them Some social bookmarking services also draw inferences from the relationship of tags to create clusters of tags or bookmarks Many social bookmarking services provide web feeds for their lists of bookmarks including lists organized by tags This allows subscribers to become aware of new bookmarks as they are saved shared and tagged by other users It also helps to promote your sites by networking with other social book markers and collaborating with each other As these services have matured and grown more popular they have added extra features such as ratings and comments on bookmarks the ability to import and export bookmarks from browsers emailing of bookmarks web annotation and groups or other social network features History edit A user page on del icio us in May displaying bookmarks with tags The concept of shared online bookmarks is believed to have originated in around April with the launch of itList the features of which included public and private bookmarks Another system known as WebTagger developed by a team at the Computational Sciences Division at NASA was presented at the Sixth International WWW Conference held in Santa Clara on April – WebTagger included several advanced social bookmarking features including the ability to collaboratively share and organize bookmarks using a web based interface provide comments and organize them according to categories Within the next three years online bookmark services became competitive with venture backed companies such as Backflip Blink Clip ClickMarks HotLinks and others entering the market They provided folders for organizing bookmarks and some services automatically sorted bookmarks into folders with varying degrees of accuracy Blink included browser buttons for saving bookmarks Backflip enabled users to email their bookmarks to others and displayed "Backflip this page" buttons on partner websites Lacking viable revenue models this early generation of social bookmarking companies failed as the dot com bubble burst — Backflip closed citing "economic woes at the start of the st century" In the founder of Blink said "I don t think it was that we were too early or that we got killed when the bubble burst I believe it all came down to product design and to some very slight differences in approach " Founded in Delicious then called del icio us pioneered tagging and coined the term social bookmarking Frassle a blogging system released in November included social bookmarking elements In as Delicious began to take off similar services Furl Simpy Spurl net and unalog were released along with CiteULike and Connotea sometimes called social citation services and the related recommendation system Stumbleupon Also in the social photo sharing website Flickr was released and inspired by Delicious it soon added a tagging feature In Ma gnolia later renamed to Gnolia Blue Dot later renamed to Faves Mister Wong and Diigo entered the bookmarking field and Connectbeam included a social bookmarking and tagging service aimed at businesses and enterprises In IBM released its Lotus Connections product In Pinboard launched as a bookmarking service with paid accounts As of Furl Simpy Spurl net Gnolia Faves and Connectbeam are no longer active services

Digg was founded in with a related system for sharing and ranking social news followed by competitors Reddit in and Newsvine in As of both Digg and Reddit are ranked in the top websites in terms of web traffic by Alexa com Folksonomy edit Main article Folksonomy A simple form of shared vocabularies does emerge in social bookmarking systems folksonomy Collaborative tagging exhibits a form of complex systems or self organizing dynamics Although there is no central controlled vocabulary to constrain the actions of individual users the distributions of tags that describe different resources have been shown to converge over time to stable power law distributions Once such stable distributions form the correlations between different tags can be examined to construct simple folksonomy graphs which can be efficiently partitioned to obtain a form of community or shared vocabularies While such vocabularies suffer from some of the informality problems described below they can be seen as emerging from the decentralized actions of many users as a form of crowdsourcing From the point of view of search data there are drawbacks to such tag based systems no standard set of keywords i e a folksonomy instead of a controlled vocabulary no standard for the structure of such tags e g singular vs plural capitalization mistagging due to spelling errors tags that can have more than one meaning unclear tags due to synonym antonym confusion unorthodox and personalized tag schemata from some users and no mechanism for users to indicate hierarchical relationships between tags e g a site might be labeled as both cheese and cheddar with no mechanism that might indicate that cheddar is a refinement or sub class of cheese Uses edit For individual users social bookmarking can be useful as a way to access a consolidated set of bookmarks from various computers organize large numbers of bookmarks and share bookmarks with contacts Institutions including businesses libraries and universities have used social bookmarking as a way to increase information sharing among members Social bookmarking has been also used to improve web search Enterprise bookmarking edit Main article Enterprise bookmarking Libraries using social bookmarking edit Libraries have found social bookmarking to be useful as an easy way to provide lists of informative links to patrons The University of Pennsylvania UP was one of the first library adopters with its PennTags Social bookmarking for education edit Social bookmarking tools are an emerging educational technology that has been drawing more of educators attention over the last several years This technology offers knowledge sharing solutions and a social platform for interactions and discussions These tools enable users to collaboratively underline highlight and annotate an electronic text in addition to providing a mechanism to write additional comments on the margins of the electronic document For example Delicious could be used in a course to provide an inexpensive answer to the question of rising course materials costs RISAL Repository of Interactive Social Assets for Learning is another social bookmarking system used for supporting teaching and learning at the university level Social bookmarking tools have several purposes in an academic setting including organizing and categorizing web pages for efficient retrieval keeping tagged pages accessible from any networked computer sharing needed or desired resources with other users accessing tagged pages with RSS feeds cell phones and PDAs for increased mobility allowing librarians and instructors the capability to follow students progress and giving students another way to collaborate with each other and make collective discoveries One requirement unique to education is that resources often have one URL that describes the resource with another for the actual learning content XtLearn net allows bookmarking of both in one step the relevant URL being delivered to either tutors or learners depending on the delivery context It also demonstrates integration with traditional learning content repositories such as Jorum NLN Intute and TES Comparison with search engines edit See also Social media optimization With regard to creating a high quality search