Chelsea Blake : This Is An Un Official Fan Site Tribute
Francis Lake
Porn Queen Actress Superstar


Chelsea Blake

PERFORMER AKA Francis Lake BIRTHDAY February 16, 1954 (66 years old) ASTROLOGY Aquarius BIRTHPLACE No data YEARS ACTIVE 1983-1993 (Started around 29 years old)
Movie Title Year Distributor Notes Rev Formats American Babylon 1986 VCA O American Babylon (new) 1990 Beate Uhse Bunnie's Office Fantasies 1984 VCA 1 BurleXXX 1984 VCA Facial Can't Get Enough 1985 Caballero Home Video Squirt DRO Christine's Secret 1984 Femme Productions 1 DRO Climax 1985 Caballero Home Video DRO Cravings 1985 VCA NonSex 1 DRO Delusions of Grandeur 1985 Dreamworld Dick of Death 1985 Visual Entertainment BJOnly DO First Time at Cherry High 1984 VCA Great Sexpectations 1984 VCA Anal 2 DRO Head Phones 1986 Unknown Inside Everybody 1984 AVC Facial O Jailhouse Girls 1984 VCA LezOnly 2 O Kristara Barrington Collection 2005 Alpha Blue Archives LezOnly DRO Lady Lust 1983 Caballero Home Video NonSex DO Maid in Manhattan 1984 VCA Pastries 1985 Unknown DRO Pleasure Island 1984 AFV LezOnly DRO



Public Affairs 1983 Caballero Home Video 1 DRO Pussycat Galore 1984 Arrow Productions BJOnly Facial O Raw Talent 1 1984 VCA LezOnly DRO Return to Alpha Blue 1984 AVC Facial 1 Revelation 1991 Unknown Revelations 1993 Femme Productions NonSex 2 DRO Shauna: Every Man's Fantasy 1985 Caballero Home Video LezOnly DO Succulent 1984 Video-X-Pix DRO Supergirls Do General Hospital 1984 VCA 1 O Taste of Pink 1985 Video-X-Pix LezOnly 2 DRO Tight Delight 1985 Video-X-Pix LezOnly 1 DO Turn on with Kelly Nichols 1984 Caballero Home Video 1 Urban Heat 1984 Femme Productions 1 DRO Revelations (Video) Wife (scenes deleted) 1986Christine's Secret Marilyn 1985American Babylon (Sexo de fuego) (Video) Mary 1985Can't Get Enough Wendy Arland 1985Climax! 1985Cravings Madame Helene 1985D.O.D.: Dick of Death (Video) The Cuntessa 1985Delusions of Grandeur 1985Pleasure Island (Video) Margaret West 1985Shauna: Every Man's Fantasy Retired Adult Film Actress 1984A Tight Delight 1984Burlexxx The Usherette 1984First Time at Cherry High Miss Pepper 1984Gatita caliente 1984Great Sexpectations Mrs. Exeter 1984Inside Everybody (Video) 1984Office Fantasies (uncredited) 1984Perversidad en la cárcel Margaret 1984Raw Talent Marie 1984Return to Alpha Blue (Video) Delphine 1984Turn on with Kelly Nichols 1984Urban Heat 1984Vanessa al servicio de la casa Billie 1984Las camas del hospital Mistress Em 1984Lady Lust Girl #1 (uncredited) 1983Succulent 1983Public Affairs Pricilla Hasselhof Wall Street is an eight-block-long street in the Financial District of New York City. It runs crosstown between Broadway on the west to South Street, at the East River, on the east.[1] The term has become a metonym for the financial markets of the United States as a whole, the American financial services industry, or New York–based financial interests.[2] New York City has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world.[3][4][5][6][7] It is home to the world's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization, the New York Stock Exchange, located on Wall Street, and NASDAQ.[8][9] Several other major exchanges have or had headquarters in the Wall Street area, including the New York Mercantile Exchange, the New York Board of Trade, and the former American Stock Exchange. Contents 1 History 1.1 Early years 1.2 19th century 1.3 20th century 1.3.1 Early 20th century 1.3.2 Regulation 1.4 21st century 2 Architecture 3 Importance 3.1 As an economic engine 3.1.1 In the New York economy 3.1.2 Versus Midtown Manhattan 3.1.3 In the New Jersey economy 3.1.4 Competing financial centers 3.2 In the public imagination 3.2.1 As a financial symbol 3.2.2 In popular culture 3.2.3 Personalities associated with the street 4 Notable buildings 5 Transportation 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Notes 7.2 Other sources 8 External links History Early years The original city map called the Castello Plan from 1660, showing the wall on the right side There are varying accounts about how the Dutch-named "de Waalstraat"[10](literally: Walloon Street) got its name. Two conflicting explanations are to be considered. The first being that Wall Street was named after Walloons—the Dutch name for a Walloon is Waal.[11] Among the first settlers that embarked on the ship "Nieu Nederlandt" in 1624 were 30 Walloon families. Peter Minuit, the person who bought Manhattan for the Dutch, was a Walloon. The other is that the name of the street was derived from a wall (actually a wooden palisade) on the northern boundary of the New Amsterdam settlement, built to protect against Native Americans, pirates, and the British. While the Dutch word "wal" can be translated as "rampart", it only appeared as "De Wal Straat" on some English maps of New Amsterdam, whereas other English maps show the name as "De Waal Straat".