cheng Dato Choong Chin Liang born Tan Sri Dato Tony Fernandes born Lim Goh Tong – Tan Sri Tiong Hiew King Tan Sri Teh Hong Piow born Chung Keng Quee – Tan Sri Ananda Krishnan born Robert Kuok born Tan Sri Quek Leng Chan born Shoba Purushothaman Shah Hakim Zain Halim Saad Tan Sri Mohd Saleh Sulong Tan Sri Vincent Tan born Lillian Too born Tan Sri Dr Francis Yeoh Tun Daim Zainuddin born Tan Sri Kong Hon Kong Designers edit Bernard Chandran fashion designer Jimmy Choo born shoe designer Poesy Liang born artist writer philanthropist jewellery designer industrial designer interior architect music composer Inventors edit Yi Ren Ng inventor of the Lytro Entertainers edit Yasmin Ahmad – film director Stacy Angie Francissca Peter born Jamal Abdillah born Sudirman Arshad – Loganathan Arumugam died Datuk David Arumugam Alleycats Awal Ashaari Alvin Anthons born Asmawi bin Ani born Ahmad Azhar born Ning Baizura born Kasma Booty died Marion Caunter host of One In A Million and the TV Quickie Ella born Erra Fazira born Sean Ghazi born Fauziah Latiff born Angelica Lee born Daniel Lee Chee Hun born Fish Leong born Sheila Majid born Amy Mastura born Mohamad Nasir Mohamad born Shathiyah Kristian born Meor Aziddin Yusof born Ah Niu born Dayang Nurfaizah born Shanon Shah born Siti Nurhaliza born Misha Omar born Hani Mohsin – Aziz M Osman born Azmyl Yunor born P Ramlee born Aziz Sattar born Fasha Sandha born Ku Nazhatul Shima Ku Kamarazzaman born Nicholas Teo born Pete Teo Penny Tai born Hannah Tan born Jaclyn Victor born Chef Wan Adira Suhaimi Michael Wong born Victor Wong born Dato Michelle Yeoh Hollywood actress born James Wan director of Hollywood films like several Saw films Insidious The Conjuring Fast and Furious born Ziana Zain born Zee Avi Shila Amzah Yunalis Zarai Zamil Idris born Military edit Leftenan Adnan – Warrior from mainland Malaya Antanum Warrior from Sabah Borneo Rentap Warrior from Sarawak Syarif Masahor Warrior from Sarawak Monsopiad Warrior from Sabah Borneo Haji Abdul Rahman Limbong Warrior from Telemong Terengganu Mat Salleh Warrior from Sabah Borneo Rosli Dhobi Warrior from Sarawak Politicians edit Parameswara founder of Sultanate of Malacca Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al Haj st Prime Minister of independent Malaya Tun Abdul Razak nd Prime Minister V T Sambanthan Founding Fathers of Malaysia along with Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tan Cheng Lock Tun Dato Sir Tan Cheng Lock Founder of MCA Tun Hussein Onn rd Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad th Prime Minister Father of Modernisation Abdullah Ahmad Badawi th Prime Minister since Najib Tun Razak Current Prime Minister since Dato Seri Ong Ka Ting Dato Seri Anwar Ibrahim Dato Wan Hisham Wan Salleh Nik Aziz Nik Mat Raja Nong Chik Zainal Abidin Federal Territory and Urban Wellbeing Minister Wan Azizah Wan Ismail Karpal Singh Lim Kit Siang Lim Guan Eng Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah Religious edit Antony Selvanayagam Roman Catholic Bishop of the Diocese of Penang Anthony Soter Fernandez Archbishop Emeritus of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kuala Lumpur and Bishop Emeritus of the Diocese of Penang Gregory Yong – Second Roman Catholic Archbishop of Singapore Tan Sri Datuk Murphy Nicholas Xavier Pakiam Metropolitan archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kuala Lumpur president of the Catholic Bishops Conference of Malaysia Singapore and Brunei and publisher of the Catholic weekly newspaper The Herald Datuk Ng Moon Hing the fourth and current Anglican Bishop of West Malaysia Sportspeople edit Squash edit Datuk Nicol Ann David Ong Beng Hee Azlan Iskandar Low Wee Wern Badminton edit Chan Chong Ming men s doubles Dato Lee Chong Wei Chew Choon Eng men s doubles Wong Choong Hann Chin Eei Hui women s doubles Hafiz Hashim Roslin Hashim Wong Pei Tty women s doubles Choong Tan Fook men s doubles Lee Wan Wah men s doubles Koo Kien Keat men s doubles Tan Boon Heong men s doubles Retired edit Tan Aik Huang Eddy Choong Punch Gunalan Yap Kim Hock Foo Kok Keong Jalani Sidek Misbun Sidek Rashid Sidek Razif Sidek Cheah Soon Kit Lee Wan Wah Football soccer edit Brendan Gan Sydney FC Shaun Maloney Wigan Athletic Akmal Rizal Perak FA Kedah FA RC Strasbourg FCSR Haguenau Norshahrul Idlan Talaha Kelantan FA Khairul Fahmi Che Mat Kelantan FA Mohd Safiq Rahim Selangor FA Mohd Fadzli Saari Selangor FA PBDKT T Team FC SV Wehen Rudie Ramli Selangor FA PKNS F C SV Wehen Mohd Safee Mohd Sali Selangor FA Pelita Jaya Baddrol Bakhtiar Kedah FA Mohd Khyril Muhymeen Zambri Kedah FA Mohd Azmi Muslim Kedah FA Mohd Fadhli Mohd Shas Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce Mohd Irfan Fazail Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce Wan Zack Haikal Wan Noor Harimau Muda A FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce F C Ryukyu Nazirul Naim Che Hashim Harimau Muda A F C Ryukyu Khairul Izuan Abdullah Sarawak FA Persibo Bojonegoro PDRM FA Stanley Bernard Stephen Samuel Sabah FA Sporting Clube de Goa Nazmi Faiz Harimau Muda A SC Beira Mar Ahmad Fakri Saarani Perlis FA Atlético S C Chun Keng Hong Penang FA Chanthaburi F C Retired edit Serbegeth Singh owner founder of MyTeam Blackburn Rovers F C Global dvisor Mokhtar Dahari former Selangor FA and Malaysian player Lim Teong Kim former Hertha BSC player