Laura Leslie Un Official Fan Site Tribute

Laura Leslie : This Is An Un Official Fan Site Tribute
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Movie Title Year Distributor Notes Rev Formats Beyond Your Wildest Dreams 1981 Video Home Library Anal Facial DRO Blond at Both Ends 1981 TGA Video O Limited Edition Film 125 1981 AVC Limited Edition Film 132 1981 AVC Limited Edition Film 179 1982 AVC Anal Phaedra Grant's Fantasies 1982 VCR The American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), also known as the American War of Independence, was fought primarily between the Kingdom of Great Britain and its Thirteen Colonies in America, resulting in the overthrow of British rule in the colonies and the establishment of the United States of America.
After 1765, growing political differences concerning mounting taxes without colonial representation in Parliament strained the relationship between Great Britain and its American colonies and fueled the resentment that led to the American Revolution. Patriot protests against taxation without representation followed the Stamp Act and escalated into boycotts, which culminated in 1773 with the Sons of Liberty destroying a shipment of tea in Boston Harbor. Britain responded by closing the harbor and passing a series of punitive measures against Massachusetts Bay Colony. Massachusetts colonists responded with the Suffolk Resolves, and they established a shadow government which wrested control of the countryside from the Crown. Twelve colonies formed a Continental Congress[p] to coordinate their resistance, establishing committees and conventions that effectively seized power.

