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Movie Title Year Distributor Notes Rev Formats Best of VCX Classics 2 2005 VCX 1 DO Feels Like Silk 1983 Essex Video / Electric Hollywood NonSex DRO Las Vegas Lady 1981 VCX 1 DRO Little Girls Blue 2 1983 VCX 1 DRO Nasty Lady 1984 Metro 1 DO Oriental Hawaii 1982 Caballero Home Video DRO Rhinestone Cowgirls 1981 TVX Facial Screwdriver Saloon 1988 Coast To Coast Clip 1 DO Stimulators 1982 VCA BJOnly Facial The divisions of the sky began with the Northern Dipper and the 28 mansions. In 1977, a lacquer box was excavated from the tomb of Yi, the marquis of Zeng, in Suixian, Hubei Province. Names of the 28 lunar mansions were found on the cover of the box, proving that the use of this classification system was made before 433 BCE.
As lunar mansions have such an ancient origin, the meanings of most of their names have become obscure. Contributing to later confusion, the name of each lunar mansion consists of only one Chinese word, the meaning of which could vary at different times in history. The meanings of the names are still under discussion. Besides the 28 lunar mansions, most constellations are based on the works of Shi Shen-fu and Gan De, who were astrologists during the period of Warring States (481 BCE – 221 BCE) in China. In the late period of the Ming Dynasty, the agricultural scientist and mathematician Xu Guangqi (1562 – 1633 CE) introduced 23 additional constellations near to the Celestial South Pole, which are based on star catalogues from the West (see Matteo Ricci). Star catalogues and maps Star catalogues See also: Chinese star names In the fourth century BCE, the two Chinese astronomers responsible for the earliest information going into the star catalogues were Shi Shen and Gan De of the Warring States period.[17]



Author Translated name Chinese catalogue name Pinyin Shi Shen Shi Shen astronomy ???? Shi Shen tianwen[17] Gan De Astronomic star observation ???? Tianwen xingzhan[17] These books appeared to have lasted until the sixth century, but were lost after that.[17] A number of books share similar names, often quoted and named after them. These texts should not be confused with the original catalogues written by them. Notable works that helped preserve the contents include: Author Translated name Chinese name Pinyin Comments Sima Qian Book of Celestial Offices ??? Tianguan shu This is the astronomical chapter of the Records of the Grand Historian, a massive history compiled during the late 2nd century BCE by the Han-era scholar and official Sima Qian. This chapter provides a star catalogue and discusses the schools of Gan De and Shi Shen.[18] Ma Xian (??) Star Manual of the Masters Gan and Shi ???? Gan Shi Xingjing Despite having the name credited to Shi and Gan, it was lost and later compiled circa 579 CE as an appendix to the Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era, and summarized in the book ?????.[19] Book of Jin ?? Jin shu In the astronomical chapters of the text[17] Book of Sui ?? Sui shu [17] Gautama Siddha Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era ???? Kaiyuan Zhanjing During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (712–756 CE). After analyzing and providing a summary on the work of Gan De and Shi Shen, Tang era astronomers mentioned the names of more than 800 stars that were found,[17] 121 of them marked with positions.[20] The astronomical table of sines by the Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata were also translated into the Kaiyuan Zhanjing.[6] The Great Firmament Star Manual Common to Astrology ??????? Tongzhan taxiangli xingjing This renamed star manual is incorporated in the Taoist book Daozang.[17] Wu Xian (??) has been one of the astronomers in debate. He is often represented as one of the "Three Schools Astronomical tradition" along with Gan and Shi.[21] The Chinese classic text Star Manual of Master Wu Xian (????) and its authorship is still in dispute, because it mentioned names of twelve countries that did not exist in the Shang Dynasty, the era of which it was supposed to have been written. Moreover, it was customary in the past for the Chinese to forge works of notable scholars, as this could lead to a possible explanation for the inconsistencies found. Wu Xian is generally mentioned as the astronomer who lived many years before Gan and Shi. The Han Dynasty astronomer and inventor Zhang Heng (78–139 CE) not only catalogued some 2500 different stars, but also recognized more than 100 different constellations. Zhang Heng also published his work Ling Xian, a summary of different astronomical theories in China at the time. In the subsequent period of the Three Kingdoms (220–280 CE), Chen Zhuo (??) combined the work of his predecessors, forming another star catalogue. This time, 283 constellations and 1464 stars were listed. The astronomer Guo Shoujin of the Yuan Dynasty (1279–1368 CE) created a new catalogue, which was believed to contain thousands of stars. Unfortunately, many of the documents of that period were destroyed, including that of Shoujin. Imperial Astronomical Instruments (????) was published in 1757 and contains 3083 stars exactly. Star maps A star map with a cylindrical projection. Su Song's star maps represent the oldest existent ones in printed form. Main article: Chinese star maps The Chinese drew many maps of stars in the past centuries. It is debatable as to which counts as the oldest star maps, since pottery and old artifacts can also be considered star maps. One of the oldest existent star maps in printed form is from Su Song's (1020–1101 CE) celestial atlas of 1092 CE, which was included in the horological treatise on his clocktower. The most famous one is perhaps the Dunhuang map found in Dunhuang, Gansu. Uncovered by the British archaeologist Marc Aurel Stein in 1907, the star map was brought to the British Museum in London. The map was drawn on paper and represents the complete sky, with more than 1,350 stars. Although ancient Babylonians and Greeks also observed the sky and catalogued stars, no such complete record of the stars may exist or survive. Hence, this is the oldest chart of the skies at present. According to recent studies, the map may date the manuscript to as early as the seventh century CE (Tang Dynasty). Scholars believe the star map dating from 705 to 710 CE, which is the reign of Emperor Zhongzong of Tang. There are some texts (Monthly Ordinances, ??) describing the movement of the sun among the sky each month, which was not based on the observation at that time. Solar and lunar eclipses Chinese astronomers recorded 1,600 observations of solar and lunar eclipses from 750 BCE.