engine a social bookmarking system has several advantages over traditional automated resource location and classification software such as search engine spiders All tag based classification of Internet resources such as web sites is done by human beings who understand the content of the resource as opposed to software which algorithmically attempts to determine the meaning and quality of a resource Also people can find and bookmark web pages that have not yet been noticed or indexed by web spiders Additionally a social bookmarking system can rank a resource based on how many times it has been bookmarked by users which may be a more useful metric for end users than systems that rank resources based on the number of external links pointing to it However both types of ranking are vulnerable to fraud see Gaming the system and both need technical countermeasures to try to deal with this Abuse edit Social bookmarking is susceptible to corruption and collusion Due to its popularity some have begun to use it as a tool to use along with search engine optimization to make their website more visible The more often a web page is submitted and tagged the better chance it has of being found Spammers have started bookmarking the same web page multiple times and or tagging each page of their web site using a lot of popular tags obligating developers to constantly adjust their security system to overcome abuses Furthermore since social bookmarking generates backlinks social bookmark link generating services are used by some webmasters in an attempt to improve their websites rankings in search engine results pages citation needed See also edit AddThis Bookmark manager List of social bookmarking websites Models of collaborative tagging Semantic Web ShareThis Social bookmark link generator Social media Social networking service Social software Contents History Pledges Interface References External links History edit Pledgie was created in by Daggett and Dolley who wanted to make an open and transparent donations website Daggett claimed that he had been working in homeless shelters and realized that several nonprofits have no shortage of volunteers but a shortage of funds Their first "real" campaign was the pledge they created for the Mephisto project Mephisto is a blog publishing system created by Rick Olson and Justin Palmer that also runs under the Ruby on Rails framework and is similar to WordPress The pledge was used as a test drive for Pledgie although the Mephisto project already had a PayPal donation button They asked for the users on Mephisto s IRC channel mephisto to make donations to them via Pledgie and the goal was met overnight Mephisto was also used by Pledgie for their blog Pledges edit Pledgie has been very widely used by GitHub having around total pledges as of July and around as of June due to their proprietary Pledgie integration system used on GitHub s website The Pledgie integration system had been explained in posts on the GitHub and Pledgie blogs Pledgie has also been used by The Freesound Project and Inkscape as their main donation service Pledgie has gained popularity for pledges set up by friends or family members of victims of tragedies and over the amount of money the pledges had earned was raised for a pledge set up by a Utah based blogger to help the family of Clay Sannar who was murdered in a shooting Interface edit The Pledgie interface is simple and has some similarities to social bookmark sites such as Digg One similarity to Digg is the yellow pledge counter placed next to each cause showing how many pledges have been made which are very similar to Digg s yellow Digg counters Since citation needed Pledgie used Google AdSense for revenue but instead now takes of all donations Mount of piety Mujama al Islamiya Music for Youth Music Rising Muslim Charity Muslim Youth Helpline NNacional Monte de Piedad Nastaran Center for Cancer Prevention National Young Composers Challenge Natural Justice Nej til knive NITYA SEVA Non governmental organization NGO Non governmental organizations in Ratanakiri Province North East Rehabilitation and Development Organization OOne World Week development charity Operation Provide Comfort Charity Drive Outpost for Hope Ovarian Cancer Research Fund PPantene Beautiful Lengths Parents Against Child Sexual Exploitation Parrothead Pathways To Peace Penny for London Pestalozzi International Village PetSmart Charities Pin ups for Vets Plant with Purpose Pledgie Similar charities References External links History edit The Coventry branch of SamaritansSamaritans was founded in by Chad Varah a vicar in the Church of England Diocese of London His inspiration came from an experience he had had some years earlier as a young curate in the Diocese of Lincoln He had taken a funeral for a girl of fourteen who had killed herself because she feared she had contracted an STD In reality she was menstruating Varah placed an advertisement in a newspaper encouraging people to volunteer at his church listening to people contemplating suicide The movement grew rapidly within ten years there were branches and now there are branches across the UK and Ireland helping many deliberately organised without regard to national boundaries on the basis that a service which is not political or religious should not recognise sectarian or political divisions Samaritans offers support through over trained volunteers and is entirely dependent on voluntary support The name was not originally chosen by Chad Varah it was part of a headline to an article in the Daily Mirror newspaper on December about Varah s work In Samaritans announced that volunteer numbers had reached a thirty year low and launched a campaign to recruit more young people specifically targeted at ages – to become volunteers The campaign was fronted by Phil Selway drummer with the band Radiohead himself a Samaritans volunteer Chad Varah breaks with Samaritans edit In Varah announced that he had become disillusioned with Samaritans He said "It s no longer what I founded I founded an organisation to offer help to suicidal or equally desperate people The last elected chairman re branded the organisation It was no longer to be an emergency service it was to be emotional support" One in five calls to Samaritans are from someone with suicidal feelings Samaritans vision is that fewer people die by suicide Services edit The core of Samaritans work is a telephone helpline operating hours a day days a year Samaritans was the first hour telephone helpline to be set up in the UK In addition the organisation offers a drop in service for face to face discussion undertakes outreach at festivals and other outdoor events trains prisoners as "Listeners" to provide support within prisons and undertakes research into suicide and emotional health issues Since Samaritans has also offered confidential email support Initially operating from one branch the service is now provided by branches and co ordinated from the organisation s head office In Samaritans received over emails including many from outside the UK and aims to answer each one within hours In Ofcom introduced the first harmonised European numbers for harmonised services of social value allocating to Samaritans This number is free to call from mobiles and landlines In Samaritans received calls for help by phone email text letter minicom Typetalk face to face at a branch through their work in prisons and at local and national festivals and other events Samaritans stresses that the service it provides is not counselling and it will


