north of Stockholm and serves as a hub for Scandinavian Airlines Stockholm Bromma Airport IATA BMA, ICAO ESSB is located about km mi west of Stockholm Only international Stockholm Skavsta Airport IATA NYO, ICAO ESKN is located km mi south of Stockholm It is located km mi away from Södermanland County capital Nyköping Stockholm Västerås Airport IATA VST, ICAO ESOW is located km mi west of Stockholm, in the city of Västerås Arlanda Express airport rail link runs between Arlanda Airport and central Stockholm With a journey of minutes, the train ride is the fastest way of travelling to the city center Additionally, there are also bus lines, Flygbussarna, that run between central Stockholm and all the airports As of there are no airports specifically for general aviation in the Stockholm area Inter city trains edit Stockholm Central Station Stockholm Central Station has train connections to many Swedish cities as well as to Oslo, Norway and Copenhagen, Denmark The popular SJ service to Gothenburg takes three hours Most of the trains are run by SJ AB International rankings edit Stockholm often performs well in international rankings, some of which are mentioned below In the book The Ultimate Guide to International Marathons , written by Dennis Craythorn and Rich Hanna, Stockholm Marathon is ranked as the best marathon in the world In the European Innovation Scoreboard, prepared by the Maastricht Economic Research Institute on Innovation and Technology MERIT and the Joint Research Centre's Institute for the Protection and the Security of the Citizen of the European Commission, Stockholm was ranked as the most innovative city in Europe In the World Knowledge Competitiveness Index, published by the Centre for International Competitiveness, Stockholm was ranked as the sixth most competitive region in the world and the most competitive region outside the United States In the European Regional Growth Index E REGI , published by Jones Lang LaSalle, Stockholm was ranked fifth on the list of European cities with the strongest GDP growth forecast Stockholm was ranked first in Scandinavia and second outside Central and Eastern Europe In the European Cities Monitor, published by Cushman & Wakefield, Stockholm was ranked as the best Nordic city to locate a business In the same report,

Stockholm was ranked first in Europe in terms of freedom from pollution In a survey performed by the environmental economist Matthew Kahn for the Reader's Digest magazine, Stockholm was ranked first on its list of the greenest and most livable cites in the world In a survey published by the Reader's Digest magazine, Stockholm was ranked fourth in the world and first in Europe on its list of the world's top ten honest cities In a survey published by the National Geographic Traveler magazine, Gamla stan the old town in Stockholm was ranked sixth on its list of rated historic places In a survey published by the Foreign Policy magazine, Stockholm was ranked twenty fourth on its list of the world's most global cities In Stockholm was awarded the title as European Green Capital , as the first Green capital ever in the European Green Capital Award scheme In , Stockholm was named the th most competitive city in the world by the Economist Intelligence Unit Watain Witchery Wolf Valkyrja Vildhjarta Vintersorg Vomitory Zonaria Zavod Successful progressive psychedelic acts are for example Bo Hansson, Dungen, Anekdoten, Morte Macabre, Opeth and Paatos Finland and neighboring Norway are also crucial centers of controversial rock music genres, including black metal, death metal, and techno rock movements since the s and s citation needed Progressive and jazz rock music edit Sweden is also known in some circles for its progressive and jazz rock musicians, particularly for virtuoso led acts including Andromeda, Anekdoten, Änglagård, Arbete och Fritid, Björn J son Lindh, Bo Kaspers Orkester, Janne Schaffer, Kaipa, Landberk, Samla Mammas Manna, Opeth, The Flower Kings, and Beardfish Progg edit Main article Progg During the s, the progg movement gained popularity Progg, originally an abbreviation of progressiv musik progressive music , was an umbrella term for much of the alternative music of this era Some of those artists were progressive in a musical sense, such as Bo Hansson, Samla Mammas Manna and Träd, Gräs och Stenar Others were progressive mainly in a political usually left wing and lyrical sense, such as Nationalteatern, Blå Tåget and Hoola Bandoola Band One of the most unique progressive music artists in Sweden has been Avant Garde songstress iamamiwhoami Electronic music edit Electronic music in Sweden has been heavily influenced by German electronic music In the synth world, the band S P O C K has been active since the late s One of the most recent bands from Sweden is The Knife, as is Sally Shapiro, which is the pseudonym of producer Johan Agebjörn and a Swedish singer More recently, the Swedish House Mafia including Steve Angello, Sebastian Ingrosso, and Axwell have topped the house music charts and DJ top s around the world In , the Swedish artist Tim Bergling Avicii was voted the th best DJ in the world in the Top DJ poll Other similar artists of note are John Dahlbäck, Eric Prydz, Nause, Albin Myers, the duo Dada Life, Adrian Lux, Basshunter, Otto Knows, Alesso, Rebecca & Fiona, Cazzette, Jakob Liedholm, Sebjak, Icona Pop, Steerner, Will & Dan and Tjernberg The trio Swedish House Mafia is by far the most popular electronic music group from Sweden In the mid to late s Swedish language Eurodance & Eurotrance dance music became internationally popular Most noticeably because In , Basshunter became popular with his eurotrance dance songs, based on long standing themes set in mid to late s computer centric culture Little Dragon is also Swedish There are many techno producers from Sweden, though they are often better known internationally than within Sweden There is even a special Swedish subgenre of techno, the most well known producer within this genre being Adam Beyer head of the Drumcode label with notable artist such as Cari Lekebusch, Joel Mull, Henrik B etc Another well known producer duo is Minilogue which has gained lots of attention worldwide, especially with their release Animals in In addition, Sweden is one of the leading countries in the world when it comes to chiptunes, or bitpop Chip music is music made to run on old game consoles and specialized PCs, like the Amiga, Commodore , or Game Boy The Swedish music scene is led by artists like Slagsmålsklubben, Crazy Q, Coma, Covox, Dubmood, Goto , Maktone, Random, Role Model, Lowe, Zabutom, The Knife, Zeigeist and Machinae Supremacy Elektronmusikstudion EMS , formerly known as Electroacoustic Music in Sweden, is the Swedish national centre for electronic music and sound art The research organisation started in and is based in Stockholm Success in the United States edit During their active career, from to , ABBA placed twenty singles on the Billboard Hot fourteen of which made the top on the Cashbox Top and ten of which made the Top on both charts A total of four of those singles reached the Top , including Dancing Queen which reached number one in April While Fernando and SOS did not break the Top on the Billboard Hot chart, reaching number and respectively, they did reach the Top on Cashbox Fernando and Record World SOS charts Both Dancing