[22] The ancient Chinese astronomer Shi Shen (fl. fourth century BCE) was aware of the relation of the moon in a solar eclipse, as he provided instructions in his writing to predict them by using the relative positions of the Moon and the Sun.[23] The radiating-influence theory, where the Moon's light was nothing but a reflection of the Sun's, was supported by the mathematician and music theorist Jing Fang (78–37 BCE), yet opposed by the Chinese philosopher Wang Chong (27–97 CE), who made clear in his writing that this theory was nothing new.[24] Jing Fang wrote: The moon and the planets are Yin; they have shape but no light. This they receive only when the sun illuminates them. The former masters regarded the sun as round like a crossbow bullet, and they thought the moon had the nature of a mirror. Some of them recognized the moon as a ball too. Those parts of the moon which the sun illuminates look bright, those parts which it does not, remain dark.[25] The ancient Greeks had known this as well, since Parmenides and Aristotle supported the theory of the Moon shining because of reflected light.[25] The Chinese astronomer and inventor Zhang Heng (78–139 CE) wrote of both solar eclipse and lunar eclipse in the publication of Ling Xian (??), 120 CE: The sun is like fire and the moon like water. The fire gives out light and the water reflects it. Thus the moon's brightness is produced from the radiance of the sun, and the moon's darkness (pho) is due to (the light of) the sun being obstructed (pi). The side which faces the sun is fully lit, and the side which is away from it is dark. The planets (as well as the moon) have the nature of water and reflect light. The light pouring forth from the sun (tang jih chih chhung kuang) does not always reach the moon owing to the obstruction (pi) of the earth itself—this is called 'an-hsό', a lunar eclipse. When (a similar effect) happens with a planet (we call it) an occulation (hsing wei); when the moon passes across (kuo) (the sun's path) then there is a solar eclipse (shih).[26] The later Song Dynasty scientist Shen Kuo (1031–1095 CE) used the models of lunar eclipse and solar eclipse in order to prove that the celestial bodies were round, not flat. This was an extension of the reasoning of Jing Fang and other theorists as early as the Han Dynasty. In his Dream Pool Essays of 1088 CE, Shen related a conversation he had with the director of the Astronomical Observatory, who had asked Shen if the shapes of the Sun and the Moon were round like balls or flat like fans. Shen Kuo explained his reasoning for the former: If they were like balls they would surely obstruct each other when they met. I replied that these celestial bodies were certainly like balls. How do we know this? By the waxing and waning of the moon. The moon itself gives forth no light, but is like a ball of silver; the light is the light of the sun (reflected). When the brightness is first seen, the sun (-light passes almost) alongside, so the side only is illuminated and looks like a crescent. When the sun gradually gets further away, the light shines slanting, and the moon is full, round like a bullet. If half of a sphere is covered with (white) powder and looked at from the side, the covered part will look like a crescent; if looked at from the front, it will appear round. Thus we know that the celestial bodies are spherical.[27] When he asked Shen Kuo why eclipses occurred only on an occasional basis while in conjunction and opposition once a day, Shen Kuo wrote: I answered that the ecliptic and the moon's path are like two rings, lying one over the other, but distant by a small amount. (If this obliquity did not exist), the sun would be eclipsed whenever the two bodies were in conjunction, and the moon would be eclipsed whenever they were exactly in opposition. But (in fact) though they may occupy the same degree, the two paths are not (always) near (each other), and so naturally the bodies do not (intrude) upon one another.[27] Equipment and innovation Armillary sphere (??) A method of making observation instruments at the times of Qing Dynasty The earliest development of the armillary sphere in China goes back to the 1st century BCE,[28] as they were equipped with a primitive single-ring armillary instrument. This would have allowed them to measure the north polar distance (???, the Chinese form of declination) and measurement that gave the position in a hsiu (???, the Chinese form of right ascension).[29] During the Western Han Dynasty (202 BC-9 CE), additional developments made by the astronomers Luo Xiahong (???), Xiangyu Wangren, and Geng Shouchang (???) advanced the use of the armillary in its early stage of evolution. In 52 BCE, it was the astronomer Geng Shou-chang who introduced the fixed equatorial ring to the armillary sphere.[29] In the subsequent Eastern Han Dynasty (23–220 CE) period, the astronomers Fu An and Jia Kui added the elliptical ring by 84 CE.[29] With the famous statesman, astronomer, and inventor Zhang Heng (78–139 CE), the sphere was totally completed in 125 CE, with horizon and meridian rings.[29] It is of great importance to note that the world's first hydraulic (i.e., water-powered) armillary sphere was created by Zhang Heng, who operated his by use of an inflow clepsydra clock (see Zhang's article for more detail). Abridged armilla (??) Designed by famous astronomer Guo Shoujing in 1276 AD, it solved most problems found in armillary spheres at that time. The primary structure of abridged armilla contains two large rings that are perpendicular to each other, of which one is parallel with the equatorial plane and is accordingly called "equatorial ring", and the other is a double ring that is perpendicular to the center of the equatorial ring, revolving


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