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moxxie-maddron mulani-rivera mysti-may nadege-arnaud nadia-styles nadine-bronx nadine-proutnal nadine-roussial nadi-phuket nanci-suiter nancy-hoffman nancy-vee natacha-delyro natalia-wood natalli-diangelo natascha-throat natasha-skyler naudia-nyce nessa-devil nessy-grant nesty nicki-hunter nicky-reed nicole-berg nicole-bernard nicole-black nicole-grey nicole-london nicole-parks nicole-scott nicole-taylor nicolette-fauludi nicole-west nika-blond nika-mamic niki-cole nikita-love nikita-rush nikki-charm nikki-grand nikki-king nikki-knight nikki-randall nikki-rhodes nikki-santana nikki-steele nikki-wilde niko nina-cherry nina-deponca nina-hartley nina-preta oana-efria obaya-roberts olesja-derevko olga-cabaeva olga-conti olga-pechova olga-petrova olivia-alize olivia-del-rio olivia-flores olivia-la-roche olivia-outre ophelia-tozzi orchidea-keresztes orsolya-blonde paige-turner paisley-hunter pamela-bocchi pamela-jennings pamela-mann pamela-stanford pamela-stealt pandora paola-albini pascale-vital pat-manning pat-rhea patricia-dale patricia-diamond patricia-kennedy patricia-rhomberg patrizia-predan patti-cakes patti-petite paula-brasile paula-harlow paula-morton paula-price paula-winters pauline-teutscher penelope-pumpkins penelope-valentin petra-hermanova petra-lamas peyton-lafferty phaedra-grant pia-snow piper-fawn pipi-anderson porsche-lynn porsha-carrera precious-silver priscillia-lenn purple-passion queeny-love rachel-ashley rachel-love rachel-luv rachel-roxxx rachel-ryan rachel-ryder racquel-darrian rane-revere raven reagan-maddux rebecca-bardoux regan-anthony regine-bardot regula-mertens reina-leone reka-gabor renae-cruz renee-foxx renee-lovins renee-morgan renee-perez renee-summers renee-tiffany rhonda-jo-petty rikki-blake riley-ray rio-mariah rita-ricardo roberta-gemma roberta-pedon robin-byrd robin-cannes robin-everett robin-sane rochell-starr rosa-lee-kimball rosemarie roxanne-blaze roxanne-hall roxanne-rollan ruby-richards sabina-k sabre sabrina-chimaera sabrina-dawn sabrina-jade sabrina-johnson sabrina-love-cox sabrina-mastrolorenzi sabrina-rose sabrina-scott sabrina-summers sacha-davril sahara sahara-sands sai-tai-tiger samantha-fox samantha-ryan samantha-sterlyng samantha-strong samueline-de-la-rosa sandra-cardinale sandra-de-marco sandra-kalermen sandra-russo sandy-lee sandy-pinney sandy-reed sandy-samuel sandy-style sandy-summers sara-brandy-canyon sara-faye sarah-bernard sarah-cabrera sarah-hevyn sarah-mills sarah-shine sara-sloane sasha sasha-hollander sasha-ligaya sasha-rose satine-phoenix satin-summer savannah-stern savanna-jane scarlet-scarleau scarlet-windsor seka selena serena serena-south severine-amoux shana-evans shanna-mccullough shannon-kelly shannon-rush shantell-day sharon-da-vale sharon-kane sharon-mitchell shaun-michelle shawna-sexton shawnee-cates shay-hendrix shayne-ryder sheena-horne sheer-delight shelby-star shelby-stevens shelly-berlin shelly-lyons sheri-st-clair sheyla-cats shonna-lynn shyla-foxxx shy-love sierra-sinn sierra-skye sigrun-theil silver-starr silvia-bella silvia-saint silvie-de-lux silvy-taylor simone-west sindee-coxx sindy-lange sindy-shy siobhan-hunter skylar-knight skylar-price skyler-dupree smokie-flame smoking-mary-jane solange-shannon sonya-summers sophia-santi sophie-call sophie-duflot sophie-evans sophie-guers stacey-donovan stacy-lords stacy-moran stacy-nichols stacy-silver stacy-thorn starla-fox starr-wood stefania-bruni stella-virgin stephanie-duvalle stephanie-rage stephanie-renee stevie-taylor summer-knight summer-rose sunny-day sunset-thomas sunshine-seiber susan-hart susanne-brend susan-nero susi-hotkiss suzanne-mcbain suzan-nielsen suzie-bartlett suzie-carina suzi-sparks sweet-nice sweety-pie sybille-rossani sylvia-benedict sylvia-bourdon sylvia-brand sylvia-engelmann syreeta-taylor syren-de-mer syvette szabina-black szilvia-lauren tai-ellis taija-rae taisa-banx talia-james tamara-lee tamara-longley tamara-n-joy tamara-west tami-white tammy tammy-lee tammy-reynolds tania-lorenzo tantala-ray tanya-danielle tanya-fox tanya-foxx tanya-lawson tanya-valis tara-aire tasha-voux tatjana-belousova tatjana-skomorokhova tawnee-lee tawny-pearl tayla-rox taylor-wane teddi-austin teddi-barrett tera-bond tera-heart tera-joy teresa-may teresa-orlowski teri-diver teri-weigel terri-dolan terri-hall tess-ferre tess-newheart thais-vieira tia-cherry tianna tiara tiffany-blake tiffany-clark tiffany-duponte tiffany-rayne tiffany-rousso tiffany-storm tiffany-towers tiffany-tyler tiger-lily tigr timea-vagvoelgyi tina-blair tina-burner tina-evil tina-gabriel tina-loren tina-marie tina-russell tish-ambrose tommi-rose tonisha-mills topsy-curvey tori-secrets tori-sinclair tori-welles tracey-adams traci-lords traci-topps traci-winn tracy-duzit tracy-love tracy-williams tricia-devereaux tricia-yen trinity-loren trisha-rey trista-post trixie-tyler ultramax ursula-gaussmann ursula-moore uschi-karnat valentina valerie-leveau valery-hilton vanessa-chase vanessa-del-rio vanessa-michaels vanessa-ozdanic vanilla-deville velvet-summers veri-knotty veronica-dol veronica-hart veronica-hill veronica-rayne veronica-sage veronika-vanoza via-paxton vicky-lindsay vicky-vicci victoria-evans victoria-gold victoria-knight victoria-luna victoria-paris victoria-slick victoria-zdrok viper virginie-caprice vivian-valentine vivien-martines wendi-white wendy-divine whitney-banks whitney-fears whitney-wonders wonder-tracey wow-nikki xanthia-berstein yasmine-fitzgerald yelena-shieffer yvonne-green zara-whites zsanett-egerhazi zuzie-boobies

not give advice Although Samaritans volunteers are trained in many of the same techniques as professional counsellors they neither judge nor tell people what to do By listening and asking questions the Samaritans volunteers help people explore their feelings and work out their own way forward Samaritans do not denounce suicide and it is not necessary to be suicidal to contact Samaritans In nearly of the people calling Samaritans did not express suicidal feelings Samaritans believes that offering people the opportunity to be listened to in confidence and accepted without prejudice can alleviate despair and make emotional health a mainstream issue Media guidelines edit In following extensive consultation with journalists and editors throughout the industry Samaritans produced a set of guidelines outlining best practice when reporting suicide Since its publication the organisation has received many awards in recognition of its work influencing the way in which suicide is reported Samaritans Radar edit Main article Samaritans Radar On October Samaritans launched the Samaritans Radar app which Twitter users could activate to analyse tweets posted by people they followed it sent an email alert to the user if it detected signs of distress in a tweet However because Twitter users were not notified that their account was being monitored in this way concerns were raised that the service could be abused by stalkers and internet trolls who would instantly be made aware that an intended victim was potentially feeling vulnerable Following concerns the service was suspended on November nine days after launch Joe Ferns policy director for Samaritans said in a statement "We have made the decision to suspend the application at this time for further consideration" He added "We are very aware that the