[10] According to one version of the story: The red people from Manhattan Island crossed to the mainland, where a treaty was made with the Dutch, and the place was therefore called the Pipe of Peace, in their language, Hoboken. But soon after that, the Dutch governor, Kieft, sent his men out there one night and massacred the entire population. Few of them escaped, but they spread the story of what had been done, and this did much to antagonize all the remaining tribes against all the white settlers. Shortly after, Nieuw Amsterdam erected a double palisade for defense against its now enraged red neighbors, and this remained for some time the northern limit of the Dutch city. The space between the former walls is now called Wall Street, and its spirit is still that of a bulwark against the people.[12] Depiction of the wall of New Amsterdam on a tile in the Wall Street subway station, serving the 4 and ?5 trains In the 1640s, basic picket and plank fences denoted plots and residences in the colony.[13] Later, on behalf of the Dutch West India Company, Peter Stuyvesant, using both enslaved Africans[14] and white colonists, collaborated with the city government in the construction of a more substantial fortification, a strengthened 12-foot (4 m) wall.[15] In 1685, surveyors laid out Wall Street along the lines of the original stockade.[16] The wall started at Pearl Street, which was the shoreline at that time, crossing the Indian path Broadway and ending at the other shoreline (today's Trinity Place), where it took a turn south and ran along the shore until it ended at the old fort. In these early days, local merchants and traders would gather at disparate spots to buy and sell shares and bonds, and over time divided themselves into two classes—auctioneers and dealers.[17] Wall Street was also the marketplace where owners could hire out their slaves by the day or week.[18] The rampart was removed in 1699[11] and a new City Hall built at Wall and Nassau in 1700. New York City slave market about 1730 Slavery was introduced to Manhattan in 1626, but it was not until December 13, 1711, that the New York City Common Council made Wall Street the city's first official slave market for the sale and rental of enslaved Africans and Indians.[19][20] The slave market operated from 1711 to 1762 at the corner of Wall and Pearl Streets. It was a wooden structure with a roof and open sides, although walls may have been added over the years and could hold approximately 50 men. The city directly benefited from the sale of slaves by implementing taxes on every person who was bought and sold there.[21] In the late 18th century, there was a buttonwood tree at the foot of Wall Street under which traders and speculators would gather to trade securities.[22] The benefit was being in proximity to each other.[22] In 1792, traders formalized their association with the Buttonwood Agreement which was the origin of the New York Stock Exchange.[23] The idea of the agreement was to make the market more "structured" and "without the manipulative auctions", with a commission structure.[17] Persons signing the agreement agreed to charge each other a standard commission rate; persons not signing could still participate but would be charged a higher commission for dealing.[17] Conjectural view of Wall Street, showing the original Federal Hall, as it probably looked at the time of George Washington's inauguration, 1789 In 1789, Wall Street was the scene of the United States' first presidential inauguration when George Washington took the oath of office on the balcony of Federal Hall on April 30, 1789. This was also the location of the passing of the Bill Of Rights. Alexander Hamilton, who was the first Treasury secretary and "architect of the early United States financial system", is buried in the cemetery of Trinity Church, as is Robert Fulton famed for his steamboats.[24][25] 19th century View of Wall Street from corner of Broad Street, 1867. On the left is the sub-Treasury building, now the Federal Hall National Memorial. In the first few decades, both residences and businesses occupied the area, but increasingly business predominated. "There are old stories of people's houses being surrounded by the clamor of business and trade and the owners complaining that they can't get anything done," according to a historian named Burrows.[26] The opening of the Erie Canal in the early 19th century meant a huge boom in business for New York City, since it was the only major eastern seaport which had direct access by inland waterways to ports on the Great Lakes. Wall Street became the "money capital of America".[22] Historian Charles R. Geisst suggested that there has constantly been a "tug-of-war" between business interests on Wall Street and authorities in Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States by then.[17] Generally during the 19th century Wall Street developed its own "unique personality and institutions" with little outside interference.[17] In the 1840s and 1850s, most residents moved further uptown to Midtown Manhattan because of the increased business use at the lower tip of the island.[26] The Civil War had the effect of causing the northern economy to boom, bringing greater prosperity to cities like New York which "came into its own as the nation's banking center" connecting "Old World capital and New World ambition", according to one account.[24] J. P. Morgan created giant trusts; John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil moved to New York.[24] Between 1860 and 1920, the economy changed from "agricultural to industrial to financial" and New York maintained its leadership position despite these changes, according to historian Thomas Kessner.