Queen and Take A Chance On Me were certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of over one million copies each The group also had Top singles on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart with two of them, Fernando and The Winner Takes It All , reaching number one Lay All Your Love on Me was ABBA's fourth number one single on a Billboard chart, topping the Hot Dance Club Play chart The singles Dancing Queen and Take a Chance on Me were certified gold more than million copies sold by the RIAA Nine ABBA albums made their way into the top half of the Billboard album chart, with seven of them reaching the Top and four reaching the Top ABBA The Album was the highest charting album of the group's career, peaking at No Five albums received RIAA gold certification more than , copies sold , while three acquired platinum status selling more than one million copies In , the ABBA Gold Greatest Hits collection was released in the United States and has since become a seven time platinum best seller it climbed to number one on the Billboard Top Pop Catalog Albums chart and also peaked at number on Billboard Comprehensive Albums chart On March , ABBA was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame by Bee Gees members Barry Gibb and Robin Gibb The ceremony was held at The Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York City The group was represented by Anni Frid Lyngstad and Benny Andersson ABBA related tributes edit Abbacadabra – A French children's musical based on songs from ABBA Abbaesque – An Irish ABBA tribute band Abba esque – Erasure's EP ABBAmania – An ITV programme and tribute album to Swedish pop band ABBA released in Abbasalutely – A compilation album released in as a tribute album to ABBA A*Teens – A pop music group from Stockholm, Sweden BABBA – An Australian Tribute band, formed in Björn Again – The earliest formed ABBA tribute band Mamma Mia! – Musical stage show based on the songs of ABBA Mamma Mia! The Movie – Film adaption of the musical stage show Gabba – An ABBA Ramones tribute band that covers the former in the style of the latter, the name being a pun on Gabba Gabba Hey Discography edit Main articles ABBA discography and List of songs recorded by ABBA Ring Ring Waterloo ABBA Arrival Technology from Greek t????, techne, art, skill, cunning of hand and ????a, logia is the collection of techniques, skills, methods and processes used in the production of goods or services or in the accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific investigation Technology can be the knowledge of techniques, processes, etc or it can be embedded in machines, computers, devices and factories, which can be operated by individuals without detailed knowledge of the workings of such things The human species' use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools The prehistoric discovery of how to control fire and the later Neolithic Revolution increased the available sources of food and the invention of the wheel helped humans to travel in and control their environment Developments in historic times, including the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet, have lessened physical barriers to communication and allowed humans to interact freely on a global scale The steady progress of military technology has brought weapons of ever increasing destructive power, from clubs to nuclear weapons Technology has many effects It has helped develop more advanced economies including today's global economy and has allowed the rise of a leisure class Many technological processes produce unwanted by products, known as pollution, and deplete natural resources, to the detriment of Earth's environment Various implementations of technology influence the values of a society and new technology often raises new ethical questions Examples include the rise of the notion of efficiency in terms of human productivity, a term originally applied only to machines, and the challenge of traditional norms Philosophical debates have arisen over the use of technology, with disagreements over whether technology improves the human condition or worsens it Neo Luddism, anarcho primitivism, and similar reactionary movements criticise the pervasiveness of technology in the modern world, opining that it harms the environment and alienates people proponents of ideologies such as transhumanism and techno progressivism view continued technological progress as beneficial to society and the human condition Until recently, it was believed that the development of technology was restricted only to human beings, but st century scientific studies indicate that other primates and certain dolphin communities have developed simple tools and passed their knowledge to other generations Contents hide Definition and usage Science, engineering and technology History Paleolithic million YA – , BC Stone tools Fire Clothing and shelter Neolithic through classical antiquity , BC – AD Metal tools Energy and transport Medieval and modern history AD – present Philosophy Technicism Optimism Skepticism and critics Appropriate technology Optimism and Skepticism in the st century Complex Technological Systems Competitiveness Project Socrates Other animal species Future technology See also References Further reading Definition and usage The spread of paper and printing to the West, exemplified by the printing press, made it possible for scientists and politicians to communicate their ideas with ease, leading to the Age of Enlightenment an example of technology as a cultural force The use of the term technology has changed significantly over the last years Before the th century, the term was uncommon in English, and usually referred to the description or study of the useful arts The term was often connected to technical education, as in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology chartered in The term technology rose to prominence in the th century in connection with the Second Industrial Revolution The term's meanings changed in the early th century when American social scientists, beginning with Thorstein Veblen, translated ideas from the German concept of Technik into technology In German and other European languages, a distinction exists between technik and technologie that is absent in English, which usually translates both terms as technology By the s, technology referred not only to the study of the industrial arts but to the industrial arts themselves In , the American sociologist Read Bain wrote that technology includes all tools, machines, utensils, weapons, instruments, housing, clothing, communicating and transporting devices and the skills by which we produce and use them Bain's definition remains common among scholars today, especially social scientists But equally prominent is the definition of technology as applied science, especially among scientists and engineers, although most social scientists who study technology reject this definition More recently, scholars have borrowed from European philosophers of technique to extend the meaning of technology to various forms of instrumental reason, as in Foucault's work on technologies of the self techniques de soi Dictionaries and scholars have offered a variety of definitions The Merriam Webster Dictionary offers a definition of the term the practical application of knowledge especially in a particular