range of information and opinion which is circulating about Samaritans Radar has created concern and worry for some people and would like to apologise to anyone who has inadvertently been caused any distress This was not our intention" The app was later withdrawn completely Confidentiality edit Samaritans have a strict code of caller confidentiality even after the death of a caller Unless the caller gives consent to pass on information confidentiality will be broken only in rare circumstances such as when Samaritans receives bomb or terrorism warnings to call an ambulance because a caller appears to be incapable of making rational decisions for him or herself or when the caller is threatening volunteers or deliberately preventing the service being delivered to other callers In November the Board of Trustees UK agreed a motion breaking with confidentiality in the Republic of Ireland by agreeing “To provide confidential support to children but report to the Health Service Executive any contacts from either adults or children where it appears a child is experiencing specific situations such as those that can cause them serious harm from themselves or others ” In Facebook collaborated with Samaritans to offer help to people in distress This led to cold case calling which some believed was an infringement on peoples privacy An Irish journalist wrote of her experience of receiving such a communication International reach edit Through its email service Samaritans work has extended well beyond the UK and Ireland as messages are received from all around the world Samaritans international reach is through Befrienders Worldwide an organisation of over centres in countries offering similar activities Samaritans took on and renamed the Befrienders International network in a year after it collapsed Some members of Befrienders Worldwide also use the name Samaritans this includes centres in the USA India Hong Kong Serbia and Zimbabwe among others The Volunteer Emotional Support Helplines VESH combines Samaritans through Befrienders Worldwide with the other largest international services IFOTES Lifeline and plans a combined international network of helplines In their roles as emotional support service networks they have all agreed to develop a more effective and robust international interface See also The Samaritans Hong Kong Multilingual Service The Samaritan Befrienders Hong Kong Samaritans of Singapore Samaritans USA this was formed in when Samaritans of Boston established joined forces with their Framingham branch Samaritans is also a certified member of Contact USA a Lifeline International member There are Samaritans offices in other regions of Massachusetts and the U S operating independently with a common mission and philosophy Similar charities edit A number of other helplines exist that offer a similar service to Samaritans These are often aimed at a specific sector group of people One example is Nightline — student run listening and information services based at universities across the country offer a night time support service for students Each service is run specifically for students at a particular university geographical area and most Nightlines are members of the Nightline Association a registered charity in England and Wales The NSPCC s ChildLine service is similar to Samaritans in some ways NSPCC National Service of Prevention of Cruelty to Children offers support for children only but Samaritans supports both children and adults alike The NSPCC does not usually support adults Another example is Aware — a national voluntary organisation based in Ireland which provides supports to individuals who experience depression with their families and friends It provides a Helpline service as well as nationwide Support Groups and monthly lectures which seek to educate and increase awareness of depression See also References History edit Such services began in when Chad Varah an English vicar founded The Samaritans service which soon established branches throughout the United Kingdom The first Samaritans branch in the United States was established in Boston in In addition to Boston there are currently Samaritan branches in Falmouth Massachusetts serving the Cape Cod and Islands area the Merrimack Valley the Fall River New Bedford area Outside of Massachusetts there are branches in New York City Providence Hartford Albany and Keene New Hampshire In the United States the Los Angeles Suicide Prevention Center was founded in and was the first in the country to provide a hour suicide prevention crisis line and use community volunteers in providing hotline service San Francisco Suicide Prevention started a hotline "Call Bruce" in A similar service Lifeline was established in Australia in Another service the volunteer run crisis helpline Lifelink Samaritans Tas Inc originally called Launceston Lifelink was established in Tasmania in by concerned citizens of Launceston Tasmania who decided to create a phone service based on the principles of The Samaritans The rationale was that people often become suicidal because they cannot discuss with family and friends their emotional pain This service provides emotional support hours a day to callers throughout Tasmania and does not have any religious affiliations The organisation is a member of Befrienders Worldwide and has a "twinning" relationship with Northampton Samaritans in the UK Lifelink Samaritans is the oldest telephone befriending service in Tasmania and the fourth oldest in Australia and it receives at least calls a year Criticism and logistical issues edit One criticism of suicide hotlines in the past was that those who were determined to kill themselves were unlikely to call one Also those with social anxiety may not have the emotional resources to do so Until recently there was no evidence that the presence of suicide hotlines reduced the incidence of suicide However a study has suggested otherwise as peoples thoughts of suicide decreased during a call to a crisis line and were lessened for several weeks after their call Research suggests that worldwide there are a group of callers who make multiple calls to crisis helplines and may be using the services inappropriately These callers are commonly known as frequent chronic multiple or repeat callers A recent systematic review of research into frequent callers to crisis helplines found a need to further understand this group of callers and why they continue to use helplines Telephone counseling edit Still life on the A in Mülheim an der Ruhr GermanySome countries regulate the use of the term "counselor" Telephone counseling and crisis hotlines provide a similar telephone support service and both usually accept crisis and non crisis calls The term "emotional support helpline" is sometimes used – which does not imply crisis or counselling and can include email and messaging Online telephone TDD TTY and SMS Help edit The inclusion or exclusion of items from this list or length of this list is disputed Please discuss this issue on the talk page Hotline Resource Organization Purpose Focus Country A National Sexual Assault Hotline USA TALK and SUICIDE The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline a hotline for callers in the United States USA TTY TTY TDD services at the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline USA RUNAWAY National Runaway Switchboard hotline and live chat for runaway homeless and at risk youth USA TALK US Veterans Crisis Hotline