[24] New York was second only to London as the world's financial capital.[24] In 1884, Charles Dow began tracking stocks, initially beginning with 11 stocks, mostly railroads, and looked at average prices for these eleven.[27] When the average "peaks and troughs" went up consistently, he deemed it a bull market condition; if averages dropped, it was a bear market. He added up prices, and divided by the number of stocks to get his Dow Jones average. Dow's numbers were a "convenient benchmark" for analyzing the market and became an accepted way to look at the entire stock market. In 1889 the original stock report, Customers' Afternoon Letter, became The Wall Street Journal. Named in reference to the actual street, it became an influential international daily business newspaper published in New York City.[28] After October 7, 1896, it began publishing Dow's expanded list of stocks.[27] A century later, there were 30 stocks in the average. 20th century Early 20th century Wall Street bombing, 1920. Federal Hall National Memorial is at the right. Wall Street c. 1870-87 Business writer John Brooks in his book Once in Golconda considered the start of the 20th century period to have been Wall Street's heyday.[24] The address of 23 Wall Street, the headquarters of J. P. Morgan & Company, known as The Corner, was "the precise center, geographical as well as metaphorical, of financial America and even of the financial world".[24] Wall Street has had changing relationships with government authorities. In 1913, for example, when authorities proposed a $4 stock transfer tax, stock clerks protested.[29] At other times, city and state officials have taken steps through tax incentives to encourage financial firms to continue to do business in the city. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the corporate culture of New York was a primary center for the construction of skyscrapers, and was rivaled only by Chicago on the American continent. There were also residential sections, such as the Bowling Green section between Broadway and the Hudson River, and between Vesey Street and the Battery. The Bowling Green area was described as "Wall Street's back yard" with poor people, high infant mortality rates, and the "worst housing conditions in the city".[30] As a result of the construction, looking at New York City from the east, one can see two distinct clumps of tall buildings—the financial district on the left, and the taller midtown district on the right. The geology of Manhattan is well-suited for tall buildings, with a solid mass of bedrock underneath Manhattan providing a firm foundation for tall buildings. Skyscrapers are expensive to build, but when there is a "short supply of land" in a "desirable location", then building upwards makes sound financial sense.[31] A post office was built at 60 Wall Street in 1905.[32] During the World War I years, occasionally there were fund-raising efforts for projects such as the National Guard.[33] On September 16, 1920, close to the corner of Wall and Broad Street, the busiest corner of the financial district and across the offices of the Morgan Bank, a powerful bomb exploded. It killed 38 and seriously injured 143 people.[34] The perpetrators were never identified or apprehended. The explosion did, however, help fuel the Red Scare that was underway at the time. A report from The New York Times: The tomb-like silence that settles over Wall Street and lower Broadway with the coming of night and the suspension of business was entirely changed last night as hundreds of men worked under the glare of searchlights to repair the damage to skyscrapers that were lighted up from top to bottom. ... The Assay Office, nearest the point of explosion, naturally suffered the most. The front was pierced in fifty places where the cast iron slugs, which were of the material used for window weights, were thrown against it. Each slug penetrated the stone an inch or two and chipped off pieces ranging from three inches to a foot in diameter. The ornamental iron grill work protecting each window was broken or shattered. ... the Assay Office was a wreck. ... It was as though some gigantic force had overturned the building and then placed it upright again, leaving the framework uninjured but scrambling everything inside. —?1920[35] The area was subjected to numerous threats; one bomb threat in 1921 led to detectives sealing off the area to "prevent a repetition of the Wall Street bomb explosion".[36] Regulation A crowd at Wall and Broad streets after the 1929 crash. The New York Stock Exchange is on the right. The majority of people are congregating in Wall Street on the left between the "House of Morgan" (23 Wall Street) and Federal Hall National Memorial (26 Wall Street). September 1929 was the peak of the stock market.[37] October 3, 1929 was when the market started to slip, and it continued throughout the week of October 14.[37] In October 1929, renowned Yale economist Irving Fisher reassured worried investors that their "money was safe" on Wall Street.[38] A few days later, on October 24,[37] stock values plummeted. The stock market crash of 1929 ushered in the Great Depression, in which a quarter of working people were unemployed, with soup kitchens, mass foreclosures of farms, and falling prices.