area and a capability given by the practical application of knowledge Ursula Franklin, in her Real World of Technology lecture, gave another definition of the concept it is practice, the way we do things around here The term is often used to imply a specific field of technology, or to refer to high technology or just consumer electronics, rather than technology as a whole Bernard Stiegler, in Technics and Time, , defines technology in two ways as the pursuit of life by means other than life , and as organized inorganic matter Technology can be most broadly defined as the entities, both material and immaterial, created by the application of mental and physical effort in order to achieve some value In this usage, technology refers to tools and machines that may be used to solve real world problems It is a far reaching term that may include simple tools, such as a crowbar or wooden spoon, or more complex machines, such as a space station or particle accelerator Tools and machines need not be material virtual technology, such as computer software and business methods, fall under this definition of technology W Brian Arthur defines technology in a similarly broad way as a means to fulfill a human purpose The word technology can also be used to refer to a collection of techniques In this context, it is the current state of humanity's knowledge of how to combine resources to produce desired products, to solve problems, fulfill needs, or satisfy wants it includes technical methods, skills, processes, techniques, tools and raw materials When combined with another term, such as medical technology or space technology , it refers to the state of the respective field's knowledge and tools State of the art technology refers to the high technology available to humanity in any field The invention of integrated circuits and the microprocessor here, an Intel chip from led to the modern computer revolution Technology can be viewed as an activity that forms or changes culture Additionally, technology is the application of math, science, and the arts for the benefit of life as it is known A modern example is the rise of communication technology, which has lessened barriers to human interaction and, as a result, has helped spawn new subcultures the rise of cyberculture has, at its basis, the development of the Internet and the computer Not all technology enhances culture in a creative way technology can also help facilitate political oppression and war via tools such as guns As a cultural activity, technology predates both science and engineering, each of which formalize some aspects of technological endeavor Science, engineering and technology Antoine Lavoisier conducting an experiment with combustion generated by amplified sun light The distinction between science, engineering and technology is not always clear Science is the reasoned investigation or study of natural phenomena, aimed at discovering enduring principles among elements of the phenomenal world by employing formal techniques such as the scientific method Technologies are not usually exclusively products of science, because they have to satisfy requirements such as utility, usability and safety Engineering is the goal oriented process of designing and making tools and systems to exploit natural phenomena for practical human means, often but not always using results and techniques from science The development of technology may draw upon many fields of knowledge, including scientific, engineering, mathematical, linguistic, and historical knowledge, to achieve some practical result Technology is often a consequence of science and engineering — although technology as a human activity precedes the two fields For example, science might study the flow of electrons in electrical conductors, by using already existing tools and knowledge This new found knowledge may then be used by engineers to create new tools and machines, such as semiconductors, computers, and other forms of advanced technology In this sense, scientists and engineers may both be considered technologists the three fields are often considered as one for the purposes of research and reference The exact relations between science and technology in particular have been debated by scientists, historians, and policymakers in the late th century, in part because the debate can inform the funding of basic and applied science In the immediate wake of World War II, for example, in the United States it was widely considered that technology was simply applied science and that to fund basic science was to reap technological results in due time An articulation of this philosophy could be found explicitly in Vannevar Bush's treatise on postwar science policy, Science—The Endless Frontier New products, new industries, and more jobs require continuous additions to knowledge of the laws of nature This essential new knowledge can be obtained only through basic scientific research In the


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danielle danielle-foxxx danielle-rodgers danny-ricci danyel-cheeks daphne daphne-rosen darby-lloyd-rains darla-crane darla-delovely davia-ardell dayton-rain debbie-northrup debbie-revenge debbie-van-gils debi-diamond debi-jointed debra-lynn deidra-hopkins deidre-holland delania-raffino delia-moore delphine-thail delta-force delta-white demi-moor denice-klarskov denise-derringer denise-dior denise-sloan desiree-cousteau desiree-foxx desiree-lane desiree-west deva-station devin-devasquez devinn-lane devon-shire dia diana-holt diana-kisabonyi diana-siefert diana-stevenson diane-dubois diane-richards diane-sloan diane-suresne dido-angel dillan-lauren dina-deville dina-jewel dina-pearl ditty-blue diva divinity-love djiana dolly-darkley dominique dominique-dewitt dominique-saint-claire donna-hart donna-marie dorle-buchner dorothy-lemay dorothy-onan drea drimla dru-berrymore dusty-rose dyanna-lauren ebony-ayes edina-blond edita-ungerova edwige-faillel eileen-wells elaine-southern elena-berkova elena-maria-ricci eleonore-melzer elisabeth-bure elis-black elise elise-di-medici elle-devyne elle-rio elodie-delage elsa-maroussia elza-brown emili-doll emily-evermoore emily-george emily-jewel emmanuelle-pareze envy-mi erica-boyer erica-eaton erica-havens erica-idol erica-lauren erika-bella erika-cool erika-heaven erika-lockett esme-monroe eva-allen eva-angel eva-dionisio eva-gross eva-kleber eva-lux eva-uettori eve-laurence evelyne-lang evie-delatosso fabiana-venturi faith-stevens fallon fanny-garreau fanny-steel faye-runaway flame flick-shagwell flore-soller flower france-lomay france-quenie francoise frankie-leigh gabriella gabriella-mirelba gabriella-vincze gail-force gail-palmer gail-sterling georgette-saunders georgia-peach georgina-spelvin gia-givanna gianna-lynn gili-sky gina-carrera gina-gianetti gina-janssen gina-lee gina-martell gina-valentino ginger-jay ginger-lee ginger-lynn ginny-noack giovanna gisela-schwarz giselle-monet gladys-laroche gloria-leonard 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kapri-styles kara-nox karen-summer kari-foxx karine-gambier karin-schubert karli-sweet karmen-kennedy karol-castro kascha kassi-nova kat kate-frost kate-jones kathia-nobili kathleen-gentry kathleen-white kathy-divan kathy-harcourt kathy-heart kathy-kash katie-cummings katja-love kat-langer katrina-isis katrina-kraven katy-borman