USA veteranscrisisline net US Veterans Online chat and information Worldwide U TREVOR An American hotline aimed principally at LGBT teenagers run by The Trevor Project USA SPEAK UP American anonymous youth violence reporting hotline created by The Center to Prevent Youth Violence USA sociedadeamigosdavida org br Amigos da Vida Brazil Brazil The Lowdown A New Zealand project aimed at young New Zealanders suffering from Depression New Zealand The Boys Town National HotlineSM is open hours a day days a year and is staffed by specially trained Boys Town counselors USA A free SMS Hotline providing emotional support for those in crisis provided by Crisis Text Line USA The Volunteer Emotional Support Helplines VESH represents member centres in countries It has been formed by Befrienders Worldwide maintained by the Samaritans UK IFOTES – International Federation of Telephone Emergency Services Lifeline International Banner in Bangkok observed on the th of June informing the Thai public that like or share activity on social media may land them in jail Social media often features in political struggles to control public perception and online activity For example in social media was banned in Turkey after the Taksim Gezi Park protests Both Twitter and YouTube were closed in country with Turkish court s decision And a new law passed by Turkish Parliament has granted immunity to Turkey s Telecommunications Directorate TIB personnel The TIB was also given the authority to block access to specific websites without the need for a court order More recently in the Thai coup d état the public was explicitly instructed not to share or like dissenting views on social media or face prison In July that same year in response to Wikileaks release of a secret suppression order made by the Victorian Supreme Court media lawyers were quoted in the Australian media to the effect that "anyone who tweets a link to the Wikileaks report posts it on Facebook or shares it in any way online could also face charges" See also edit Arab Spring where social media played a defining role Adult Learners Week is the UK s largest festival of learning and the overall purpose of the initiative is to raise demand for learning and skills It highlights the benefits of learning of all kinds learning for work informal learning as well as learning for personal development to May marks the twentieth Adult Learners Week in England The initiative continues to be the largest drive for learning of its kind celebrated in over countries across the world Founded and co ordinated by the National Institute of Adult Continuing Education NIACE Adult Learners Week in England is backed by thousands of supporters including the European Social Fund Department for Business Innovation and Skills Next Step BBC Open University and Pearson PLC The year long outreach programme engages over adults of all ages and backgrounds to give learning a go every year culminating in an influential festival of events award ceremonies significant media coverage and high level advocacy activity Highlights include the Adult Learners Week Awards celebrating outstanding learning journeys These winners stories are used as case studies with the national regional and local media to inspire to others to give learning a go and in our continued advocacy work to make the case for adult learning high profile national events – including a Policy Conference Parliamentary Reception and National Awards Ceremony and thousands of regional and local events by supporting organisations in workplaces libraries museums colleges community centres shops cafes prisons – and with a dedicated helpline for adults which receives up to calls during the Week In a survey of participants in of the people who took part in activity enrolled on or applied for a course as a result of getting involved The Adult Learners Week website provides further information about Adult Learners Week with details about the awards award winners and resources for events as well as a free calendar to record activities Retrieved from "https en wikipedia org w index php title Adult Learners Week oldid " Brand infiltration Citizen media Coke Zero Facial Profiler Connectivism learning theory A social media surgery is a gathering at which volunteer "surgeons" with expertise in using web tools chiefly social media offer free advice in using such tools to representatives "patients" of non profit organisations charities community groups and activists with "no boring speeches or jargon" The idea was conceived by Pete Ashton with Nick Booth of Podnosh Ltd who ran the first such surgery in Birmingham on October In July a spin off surgery dubbed the "Social media mob" started in Mosman Australia and in January the first spin off surgery in Africa was held On February it was announced that the Social Media Surgery movement had won "the Prime Minister s Big Society Award" Prime Minister David Cameron said This is an excellent initiative such a simple idea and yet so effective The popularity of these surgeries and the fact that they have inspired so many others across the country to follow in their footsteps is testament to its brilliance Congratulations to Nick and all the volunteers who have shared their time and expertise to help so many local groups make the most of the internet to support their community A great example of the Big Society in action The scheme also won the Adult Learners Week "BBC Learning Through Technology Award" Culture jamming Human impact of Internet use Internet and political revolutions List of photo sharing websites List of video sharing websites List of social networking websites Media psychology Metcalfe s law MMORPG Networked learning New media Online presence management Online research community Participatory media Social media marketing Social media mining Social media optimization Social media surgery Further information Scientometrics Journal level edit Main article Journal ranking Some related values also calculated and published by the same organization include Immediacy index the number of citations the articles in a journal receive in a given year divided by the number of articles published Cited half life the median age of the articles that were cited in Journal Citation Reports each year For example if a journal s half life in is that means the citations from are half of all the citations from that journal in and the other half of the citations precede Aggregate impact factor for a subject category it is calculated taking into account the number of citations to all journals in the subject category and the number of articles from all the journals in the subject category Other related journal level metrics include Source normalized impact per paper SNIP is a factor released in by Elsevier based on Scopus to estimate impact The measure is calculated as SNIP RIP R M where RIP raw impact per paper R citation potential and M median database citation potential PageRank algorithm edit In a recursive impact factor that gives citations from journals with high impact greater weight than citations from low impact journals was proposed Such a recursive impact factor resembles Google s PageRank algorithm though the original Pinski and Narin paper uses a "trade balance" approach in which journals score highest when they are often cited but rarely cite other journals several scholars have proposed related approaches In Johan Bollen Marko A Rodriguez and Herbert Van de Sompel also proposed