British attempts to disarm the Massachusetts militia in Concord led to open combat and a British defeat on April 19, 1775. Militia forces then besieged Boston, forcing a British evacuation in March 1776, and Congress unanimously appointed George Washington to command the Continental Army. Concurrently, the Americans failed decisively in an attempt to invade Quebec and raise insurrection against the British. On July 2, 1776, the Second Continental Congress voted for independence, issuing its declaration on July 4. Sir William Howe launched a British counter-offensive, capturing New York City and leaving American morale at a low ebb. However, victories at Trenton and Princeton restored American confidence. In 1777, the British launched an invasion from Quebec under John Burgoyne, intending to isolate the New England Colonies. Instead of assisting this effort, Howe took his army on a separate campaign against Philadelphia, and Burgoyne was decisively defeated at Saratoga in October 1777. Burgoyne's defeat had dramatic consequences. France formally allied with the Americans and entered the war in 1778, and Spain joined the war the following year as an ally of France; by the end of September 1779, Spanish troops had cleared all British forts and settlers located in the entire region along the Mississippi. The British mounted a "Southern strategy" led by Charles Cornwallis which hinged upon a Loyalist uprising, but too few came forward. Cornwallis suffered reversals at King's Mountain and Cowpens. He retreated to Yorktown, Virginia, intending an evacuation, but a decisive French naval victory deprived him of an escape. A Franco-American army led by Washington and Comte de Rochambeau then besieged Cornwallis's army, and he surrendered in October 1781. Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tories in Parliament, and the surrender gave them the upper hand. In early 1782, Parliament voted to end all offensive operations in America (although Britain continued to war against France and Spain in Europe, the Caribbean, and India). On September 3, 1783, the belligerent parties signed the Treaty of Paris in which Great Britain agreed to recognize the sovereignty of the United States and formally end the war. Contents 1 Background 1.1 Taxation and legislation controversy 1.2 Colonial response 2 Course of the war 2.1 War breaks out (1775–1776) 2.2 Political reactions 2.3 British counter-offensive (1776–1777) 2.4 British northern strategy fails (1777–1778) 2.5 Foreign intervention 2.6 Stalemate in the North (1778–1780) 2.7 War in the South (1778–1781) 2.8 International war breaks out (1778–1783) 2.9 British defeat in America (1781) 2.10 North Ministry collapses 3 Analysis of combatants 3.1 United States 3.1.1 George Washington's roles 3.1.2 Intelligence and espionage 3.1.3 Soldiers and sailors 3.2 African Americans 3.3 American Indians 3.4 Women 3.5 Great Britain 3.5.1 Armed forces 3.5.1.1 Recruitment 3.5.1.2 Leadership 3.5.1.3 Logistics 3.5.1.4 Discipline 3.5.2 Strategic deficiencies 3.5.2.1 William Howe 3.5.2.2 Clinton and Cornwallis 3.5.3 Campaign issues 4 Aftermath 4.1 Preliminary negotiations 4.2 Treaty of Paris 4.3 Casualties and losses 4.4 Financial debts 5 See also 6 Notes Following Cromwell’s Interregnum in England after 1649, then during the Stuart Kings after 1660, early British North American imperial policy was one of benign neglect, which unlike the Spanish, allowed native-born gentry to become Royal Council members in each colonial legislature.[q] Following the accession of George III to the throne of Great Britain, at the end of the Seven Years’ War Parliament increased revenues through the Navigation Acts to fund the war debt and to pay for administrative costs in the expanded British Empire brought by the Peace of Paris (1763). American colonists resented the additional levies from Parliament because their local colonial assemblies had taxed them to contribute to the North American part of the British war, and their county militias had fought against the French and their Indian allies on the frontier.[35] Parliament passed the Stamp Act in 1765. It began a new direct internal tax without consent of the local colonial assemblies. American colonial legislatures argued that they had exclusive right to impose taxes within their own jurisdictions.[36] Colonists condemned the tax because their rights as Englishmen protected them from any tax from a Parliament in which they had no elected representatives.[37] Parliament argued that the colonies were "virtually represented", an argument that was criticized throughout the British Empire.[38] Parliament repealed the act in 1766, but it also affirmed its right to pass laws that were binding on the colonies.[39] From 1767, Parliament began passing Townshend Acts to raise revenue for new royal officials to enforce a merchantile policy. It enacted new taxes on tea, lead, glass, and paper.[40][41] Two ships in a harbor, one in the distance. On board, men stripped to the waist and wearing feathers in their hair throw crates of tea overboard. A large crowd, mostly men, stands on the dock, waving hats and cheering. A few people wave their hats from windows in a nearby building. Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor, Currier 1846[42] Collecting revenues proved difficult, even with new writs of assistance giving the Crown’s enforcement officers the power to make unlimited searches without a warrant of suspects until the reign of the next king began. The British seized the sloop Liberty in 1768 on suspicions of smuggling, and it triggered a riot. British troops occupied Boston to restore order. Seven years after the 1763 Peace, four consecutive Whig governments had overseen continuously declining relations in the American colonies. In 1790, the Tory Lord North gained office, and he would be Prime Minister to George III through to the end of the Revolution, when the British defeat at Yorktown forced his resignation. Enacting Lord North's tougher policy in America, Parliament threatened to extradite colonists to face trial in England as traitors, and subsequently British garrison troops fired on rock-throwing civilians at the Boston Massacre.[43] In 1772, Rhode Islanders boarded and burned a customs schooner. Parliament then repealed all taxes except the one on tea, passing the Tea Act in 1773. Landing the tea for sale was resisted in all the licensed ports of Charleston, Philadelphia, New York City and Boston. But Boston was named as the culprit for the others.[44] Parliament then passed punitive legislation. It closed Boston Harbor and the Royal Governor dissolved the independent colonial legislature. Other Royal Governors followed suit.[45][46] Further measures allowed the extradition of officials for trial elsewhere in the British Empire. The Quartering Act allowed occupying British troops in private homes without the owner's permission.[47][r] The colonists referred to the measures as the "Intolerable Acts", and they argued that the constitutional rights of their English Charters and their natural rights as free men were being violated.[48] The acts were widely opposed, increasing Patriot support from among neutrals, and quieting Loyalist support.[49] Colonial response The elected members in the Royal colonial legislatures, those who represented the smaller landowners in the lower-house assemblies, responded by establishing ad hoc provincial legislatures, variously called Congresses, Conventions and Conferences. They effectively removed Crown control within their respective colonies. Twelve sent representatives to the First Continental Congress to develop a joint American response to the crisis. [s][50] It passed the a compact declaring a trade boycott against Britain.[51][52][t] The Congress also affirmed that Parliament had no authority over internal American matters, but they were willing to consent to trade regulations for the benefit of the empire,[u] and they authorized the extralegal committees and conventions of the colonial legislatures to enforce the boycott. The boycott was effective, as imports from Britain dropped by 97% in 1775 compared to 1774.[51] Course of the war War breaks out (1775–1776) Further information: Boston campaign; Invasion of Quebec (1775); Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War § Early operations, 1775–1778; and Battle of Nassau Major campaigns of the American Revolutionary War Parliament refused to yield to Congressional proposals. In 1775, it declared Massachusetts to be in a state of rebellion and enforced a blockade of the colony.[53] It then passed the Restraining Acts of 1775 aimed at limiting colonial trade to the British West Indies and the British Isles. Colonial ships were barred from the Newfoundland cod fisheries, a measure which pleased Canadiens but damaged New England's economy. These increasing tensions led to a mutual scramble for ordnance and pushed the colonies toward open war.[54] Thomas Gage was the British Commander-in-Chief and military governor of Massachusetts, and he received orders on April 14, 1775, to disarm the local militias.[55] Acting on intelligence, General Thomas Gage initiated a plan on April 18 with two objectives, sending 900 troops to capture John Hancock and Samuel Adams, considered to be the two principle provocateurs of the rebellion, who were held up in Lexington. Gage's detachment was to then proceed to Concord and destroy stores of militia ordnance. The operation was to commence before midnight while completing their objectives and retreating to Boston before multitudes of patriot militias could respond. However, the patriots also had a good intelligence network, which Paul Revere had helped organize, and learned of Gage's intentions before he departed Boston, where Revere quickly dispatched this information and alerted Captain John Parker and the patriot forces in Concord.[56][57] Fighting broke out during the Battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19, forcing the British troops to conduct a fighting withdrawal to Boston. Overnight, the local militia converged on and laid siege to Boston.[58] On May 25, 4,500 British reinforcements arrived with generals William Howe, John Burgoyne, and Henry Clinton.[59] During the Battle of Bunker Hill the British seized the Charlestown Peninsula on June 17 after a costly frontal assault that cost them the lives of many officers,[60][61] leading Howe to replace Gage.[62] Many senior officers were dismayed at the attack, which had gained them little,[63] while Gage wrote to London stressing the need for a large army to suppress the revolt.[64] Congressional leader John Adams of Massachusetts nominated Virginia delegate George Washington for commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in June 1775. He had previously commanded Virginia militia regiments under British command during the French and Indian War.[65][66] Washington proceeded to Boston to assume field command of the ongoing Siege of Boston on July

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