katy-caro kaycee-dean kayla-kupcakes kay-parker k-c-valentine keama-kim keira-moon keisha keli-richards kelli-tyler kelly-adams kelly-blue kelly-broox kelly-hearn kelly-kay kelly-kline kelly-nichols kelly-royce kelly-skyline kendra-kay kenzi-marie keri-windsor ketthy-divan kianna-dior kiley-heart kim-alexis kimber-blake kimberly-carson kimberly-kane kimberly-kyle kim-de-place kim-holland kimi-gee kimkim-de kim-kitaine kimmie-lee kimmy-nipples kina-kara kira-eggers kira-red kirsty-waay kitty-langdon kitty-lynxxx kitty-marie kitty-shayne kitty-yung kora-cummings kris-lara krista-lane krista-maze kristara-barrington kristarah-knight kristi-klenot kristina-blonde kristina-king kristina-klevits kristina-soderszk kristine-heller kristin-steen krisztina-ventura krystal-de-boor krystal-steal kylee-karr kylee-nash kylie-brooks kylie-channel kylie-haze kylie-wylde kym-wilde kyoto-sun lachelle-marie lacy-rose lady-amanda-wyldefyre lady-stephanie laetitia-bisset lana-burner lana-cox lana-wood lara-amour lara-roxx lara-stevens lataya-roxx latoya laura-clair laura-lazare laura-lion laura-may laura-orsolya laura-paouck laura-zanzibar lauren-black laurence-boutin lauren-montgomery laurien-dominique laurien-wilde laurie-smith lauryl-canyon lauryn-may leah-wilde lea-magic lea-martini leanna-foxxx lee-caroll leigh-livingston leilani lenora-bruce leslie-winston lesllie-bovee letizia-bruni lexi-lane lexi-matthews lezley-zen lia-fire liliane-gray liliane-lemieuvre lili-marlene lily-gilder lily-labeau lily-rodgers lily-valentine linda-shaw linda-vale linda-wong linnea-quigley lisa-bright lisa-de-leeuw lisa-k-loring lisa-lake lisa-melendez lisa-sue-corey lise-pinson little-oral-annie liza-dwyer liza-harper lizzy-borden logan-labrent lois-ayres lola-cait long-jean-silver loni-bunny loni-sanders loona-luxx lorelei-lee lorelei-rand lorena-sanchez lori-alexia lori-blue lorrie-lovett luci-diamond lucie-doll lucie-theodorova lucy-van-dam lydia-baum lynn-franciss lynn-lemay lynn-ray lynn-stevens lynx-canon lysa-thatcher madelina-ray madison-parker magdalena-lynn maggie-randall mai-lin mandi-wine mandy-bright mandy-malone mandy-may mandy-mistery mandy-starr marcia-minor maren margit-ojetz margitta-hofer margo-stevens margot-mahler mariah-cherry marianne-aubert maria-tortuga marie-anne marie-christine-chireix marie-christine-veroda marie-claude-moreau marie-dominique-cabannes marie-france-morel marie-luise-lusewitz marie-sharp marilyn-chambers marilyne-leroy marilyn-gee marilyn-jess marilyn-martyn marilyn-star marina-hedman marion-webb marita-ekberg marita-kemper marlena marlene-willoughby marry-queen martine-grimaud martine-schultz maryanne-fisher mary-hubay mary-ramunno mary-stuart mascha-mouton maud-kennedy mauvais-denoir maxine-tyler maya-black maya-france megan-leigh megan-martinez megan-reece mei-ling melanie-hotlips melanie-scott melba-cruz melinda-russell melissa-bonsardo melissa-del-prado melissa-golden melissa-martinez melissa-melendez melissa-monet mercedes-dragon mercedes-lynn merle-michaels mesha-lynn mia-beck mia-lina mia-smiles michele-raven michelle-aston michelle-ferrari michelle-greco michelle-maren michelle-maylene michelle-monroe micki-lynn mika-barthel mika-tan mikki-taylor mimi-morgan mindy-rae ming-toy miranda-stevens miss-bunny miss-meadow miss-pomodoro missy missy-graham missy-stone missy-vega misti-jane mistress-candice misty-anderson misty-dawn misty-rain misty-regan mona-lisa mona-page moni monica-baal monica-swinn monika-peta monika-sandmayr monika-unco monique-bruno monique-cardin monique-charell monique-demoan monique-gabrielle monique-la-belle morgan-fairlane morrigan-hel moxxie-maddron mulani-rivera mysti-may nadege-arnaud nadia-styles nadine-bronx nadine-proutnal nadine-roussial nadi-phuket nanci-suiter nancy-hoffman nancy-vee natacha-delyro natalia-wood natalli-diangelo natascha-throat natasha-skyler naudia-nyce nessa-devil nessy-grant nesty nicki-hunter nicky-reed nicole-berg nicole-bernard nicole-black nicole-grey nicole-london nicole-parks nicole-scott nicole-taylor nicolette-fauludi nicole-west nika-blond nika-mamic niki-cole nikita-love nikita-rush nikki-charm nikki-grand nikki-king nikki-knight nikki-randall nikki-rhodes nikki-santana nikki-steele nikki-wilde niko nina-cherry nina-deponca nina-hartley nina-preta oana-efria obaya-roberts olesja-derevko olga-cabaeva olga-conti olga-pechova olga-petrova olivia-alize olivia-del-rio olivia-flores olivia-la-roche olivia-outre ophelia-tozzi orchidea-keresztes orsolya-blonde paige-turner paisley-hunter pamela-bocchi pamela-jennings pamela-mann pamela-stanford pamela-stealt pandora paola-albini pascale-vital pat-manning pat-rhea patricia-dale patricia-diamond patricia-kennedy patricia-rhomberg patrizia-predan patti-cakes patti-petite paula-brasile paula-harlow paula-morton paula-price paula-winters pauline-teutscher penelope-pumpkins penelope-valentin petra-hermanova petra-lamas peyton-lafferty phaedra-grant pia-snow piper-fawn pipi-anderson porsche-lynn porsha-carrera precious-silver priscillia-lenn purple-passion queeny-love rachel-ashley rachel-love rachel-luv rachel-roxxx rachel-ryan rachel-ryder racquel-darrian rane-revere raven reagan-maddux rebecca-bardoux regan-anthony regine-bardot regula-mertens reina-leone reka-gabor renae-cruz renee-foxx renee-lovins renee-morgan renee-perez renee-summers renee-tiffany rhonda-jo-petty rikki-blake riley-ray rio-mariah rita-ricardo roberta-gemma roberta-pedon robin-byrd robin-cannes robin-everett robin-sane rochell-starr rosa-lee-kimball rosemarie roxanne-blaze roxanne-hall roxanne-rollan ruby-richards sabina-k sabre sabrina-chimaera sabrina-dawn sabrina-jade sabrina-johnson sabrina-love-cox sabrina-mastrolorenzi sabrina-rose sabrina-scott sabrina-summers sacha-davril sahara sahara-sands sai-tai-tiger samantha-fox samantha-ryan samantha-sterlyng samantha-strong samueline-de-la-rosa sandra-cardinale sandra-de-marco sandra-kalermen sandra-russo sandy-lee sandy-pinney sandy-reed sandy-samuel sandy-style sandy-summers sara-brandy-canyon sara-faye sarah-bernard sarah-cabrera sarah-hevyn sarah-mills sarah-shine sara-sloane sasha sasha-hollander sasha-ligaya sasha-rose satine-phoenix satin-summer savannah-stern savanna-jane scarlet-scarleau scarlet-windsor seka selena serena serena-south severine-amoux shana-evans shanna-mccullough shannon-kelly shannon-rush shantell-day sharon-da-vale sharon-kane sharon-mitchell shaun-michelle shawna-sexton shawnee-cates shay-hendrix shayne-ryder sheena-horne sheer-delight shelby-star shelby-stevens shelly-berlin shelly-lyons sheri-st-clair sheyla-cats shonna-lynn shyla-foxxx shy-love sierra-sinn sierra-skye sigrun-theil silver-starr silvia-bella silvia-saint silvie-de-lux silvy-taylor simone-west sindee-coxx sindy-lange sindy-shy siobhan-hunter skylar-knight skylar-price skyler-dupree smokie-flame smoking-mary-jane solange-shannon sonya-summers sophia-santi sophie-call sophie-duflot sophie-evans sophie-guers stacey-donovan stacy-lords stacy-moran stacy-nichols stacy-silver stacy-thorn starla-fox starr-wood stefania-bruni stella-virgin stephanie-duvalle stephanie-rage stephanie-renee stevie-taylor summer-knight summer-rose sunny-day sunset-thomas sunshine-seiber susan-hart susanne-brend susan-nero susi-hotkiss suzanne-mcbain suzan-nielsen suzie-bartlett suzie-carina suzi-sparks sweet-nice sweety-pie sybille-rossani sylvia-benedict sylvia-bourdon