replacing impact factors with the PageRank algorithm The Eigenfactor is another PageRank type measure of journal influence with rankings freely available online So is SCImago Other level metrics edit The measures above apply only to journals not individual articles or individual scientists unlike author level metrics such as the H index Article level metrics measure impact at an article level instead of journal level Other more general alternative metrics or "altmetrics" may include article views downloads or mentions in social media JIBS Decade Award References External links Editors edit Ernest W Ogram Jr William A Dymsza David A Ricks Paul W Beamish Thomas L Brewer Arie Y Lewin Lorraine Eden –present John Cantwell Life Work References External links Life edit Born in Birmingham Jones attended Corpus Christi Cambridge After receiving his Phd he worked there as a research fellow He then became a lecturer in economic history at the London School of Economics before becoming a professor in business history at the University of Reading In he founded the Centre for International Business History at the University of Reading Jones served twice as President of the Association of Business Historians – and President of the European Business History Association and President of the Business History Conference Between and Jones was the co editor of the journal Business History In he moved to Harvard Business School In he was appointed Faculty Chair of the Business History Initiative at Harvard Business School Subsequently the Business History Initiative developed a project called Creating Emerging Markets designed to facilitate research and teaching on the business history of emerging markets which includes interviews with long time leaders of firms and NGOs in Latin America South Asia Turkey and Africa Jones holds an honorary Doctorate in Economics and Business Administration from Copenhagen Business School Denmark and an honorary Phd from the University of Helsinki Finland He is a Fellow of the Academy of International Business and a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society Jones currently serves as the co editor of the quarterly journal Business History Review Work edit Jones initially researched relationships between business and governments He published historical monographs on the oil industry and international banking From the s Jones alongside Mark Casson was also involved in calling for a more theoretical approach to business history particularly in the use of economic theory During this period he wrote historical studies of industries over long time periods including British Multinational Banking Oxford and Merchants to Multinationals Oxford Merchants to Multinationals was awarded the Newcomen Harvard Prize for the best business history book published in the United States between and and the Wadsworth Prize for the best work of business history published in Britain in After moving to Harvard Business School Jones published books on the history of global business including Multinationals and Global Capitalism Oxford In Jones published Beauty Imagined A History of the Global Beauty Industry Oxford In this book and elsewhere Jones has sought both to explain the growth of the beauty industry and to explore its impact over the last century on homogenizing beauty ideals worldwide Recently Jones has focused on the history of green business and sustainability and has written on the societal responsibilities of capitalism In addition to the Creating Emerging Markets project he has also researched the business history of emerging markets especially Latin America Jones has encouraged international business scholars to test theories against historical evidence In he and Tarun Khanna published a widely cited article in the Journal of International Business Studies the premier international business journal on this issue Push video on demand See also Notes References Early development edit Developing VOD required extensive negotiations to identify a financial model that would serve both content creators and cable providers while providing desirable content for viewers Key factors identified for determining the economic viability of the VOD model included VOD movie buy rates Hollywood and cable operator revenue splits Cable providers offered VOD as part of digital subscription packages which by primarily allowed cable subscribers to only access an on demand version of content that was already provided in linear distribution Included in these packages were "extras" and "bonus footage" rather than full episodes of television shows Functionality edit Download and streaming video on demand systems provide the user with all of the features of Portable media players and DVD players Some VOD systems that store and stream programs from hard disk drives use a memory buffer to allow the user to fast forward and rewind videos It is possible to put video servers on local area networks in which case they can provide very rapid response to users Streaming video servers can also serve a wider community via a WAN in which case the responsiveness may be reduced Download VOD services are practical to homes equipped with cable modems or DSL connections Servers for traditional cable and telco VOD services are usually placed at the cable head end serving a particular market as well as cable hubs in larger markets In the telco world they are placed in either the central office or a newly created location called a Video Head End Office VHO History edit From September a VOD service formed a major part of the Cambridge Digital Interactive Television Trial in England This provided video and data to homes and a number of schools connected to the Cambridge Cable network later part of NTL now Virgin Media The MPEG encoded video was streamed over an ATM network from an ICL media server to set top boxes designed by Acorn Online Media The trial commenced at a speed of Mbit s to the home subsequently increased to Mbit s The content was provided by the BBC and Anglia Television Although a technical success difficulty in sourcing content was a major issue and the project closed in In Kingston Communications became the first UK company to launch a fully commercial VOD service and the first to integrate broadcast TV and Internet access through a single set top box using IP delivery over ADSL By Kingston Interactive TV had attracted subscribers After a number of trials HomeChoice followed in but were restricted to London After attracting customers they were bought by Tiscali in who were in turn bought by Talk Talk in Cable TV providers Telewest and NTL now Virgin Media launched their VOD services in the United Kingdom in competing with the leading traditional pay TV distributor BSkyB BSkyB responded by launching Sky by broadband later renamed Sky Anytime on PC The service went live on January Sky Anytime on PC uses a legal peer to peer approach based on Kontiki technology to provide very high capacity multi point downloads of the video content Instead of the video content all being downloaded from Sky s servers the content comes from multiple users of the system who have already downloaded the same content Other UK TV broadcasters have implemented their own versions of the same technology such as the BBC s iPlayer which launched on December and Channel s oD On Demand which launched in late Another example of online video publishers using legal peer to peer technology is based on