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Movie Title Year Distributor Notes Rev Formats Best of Transsexual Prostitutes 2 2006 Devil's Film DRO Dirty Shemale Sluts 7 2008 Devil's Film DO Oops...She's Got Balls 2008 Triple Threat O Planet Giselle 3 2004 Spring Break MastOnly 1 DR She Male Strokers 19 2006 Exquisite MastOnly DRO She Male Strokers 4 2003 Exquisite MastOnly DRO She's Got A Dick 3 2006 Deviant Mindz Productions DO T Girl Fantasies 3 2002 Don Goo 1 DRO Tight Tranny Ass 5 2003 Devil's Film DR Trans X 4 2003 Sineplex Facial Bottom DO Transsexual Prostitutes 20 2002 Devil's Film Facial Bottom In computer science, artificial intelligence (AI), sometimes called machine intelligence, is intelligence demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence displayed by humans and animals. Leading AI textbooks define the field as the study of "intelligent agents": any device that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of successfully achieving its goals.[1] Colloquially, the term "artificial intelligence" is often used to describe machines (or computers) that mimic "cognitive" functions that humans associate with the human mind, such as "learning" and "problem solving".[2]
As machines become increasingly capable, tasks considered to require "intelligence" are often removed from the definition of AI, a phenomenon known as the AI effect.[3] A quip in Tesler's Theorem says "AI is whatever hasn't been done yet."[4] For instance, optical character recognition is frequently excluded from things considered to be AI,[5] having become a routine technology.[6] Modern machine capabilities generally classified as AI include successfully understanding human speech,[7] competing at the highest level in strategic game systems (such as chess and Go),[8] autonomously operating cars, intelligent routing in content delivery networks, and military simulations[9]. Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1955, and in the years since has experienced several waves of optimism,[10][11] followed by disappointment and the loss of funding (known as an "AI winter"),[12][13] followed by new approaches, success and renewed funding.[11][14] For most of its history, AI research has been divided into sub-fields that often fail to communicate with each other.[15] These sub-fields are based on technical considerations, such as particular goals (e.g. "robotics" or "machine learning"),[16] the use of particular tools ("logic" or artificial neural networks), or deep philosophical differences.[17][18][19] Sub-fields have also been based on social factors (particular institutions or the work of particular researchers).[15]

The traditional problems (or goals) of AI research include reasoning, knowledge representation, planning, learning, natural language processing, perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects.[16] General intelligence is among the field's long-term goals.[20] Approaches include statistical methods, computational intelligence, and traditional symbolic AI. Many tools are used in AI, including versions of search and mathematical optimization, artificial neural networks, and methods based on statistics, probability and economics. The AI field draws upon computer science, information engineering, mathematics, psychology, linguistics, philosophy, and many other fields. The field was founded on the assumption that human intelligence "can be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it".[21] This raises philosophical arguments about the nature of the mind and the ethics of creating artificial beings endowed with human-like intelligence. These issues have been explored by myth, fiction and philosophy since antiquity.[22] Some people also consider AI to be a danger to humanity if it progresses unabated.[23][24] Others believe that AI, unlike previous technological revolutions, will create a risk of mass unemployment.[25] In the twenty-first century, AI techniques have experienced a resurgence following concurrent advances in computer power, large amounts of data, and theoretical understanding; and AI techniques have become an essential part of the technology industry, helping to solve many challenging problems in computer science, software engineering and operations research.[26][14] Contents 1 History 2 Definitions 3 Basics 4 Challenges 4.1 Reasoning, problem solving 4.2 Knowledge representation 4.3 Planning 4.4 Learning 4.5 Natural language processing 4.6 Perception 4.7 Motion and manipulation 4.8 Social intelligence 4.9 General intelligence 5 Approaches 5.1 Cybernetics and brain simulation 5.2 Symbolic 5.3 Sub-symbolic 5.4 Statistical learning 5.5 Integrating the approaches 6 Tools 6.1 Search and optimization 6.2 Logic 6.3 Probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning 6.4 Classifiers and statistical learning methods 6.5 Artificial neural networks 6.6 Evaluating progress 7 Applications 7.1 Healthcare 7.2 Automotive 7.3 Finance and economics 7.4 Cybersecurity 7.5 Government 7.6 Law-related professions 7.7 Video games 7.8 Military 7.9 Hospitality 7.10 Audit 7.11 Advertising 7.12 Art 8 Philosophy and ethics 8.1 The limits of artificial general intelligence 8.2 Potential harm 8.3 Ethical machines 8.4 Machine consciousness, sentience and mind 8.5 Superintelligence 9 Economics 10 Regulation 11 In fiction 12 See also 13 Explanatory notes 14 References 14.1 AI textbooks 14.2 History of AI 14.3 Other sources 15 Further reading 16 External links History Main articles: History of artificial intelligence and Timeline of artificial intelligence Silver didrachma from Crete depicting Talos, an ancient mythical automaton with artificial intelligence Thought-capable artificial beings appeared as storytelling devices in antiquity,[27] and have been common in fiction, as in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein or Karel Capek's R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots).[28] These characters and their fates raised many of the same issues now discussed in the ethics of artificial intelligence.[22] The study of mechanical or "formal" reasoning began with philosophers and mathematicians in antiquity. The study of mathematical logic led directly to Alan Turing's theory of computation, which suggested that a machine, by shuffling symbols as simple as "0" and "1", could simulate any conceivable act of mathematical deduction. This insight, that digital computers can simulate any process of formal reasoning, is known as the Church–Turing thesis.[29] Along with concurrent discoveries in neurobiology, information theory and cybernetics, this led researchers to consider the possibility of building an electronic brain. Turing proposed changing the question from whether a machine was intelligent, to "whether or not it is possible for machinery to show intelligent behaviour".[30] The first work that is now generally recognized as AI was McCullouch and Pitts' 1943 formal design for Turing-complete "artificial neurons".[31] The field of AI research was born at a workshop at Dartmouth College in 1956,[32] where the term "Artificial Intelligence" was coined by John McCarthy to distinguish the field from cybernetics and escape the influence of the cyberneticist Norbert Wiener.[33] Attendees Allen Newell (CMU), Herbert Simon (CMU), John McCarthy (MIT), Marvin Minsky (MIT) and Arthur Samuel (IBM) became the founders and leaders of AI research.[34] They and their students produced programs that the press described as "astonishing":[35] computers were learning checkers strategies (c. 1954)[36] (and by 1959 were reportedly playing better than the average human),[37] solving word problems in algebra, proving logical theorems (Logic Theorist, first run c. 1956) and speaking English.[38] By the middle of the 1960s, research in the U.S. was heavily funded by the Department of Defense[39] and laboratories had been established around the world.[40] AI's founders were optimistic about the future: Herbert Simon predicted, "machines will be capable, within twenty years, of doing any work a man can do". Marvin Minsky agreed, writing, "within a generation ... the problem of creating 'artificial intelligence' will substantially be solved".[10] They failed to recognize the difficulty

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