sylvia-brand sylvia-engelmann syreeta-taylor syren-de-mer syvette szabina-black szilvia-lauren tai-ellis taija-rae taisa-banx talia-james tamara-lee tamara-longley tamara-n-joy tamara-west tami-white tammy tammy-lee tammy-reynolds tania-lorenzo tantala-ray tanya-danielle tanya-fox tanya-foxx tanya-lawson tanya-valis tara-aire tasha-voux tatjana-belousova tatjana-skomorokhova tawnee-lee tawny-pearl tayla-rox taylor-wane teddi-austin teddi-barrett tera-bond tera-heart tera-joy teresa-may teresa-orlowski teri-diver teri-weigel terri-dolan terri-hall tess-ferre tess-newheart thais-vieira tia-cherry tianna tiara tiffany-blake tiffany-clark tiffany-duponte tiffany-rayne tiffany-rousso tiffany-storm tiffany-towers tiffany-tyler tiger-lily tigr timea-vagvoelgyi tina-blair tina-burner tina-evil tina-gabriel tina-loren tina-marie tina-russell tish-ambrose tommi-rose tonisha-mills topsy-curvey tori-secrets tori-sinclair tori-welles tracey-adams traci-lords traci-topps traci-winn tracy-duzit tracy-love tracy-williams tricia-devereaux tricia-yen trinity-loren trisha-rey trista-post trixie-tyler ultramax ursula-gaussmann ursula-moore uschi-karnat valentina valerie-leveau valery-hilton vanessa-chase vanessa-del-rio vanessa-michaels vanessa-ozdanic vanilla-deville velvet-summers veri-knotty veronica-dol veronica-hart veronica-hill veronica-rayne veronica-sage veronika-vanoza via-paxton vicky-lindsay vicky-vicci victoria-evans victoria-gold victoria-knight victoria-luna victoria-paris victoria-slick victoria-zdrok viper virginie-caprice vivian-valentine vivien-martines wendi-white wendy-divine whitney-banks whitney-fears whitney-wonders wonder-tracey wow-nikki xanthia-berstein yasmine-fitzgerald yelena-shieffer yvonne-green zara-whites zsanett-egerhazi zuzie-boobies

late s, however, this view came under direct attack, leading towards initiatives to fund science for specific tasks initiatives resisted by the scientific community The issue remains contentious—though most analysts resist the model that technology simply is a result of scientific research History Main articles History of technology, Timeline of historic inventions and Timeline of electrical and electronic engineering Paleolithic million YA – , BC A primitive chopper Further information Outline of prehistoric technology The use of tools by early humans was partly a process of discovery and of evolution Early humans evolved from a species of foraging hominids which were already bipedal, with a brain mass approximately one third of modern humans Tool use remained relatively unchanged for most of early human history Approximately , years ago, the use of tools and complex set of behaviors emerged, believed by many archaeologists to be connected to the emergence of fully modern language Stone tools Hand axes from the Acheulian period A Clovis point, made via pressure flaking Hominids started using primitive stone tools millions of years ago The earliest stone tools were little more than a fractured rock, but approximately , years ago, pressure flaking provided a way to make much finer work Fire Main article Control of fire by early humans The discovery and utilization of fire, a simple energy source with many profound uses, was a turning point in the technological evolution of humankind The exact date of its discovery is not known evidence of burnt animal bones at the Cradle of Humankind suggests that the domestication of fire occurred before , , BC scholarly consensus indicates that Homo erectus had controlled fire by between , BC and , BC Fire, fueled with wood and charcoal, allowed early humans to cook their food to increase its digestibility, improving its nutrient value and broadening the number of foods that could be eaten Clothing and shelter Other technological advances made during the Paleolithic era were clothing and shelter the adoption of both technologies cannot be dated exactly, but they were a key to humanity's progress As the Paleolithic era progressed, dwellings became more sophisticated and more elaborate as early as , BC, humans were constructing temporary wood huts Clothing, adapted from the fur and hides of hunted animals, helped humanity expand into colder regions humans began to migrate out of Africa by , BC and into other continents, such as Eurasia Neolithic through classical antiquity , BC – AD An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools Man's technological ascent began in earnest in what is known as the Neolithic period New stone age The invention of polished stone axes was a major advance that allowed forest clearance on a large scale to create farms Agriculture fed larger populations, and the transition to sedentism allowed simultaneously raising more children, as infants no longer needed to be carried, as nomadic ones must Additionally, children could contribute labor to the raising of crops more readily than they could to the hunter gatherer economy With this increase in population and availability of labor came an increase in labor specialization What triggered the progression from early Neolithic villages to the first cities, such as Uruk, and the first civilizations, such as Sumer, is not specifically known however, the emergence of increasingly hierarchical social structures and specialized labor, of trade and war amongst adjacent cultures, and the need for collective action to overcome environmental challenges such as irrigation, are all thought to have played a role Metal tools Continuing improvements led to the furnace and bellows and provided the ability to smelt and forge native metals naturally occurring in relatively pure form Gold, copper, silver, and lead, were such early metals The advantages of copper tools over stone, bone, and wooden tools were quickly apparent to early humans, and native copper was probably used from near the beginning of Neolithic times about BC Native copper does not naturally occur in large amounts, but copper ores are quite common and some of them produce metal easily when burned in wood or charcoal fires Eventually, the working of metals led to the discovery of alloys such as bronze and brass about BC The first uses of iron alloys such as steel dates to around BC Energy and transport The wheel was invented circa BC Main article History of transport Meanwhile, humans were learning to harness other forms of energy The earliest known use of wind power is the sailboat The earliest record of a ship under sail is shown on an Egyptian pot dating back to BC From prehistoric times, Egyptians probably used the power of the annual flooding of the Nile to irrigate their lands, gradually learning to regulate much of it through purposely built irrigation channels and 'catch' basins Similarly, the early peoples of Mesopotamia, the Sumerians, learned to use the Tigris and Euphrates rivers for much the same purposes But more extensive use of wind and water and even human power required another invention According to archaeologists, the wheel was invented around B C probably independently and nearly simultaneously in Mesopotamia in present day Iraq , the Northern Caucasus Maykop culture and Central Europe Estimates on when this may have occurred range from to B C , with most experts putting it closer to B C The oldest artifacts with drawings that depict wheeled carts date from about B C however, the wheel may have been in use for millennia