[38] During this era, development of the financial district stagnated, and Wall Street "paid a heavy price" and "became something of a backwater in American life".[38] During the New Deal years, as well as the 1940s, there was much less focus on Wall Street and finance. The government clamped down on the practice of buying equities based only on credit, but these policies began to ease. From 1946 to 1947, stocks could not be purchased "on margin", meaning that an investor had to pay 100% of a stock's cost without taking on any loans.[39] However, this margin requirement was reduced four times before 1960, each time stimulating a mini-rally and boosting volume, and when the Federal Reserve reduced the margin requirements from 90% to 70%.[39] These changes made it somewhat easier for investors to buy stocks on credit.[39] The growing national economy and prosperity led to a recovery during the 1960s, with some down years during the early 1970s in the aftermath of the Vietnam War. Trading volumes climbed; in 1967, according to Time Magazine, volume hit 7.5 million shares a day which caused a "traffic jam" of paper with "batteries of clerks" working overtime to "clear transactions and update customer accounts".[40] In 1973, the financial community posted a collective loss of $245 million, which spurred temporary help from the government.[41] Reforms were instituted; the SEC eliminated fixed commissions, which forced "brokers to compete freely with one another for investors' business".[41] In 1975, the Securities & Exchange Commission threw out the NYSE's "Rule 394" which had required that "most stock transactions take place on the Big Board's floor", in effect freeing up trading for electronic methods.[42] In 1976, banks were allowed to buy and sell stocks, which provided more competition for stockbrokers.[42] Reforms had the effect of lowering prices overall, making it easier for more people to participate in the stock market.[42] Broker commissions for each stock sale lessened, but volume increased.[41] The Reagan years were marked by a renewed push for capitalism and business, with national efforts to de-regulate industries such as telecommunications and aviation. The economy resumed upward growth after a period in the early 1980s of languishing. A report in The New York Times described that the flushness of money and growth during these years had spawned a drug culture of sorts, with a rampant acceptance of cocaine use although the overall percent of actual users was most likely small. A reporter wrote: The Wall Street drug dealer looked like many other successful young female executives. Stylishly dressed and wearing designer sunglasses, she sat in her 1983 Chevrolet Camaro in a no-parking zone across the street from the Marine Midland Bank branch on lower Broadway. The customer in the passenger seat looked like a successful young businessman. But as the dealer slipped him a heat-sealed plastic envelope of cocaine and he passed her cash, the transaction was being watched through the sunroof of her car by Federal drug agents in a nearby building. And the customer — an undercover agent himself -was learning the ways, the wiles and the conventions of Wall Street's drug subculture. —?Peter Kerr in The New York Times, 1987.[43] 1 Wall Street, at Wall Street and Broadway In 1987, the stock market plunged[22] and, in the relatively brief recession following, lower Manhattan lost 100,000 jobs according to one estimate.[44] Since telecommunications costs were coming down, banks and brokerage firms could move away from Wall Street to more affordable locations.[44] The recession of 1990–91 was marked by office vacancy rates downtown which were "persistently high" and with some buildings "standing empty".[26] The day of the stock market drop, October 20, was marked by "stony-faced traders whose sense of humor had abandoned them and in the exhaustion of stock exchange employees struggling to maintain orderly trading".[45] Coincidentally, it was the same year that Oliver Stone's movie Wall Street appeared. In 1995, city authorities offered the Lower Manhattan Revitalization Plan which offered incentives to convert commercial properties to residential use.[26] Construction of the World Trade Center began in 1966, but had trouble attracting tenants when completed. Nonetheless, some substantial firms purchased space there. Its impressive height helped make it a visual landmark for drivers and pedestrians. In some respects, the nexus of the financial district moved from the street of Wall Street to the Trade Center complex. Real estate growth during the latter part of the 1990s was significant, with deals and new projects happening in the financial district and elsewhere in Manhattan; one firm invested more than $24 billion in various projects, many in the Wall Street area.[46] In 1998, the NYSE and the city struck a $900 million deal which kept the NYSE from moving across the river to Jersey City; the deal was described as the "largest in city history to prevent a corporation from leaving town".[47] A competitor to the NYSE, NASDAQ, moved its headquarters from Washington to New York


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