Giraffic technology which was launched in early with large Online Video on Demand publishers such as US based VEOH and UK based Craze s OnlineMoviesBox movie rental service The BBC ITV and Channel planned to launch a joint platform provisionally called Kangaroo in This was abandoned in following complaints investigated by the Competition Commission That same year the assets of the defunct Kangaroo project were bought by Arqiva who used the technology behind Kangaroo to launch the SeeSaw service in February A year later however SeeSaw was shut down from lack of funding VOD services are now available in all parts of the United States which has the highest global take up rate of VOD In of American Internet users had watched video online and of mobile users who downloaded video preferred apps to a normal browser Streaming VOD systems are available on desktop and mobile platforms from cable providers in tandem with cable modem technology who use the large downstream bandwidth present on cable systems to deliver movies and television shows to end users who can typically pause fast forward and rewind VOD movies due to the low latency and random access nature of cable technology The large distribution of a single signal makes streaming VOD impractical for most satellite TV systems Both EchoStar Dish Network and DirecTV offer video on demand programming to PVR owning subscribers of their satellite TV service Once the programs have been downloaded onto a user s PVR he or she can watch play pause and seek at their convenience VOD is also quite common in more expensive hotels VOD systems that store and provide a user interface for content downloaded directly from the Internet are widely available citation needed According to the European Audiovisual Observatory paying VOD services were operational in Europe at the end of The number increased to by At the January Consumer Electronic Show in Las Vegas Sezmi CEO Buno Pati and president Phil Wiser showed a set top box with a one terabyte hard drive which could be used for video on demand services previously offered through cable TV or broadband A movie for example could be sent out once using a broadcast signal rather than numerous times over cable or fiber optic lines and this would not involve the expense of adding many miles of lines Sezmi planned to lease broadcast spectrum to offer a subscription service which National Association of Broadcasters president Gordon H Smith said

would provide a superior picture to that of cable or satellite at a lower cost Role of piracy and peer to peer edit Although video on demand generally refers to delivery mechanisms operating in accordance with applicable laws the motivation for the development of video on demand services can be traced back to peer to peer networking and the development of file sharing software These innovations proved that it was technically possible to offer the consumer potentially every film ever made in a way that does not burden the original provider without the linear costs associated with centralised streaming media Many legal services such as Spotify use peer to peer distribution to better scale their platforms with the likes of Netflix considering doing so to cope with net neutrality problems from downstream providers Torrenting is a popular alternative to legal streaming with of global internet traffic involved in file sharing applications Types of VOD edit Catch up TV edit A growing number of TV stations offer Catch up TV as a way to watch TV shows though their VOD service for a period of days after the original television broadcast Subscription models edit Subscription VOD SVOD services use a subscription business model where subscribers are charged a monthly fee to access unlimited programs These services include Netflix Hulu Plus Amazon Video and HBO Go Near video on demand edit The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject Please improve this article or discuss the issue on the talk page February Near video on demand NVOD is a pay per view consumer video technique used by multi channel broadcasters using high bandwidth distribution mechanisms such as satellite and cable television Multiple copies of a program are broadcast at short time intervals typically – minutes providing convenience for viewers who can watch the program without needing to tune in at a scheduled point in time This form is bandwidth intensive and is generally provided only by large operators with a great deal of redundant capacity and has been reduced in popularity as video on demand is implemented only the satellite services Dish Network and DirecTV continue to seriously provide NVOD experiences out of necessity as many of their customers have no access to their broadband VOD servies Before the rise of video on demand pay per view provider In Demand facilitated this need by providing up to channels in with several films receiving up to four channels on the staggered schedule to provide the NVOD experience As of only four channels in high definition two in standard definition are provided to facilitate live and event coverage along with existing league out of market sports coverage channels varied by provider by the service Push video on demand edit Push video on demand is a technique used by a number of broadcasters on systems that lack connectivity to provide true video on demand or by broadcasters who want to optimize their video streaming infrastructure by pre loading the most popular contents to the consumer device A push VOD system uses a personal video recorder PVR to store a selection of content often transmitted in spare capacity overnight or all day long at low bandwidth Users can watch the downloaded content at the time they desire immediately and without any buffering issue As content occupies space on the PVR hard drive downloaded content is usually deleted after a week to make way for newer programs The limited space on a PVR hard drive means that the selection of programs is usually restricted to most popular content A new generation of Push VOD solution recently appeared on the market which by using efficient error correction mechanisms can free significant amount of bandwidth and that can deliver more than video e g magazines interactive applications See also edit BitTorrent Comparison of video hosting services Music on demand AnimeLab Sponsorship References External links History edit Madman Entertainment was founded in to release anime in the Australia from Manga Entertainment UK with Siren Entertainment acting as distributor after Siren lost the rights to most of Manga UK s catalogue Later on in Madman started to distribute anime from ADV Films along with Siren Entertainment In Madman Entertainment bought Siren s distribution equipment and established The AV Channel allowing Madman to distribute their own titles In the same year Madman Entertainment became the sole distributor of Manga Entertainment s UK and US titles in Australia New Zealand after Polygram Australia relinquished their rights to Manga UK s back catalogue and Siren lost the rights to Street Fighter II V which was licensed from Manga USA Madman now sublicenses anime from ADV Films Funimation Harmony Gold Viz Media Bandai Entertainment Media Blasters formerly Geneon recently Sentai Filmworks although Siren Visual licenses the majority of their English dubbed titles as well as titles from Manga Entertainment Madman has licensed titles that were sub licensed to Madman by Geneon