before these drawings were made There is also evidence from the same period for the use of the potter's wheel More recently, the oldest known wooden wheel in the world was found in the Ljubljana marshes of Slovenia The invention of the wheel revolutionized trade and war It did not take long to discover that wheeled wagons could be used to carry heavy loads Fast rotary potters' wheels enabled early mass production of pottery But it was the use of the wheel as a transformer of energy through water wheels, windmills, and even treadmills that revolutionized the application of nonhuman power sources Medieval and modern history AD – present Main articles Medieval technology, Renaissance technology, Industrial Revolution, Second Industrial Revolution, Information Technology and Productivity improving technologies economic history Innovations continued through the Middle Ages with innovations such as silk, the horse collar and horseshoes in the first few hundred years after the fall of the Roman Empire Medieval technology saw the use of simple machines such as the lever, the screw, and the pulley being combined to form more complicated tools, such as the wheelbarrow, windmills and clocks The Renaissance brought forth many of these innovations, including the printing press which facilitated the greater communication of knowledge , and technology became increasingly associated with science, beginning a cycle of mutual advancement The advancements in technology in this era allowed a more steady supply of food, followed by the wider availability of consumer goods The automobile revolutionized personal transportation Starting in the United Kingdom in the th century, the Industrial Revolution was a period of great technological discovery, particularly in the areas of agriculture, manufacturing, mining, metallurgy and transport, driven by the discovery of steam power Technology later took another step with the harnessing of electricity to create such innovations as the electric motor, light bulb and countless others Scientific advancement and the discovery of new concepts later allowed for powered flight, and advancements in medicine, chemistry, physics and engineering The rise in technology has led to the construction of skyscrapers and large cities whose inhabitants rely on automobiles or other powered transit for transportation Communication was also greatly improved with the invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio and television The late th and early th centuries saw a revolution in transportation with the invention of the steam powered ship, train, airplane, and automobile F and F flying over a burning oil field in Kuwait in The th century brought a host of innovations In physics, the discovery of nuclear fission has led to both nuclear weapons and nuclear power Computers were also invented and later miniaturized utilizing transistors and integrated circuits The technology behind got called information technology, and these advancements subsequently led to the creation of the Internet, which ushered in the current Information Age Humans have also been able to explore space with satellites later used for telecommunication and in manned missions going all the way to the moon In medicine, this era brought innovations such as open heart surgery and later stem cell therapy along with new medications and treatments Complex manufacturing and construction techniques and organizations are needed to construct and maintain these new technologies, and entire industries have arisen to support and develop succeeding generations of increasingly more complex tools Modern technology increasingly relies on training and education — their designers, builders, maintainers, and users often require sophisticated general and specific training Moreover, these technologies have become so complex that entire fields have been created to support them, including engineering, medicine, and computer science, and other fields have been made more complex, such as construction, transportation and architecture Philosophy Technicism Generally, technicism is a reliance or confidence in technology as a benefactor of society Taken to extreme, technicism is the belief that humanity will ultimately be able to control the entirety of existence using technology In other words, human beings will someday be able to master all problems and possibly even control the future using technology Some, such as Stephen V Monsma, connect these ideas to the abdication of religion as a higher moral authority Optimism See also Extropianism Optimistic assumptions are made by proponents of ideologies such as transhumanism and singularitarianism, which view technological development as generally having beneficial effects for the society and the human condition In these ideologies, technological development is morally good Some critics see these ideologies as examples of scientism and techno utopianism and fear the notion of human enhancement and technological singularity which they support Some have described Karl Marx as a techno optimist Skepticism and critics See also Luddite, Neo luddism, Anarcho primitivism and Bioconservatism Refer to caption Luddites smashing a power loom in On the somewhat skeptical side are certain philosophers like Herbert Marcuse and John Zerzan, who believe that technological societies are inherently flawed They suggest that the inevitable result of such a society is to become evermore technological at the cost of freedom and psychological health Many, such as the Luddites and prominent philosopher Martin Heidegger, hold serious, although not entirely deterministic reservations, about technology see The Question Concerning Technology According to Heidegger scholars Hubert Dreyfus and Charles Spinosa, Heidegger does not oppose technology He hopes to reveal the essence of technology in a way that 'in no way confines us to a stultified compulsion to push on blindly with technology or, what comes to the same thing, to rebel helplessly against it ' Indeed, he promises that 'when we once open ourselves expressly to the essence of technology, we find ourselves unexpectedly taken into a freeing claim ' What this entails is a more complex relationship to technology than either techno optimists or techno pessimists tend to allow Some of the most poignant criticisms of technology are found in what are now considered to be dystopian literary classics, for example Aldous Huxley's Brave New World and other writings, Anthony Burgess's A Clockwork Orange, and George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty Four And, in Faust by Goethe, Faust's selling his soul to the devil in return for power over the physical world, is also often interpreted as a metaphor for the adoption of industrial technology More recently, modern works of science fiction, such as those by Philip K Dick and William Gibson, and films e g Blade Runner, Ghost in the Shell project highly ambivalent or cautionary attitudes toward technology's impact on human society and identity The late cultural critic Neil Postman distinguished tool using societies from technological societies and, finally, what he called technopolies, that is, societies that are dominated by the ideology of technological and scientific progress, to the exclusion or harm of other cultural practices, values and world views Darin Barney has written about technology's impact on practices of citizenship and democratic culture, suggesting that technology can be construed as an object of political debate, a means or medium of discussion, and a setting for democratic deliberation and citizenship As a setting for democratic culture, Barney suggests that technology tends to make ethical questions, including the question of what a good life consists in, nearly impossible, because they already give an answer to the question a good life is one that includes the use of more and more technology Nikolas Kompridis has also written about the dangers of new technology, such as genetic engineering, nanotechnology, synthetic biology and robotics He warns that these technologies introduce unprecedented new challenges to human beings, including the possibility of the permanent alteration of our biological nature These concerns are shared by other philosophers, scientists and public intellectuals who have written about similar issues e g Francis Fukuyama, Jürgen Habermas, William Joy, and Michael Sandel Another prominent critic of technology is Hubert Dreyfus, who has published books On the Internet and What Computers Still Can't Do Another, more infamous anti technological treatise is Industrial Society and Its Future, written by Theodore Kaczynski aka The Unabomber and printed in several major newspapers and later books as part of an effort to end his bombing campaign of the techno industrial infrastructure Appropriate technology See also Technocriticism and Technorealism The notion of appropriate technology, however, was developed in the th century e g , see the work of E F Schumacher and of Jacques Ellul to describe situations where it was not desirable to use very new technologies or those that required access to some centralized infrastructure or parts or skills imported from elsewhere The eco village movement emerged in part due to this concern Optimism and Skepticism in the st century This article mainly focusses on American concerns even if it can reasonably be generalized to other Western countries The inadequate quantity and quality of American jobs is one of the most fundamental economic challenges we face What's the linkage between technology and this fundamental problem —?Bernstein, Jared, It’s Not a Skills Gap That’s Holding Wages Down It’s the Weak Economy, Among Other Things, in The American Prospect, October In his article, Jared Bernstein, a Senior Fellow at the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, questions the widespread idea that automation, and more broadly technological advances have mainly contributed to this growing labor market problem His thesis appears to be a third way between Optimism and Skepticism Basically, he stands for a neutral approach of the linkage between technology and American issues concerning unemployment and eroding wages He uses two main arguments to defend his point First of all, because of recent technological advances, an increasing number of workers are losing their jobs Yet, scientific evidence fails to clearly demonstrate that technology has displaced so many workers that it has created more problems than it has solved Indeed, automation threatens repetitive jobs but higher end jobs are still necessary because they complement technology and manual jobs that requires flexibility judgment and common sense remain hard to be replaced by machines Second, studies have not defined clear links between recent technology advances and the wage trends of the last decades Therefore,

according to Jared Bernstein, instead of focusing on technology and its hypothetical influences on current American increasing unemployment and eroding wages, one needs to worry more about bad policy that fails to offset the imbalances in demand, trade, income and opportunity Complex Technological Systems Thomas P Hughes pointed out that because technology has been considered as a key way to solve problems, we need to be aware of its complex and varied characters to use it more efficiently What is the difference between a wheel or a compass and cooking machines such as an oven or a gas stove Can we consider all of them, only a part of them or none of them as technologies Technology is often considered too narrowly according to Thomas P Hughes Technology is a creative process involving human ingenuity This definition emphasizing on creativity avoids unbounded definition that may mistakenly include cooking technologies But it also highlights the prominent role of humans and therefore their responsibilities for the use of complex technological systems Yet, because technology is everywhere and has dramatically changed landscapes and societies, Hughes argued that engineers, scientists, and managers often have believed that they can use technology to shape the world as they want They have often supposed that technology is easily controllable and this assumption has to be thoroughly questioned For instance, Evgeny Morozov particularly challenges two concepts Internet centrism and solutionism Internet centrism refers to the idea that our society is convinced that the Internet is one of the most stable and coherent forces Solutionism is the ideology that every social issue can be solved thanks to technology and especially thanks to the internet In fact, technology intrinsically contains uncertainties and limitations According to Alexis Madrigal's critique of Morozov's theory, to ignore it will lead to unexpected consequences that could eventually cause more damage than the problems they seek to address Benjamin Cohen and Gwen Ottinger precisely discussed the multivalent effects of technology Therefore, recognition of the limitations of technology and more broadly scientific knowledge is needed — especially in cases dealing with environmental justice and health issues Gwen Ottinger continues this reasoning and argues that the ongoing recognition of the limitations of scientific knowledge goes hand in hand with scientists and engineers’ new comprehension of their role Such an approach of technology and science require technical professionals to conceive of their roles in the process differently They have to consider themselves as collaborators in research and problem solving rather than simply providers of information and technical solutions Competitiveness Boeing wing fuselage sections during final assembly Technology is properly defined as any application of science to accomplish a function The science can be leading edge or well established and the function can have high visibility or be significantly more mundane but it is all technology, and its exploitation is the foundation of all competitive advantage Technology based planning is what was used to build the US industrial giants before WWII e g , Dow, DuPont, GM and it what was used to transform the US into a superpower It was not economic based planning Project Socrates This section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article's subject matter Please help improve this article by clarifying or removing superfluous information May In Project Socrates was initiated in the US intelligence community to determine the source of declining US economic and military competitiveness Project Socrates concluded that technology exploitation is the foundation of all competitive advantage and that declining US competitiveness was from