directly though the original Japanese licensors and this practice is also applied when North American and British licensees do not have Australian rights to their titles Madman is also the exclusive licensee and distributor of Anime from Namco Bandai Holdings in Australia licensing titles through Bandai Entertainment Sunrise and Emotion despite Namco Bandai Holdings having an Australian subsidiary Namco Bandai Partners As of only some of Manga Entertainment Australia s titles from the s have been distributed by Madman Battle Angel Alita was to be released in Australia by Manga and Madman in but this was cancelled because ADV Films had the rights to the OVAs in North America and tried to market it in Australia with a new dub while Manga UK and Madman Entertainment had the rights in the UK Australia and New Zealand Some of their DVD releases have been jointly mastered with Britain s MVM Films or Revelation Films to save costs and are therefore dual region Region and Region A few DVD titles from Madman such as the Oh My Goddess OVAs are all region or multi region DVDs in the NTSC format imported from the US and repackaged for sale in Australia and New Zealand which normally use PAL colour Madman Manga UK also work together on PAL DVD Region B Blu ray masters and video transfers sometimes co licensing titles due to a title s high cost A growing selection of manga titles translated by Tokyopop in the United States and Chuang Yi in Singapore are being imported and distributed through Madman Entertainment In February Madman announced that they would also be distributing manga titles from Viz Media Madman currently distributes manga from Viz Media Dark Horse Comics Tokyopop and recently from Yen Press with the release of The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya Madman launched in solely as an anime distribution company but has since expanded They manage the distribution of live action titles through their labels Madman Films Directors Suite Madman Sports Madman Laughs Madman Television Bollywood Masala and Eastern Eye and also children s entertainment through their Planet Mad and Mad Kids labels Madman also has a theatrical distribution arm called Madman Cinema In addition the company distributes original series produced by Australia s Special Broadcasting Service on DVD In Madman began a licensing agreement to release original Cartoon Network and Adult Swim series on DVD in Australia and New Zealand Madman also programmed Adult Swim s anime block in the two countries until Cartoon Network Australia dropped its entire Adult Swim lineup on January Madman Entertainment released the complete series of M A S K over two DVD collections for the first time in Australia and New Zealand Collection One was released in November and contains episodes Collection Two was released in March and contains episodes as well as all ten episodes of the racing series At the Supanova Pop Culture Expo Madman announced plans to explore new distribution methods The company now offers online streaming of selected anime episodes beginning with the first episode of School Rumble Madman now has a sub page Madman Scereening Room dedicated to video streaming Madman has also begun releasing Blu ray Disc titles starting with The Transformers The Movie in June In April the company announced a collaboration with British company Warp Films Warp and Madman plan to make "at least two films together over the next three years starting with Tyrannosaur " In July Madman s original founders Tim Anderson and Paul Wiegard together with a small group of investors completed a buyback of the business from Funtastic Limited ASX FUN AnimeLab edit In May Madman launched AnimeLab a Video on demand service streaming anime hits and simulcasts from Japan AnimeLab launched free without ads with series and episodes Young Justice Invasion Reruns edit Batman The Brave and the Bold Ben Ben Alien Force Ben Ultimate Alien Bakugan Battle Brawlers Chowder Jimmy Two Shoes Johnny Test Oggy and the Cockroaches Pokémon Black White Stickin Around Tom and Jerry Tom and Jerry Tales Total Drama Action Cartoon Cartoon Show edit Camp Lazlo Codename Kids Next Door Courage the Cowardly Dog Cow and Chicken Dexter s Laboratory Ed Edd n Eddy The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy Johnny Bravo Sister channels edit Boomerang edit Main article Boomerang Australia and New Zealand Now Cartoon Network s sister TV channel Boomerang was originally a Cartoon Network block for the lesser known Hanna Barbera classic cartoons that didn t already have regular half hour slots It began in April as a morning block airing at am – pm but in August also aired as an hour long mini block in Cartoon Network After Dark The shows on Boomerang changed randomly every week for both the morning and the evening block The Boomerang blocks had bumpers which featured children s toys of characters in Hanna Barbera cartoons coming to life identical to the Boomerang bumpers used in the United States These bumpers were sometimes also used on the TV channel The evening block last aired in March and the morning block last aired in September However late night airings of Boomerang on Cartoon Network continued until early when the Boomerang channel received a face lift In late it received the looks of Boomerang UK Ireland Adult Swim edit Main article Adult Swim Australia A time block suited for mature audience targeting adults at least years old and above The comedy block that started at pm and ended at am with an encore till on Fridays and Saturdays aired the following shows Space Ghost Coast to Coast Aqua Teen Hunger Force Sealab Harvey Birdman Attorney at Law The Brak Show Home Movies The Venture Bros Tom Goes to the Mayor And before the block was ceased Squidbillies also premiered with a special disclaimer about the content as did most of the anime The anime block which aired from Monday to Thursday included Bleach Cowboy Bebop InuYasha Air Gear Black Cat Ghost in the Shell Stand Alone Complex Blood Bubblegum Crisis Tokyo Trigun and other various adult programs Prior to its removal for strategic reasons the Australian feed was one in the Asia Pacific region to have this block This block is currently shown on The Comedy Channel with Harvey Birdman and Aqua Teen Hunger Force as well as the premiere of Robot Chicken and Moral Orel Most of the anime that previously aired on Adult Swim now air on the Sci Fi Channel with its own anime block Madman Entertainment has also been releasing Adult Swim DVD in region starting with Aqua Teen Harvey Birdman and Robot Chicken in It has since released most volumes of every series that has a DVD including future releases Nominated for Best Animated Television Program Emmy Awards Nominated for Outstanding Animated Program teen Steven Spielberg Tom Ruegger Paul Dini Sherri Stoner Dave Marshall Glen Kennedy Rich Aarons Young Artist Awards Won award for Best New Cartoon Series – Nominated for Outstanding Young Voice Over in an Animated Series or Special Whitby Hertford – Environmental Media Awards Won EMA Award for Children s Animated series for the episode Whales Tales In January IGN named Tiny Toon Adventures as the st in the Top Animated TV Shows Merchandise edit Print edit Tiny Toon Adventures Magazine a quarterly children s magazine based on the series debuted in October Issues – were published by DC Comics and issues – were released by Welsh Publishing Group The final issue was cover dated Spring Also various