decision making in the private and public sectors switching from technology exploitation technology based planning to money exploitation economic based planning at the end of World War II Project Socrates determined that to rebuild US competitiveness, decision making throughout the US had to readopt technology based planning Project Socrates also determined that countries like China and India had continued executing technology based while the US took its detour into economic based planning, and as a result had considerably advanced the process and were using it to build themselves into superpowers To rebuild US competitiveness the US decision makers needed to adopt a form of technology based planning that was far more advanced than that used by China and India Project Socrates determined that technology based planning makes an evolutionary leap forward every few hundred years and the next evolutionary leap, the Automated Innovation Revolution, was poised to occur In the Automated Innovation Revolution the process for determining how to acquire and utilize technology for a competitive advantage which includes R&D is automated so that it can be executed with unprecedented speed, efficiency and agility Project Socrates developed the means for automated innovation so that the US could lead the Automated Innovation Revolution in order to rebuild and maintain the country's economic competitiveness for many generations Other animal species See also Tool use by animals, Structures built by animals and Ecosystem engineer This adult gorilla uses a branch as a walking stick to gauge the water's depth, an example of technology usage by non human primates The use of basic technology is also a feature of other animal species apart from humans These include primates such as chimpanzees, some dolphin communities, and crows Considering a more generic perspective of technology as ethology of active environmental conditioning and control, we can also refer to animal examples such as beavers and their dams, or bees and their honeycombs The ability to make and use tools was once considered a defining characteristic of the genus Homo However, the discovery of tool construction among chimpanzees and related primates has discarded the notion of the use of technology as unique to humans For example, researchers have observed wild chimpanzees utilising tools for foraging some of the tools used include leaf sponges, termite fishing probes, pestles and levers West African chimpanzees also use stone hammers and anvils for cracking nuts, as do capuchin monkeys of Boa Vista, Brazil Future technology Main article Emerging technologies Theories of technology often attempt to predict the future of technology based on the high technology and science of the time See also Main article Outline of technology Book icon Book Technology Portal icon Technology portal Architectural technology Critique of technology Greatest Engineering Achievements of the th Century History of science and technology Knowledge economy Law of the instrument Golden hammer Lewis Mumford List of years in science Niche construction Science and technology in Argentina Technological convergence Technology and society Technology assessment Technology tree logy Superpower §?Possible factors Theories and concepts in technology Appropriate technology Diffusion of innovations Human enhancement Instrumental conception of technology Jacques Ellul Paradigm Philosophy of technology Posthumanism Precautionary principle Singularitarianism Strategy of Technology Techno progressivism Technocentrism Technocracy Technocriticism Technological determinism Technological evolution Technological nationalism Technological revival Technological singularity Technology management Technology readiness level Technorealism Transhumanism Economics of technology Sweden Listeni 'swi?d?n swee d?n Swedish Sverige 'sværj? listen , officially the Kingdom of Sweden Swedish About this sound Konungariket Sverige help•info , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe It borders Norway and Finland, and is connected to Denmark by a bridge tunnel across the Öresund At , square kilometres , sq mi , Sweden is the third largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of over million Sweden consequently has a low population density of inhabitants per square kilometre sq mi , with the highest concentration in the southern half of the country Approximately % of the population lives in urban areas Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats Götar and Swedes Svear and constituting the sea peoples known as the Norsemen Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages In the th century, it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early th century Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the th and th centuries, beginning with the annexation of present day Finland by Russia in The last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in , when Norway was militarily forced into personal union Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining an official policy of neutrality in foreign affairs The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in , leading to Sweden's current borders Though it was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German occupied Europe After the end of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on January , but declined NATO membership Today, Sweden is a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy, with the Monarch as the head of state The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country Legislative power is vested in the member unicameral Riksdag Executive power is exercised by the Government, chaired by the Prime Minister Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into counties and municipalities Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides universal health care and tertiary education for its citizens It has the world's eighth highest per capita income and ranks highly in numerous metrics of national performance, including quality of life, health, education, protection of civil liberties, economic competitiveness, equality, prosperity and human development Sweden has been a member of the European Union since January , but declined Eurozone membership following a referendum It is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development OECD Contents hide Etymology History Prehistory The Vikings The Kingdom of Sweden Swedish Empire Modern history World War I and World War II Post war era Recent history Geography Climate Politics Constitutional framework Political parties and elections Administrative divisions Political history Judicial system Foreign relations Military Economy Energy Transport Public policy Science and technology Demographics Language Religion Health Education Immigration Culture Music Architecture Media Literature Holidays Cuisine Cinema Fashion Sports See also Notes References Further Reading External links Etymology Main article Name of Sweden The modern name Sweden is derived through back formation from Old English Sweoþeod, which meant people of the Swedes Old Norse Svíþjóð, Latin Suetidi This word is derived from Sweon Sweonas Old Norse Sviar, Latin Suiones The Swedish name Sverige a compound of the words Svea and Rike, with lenition of the consonant k , first recorded in the cognate Sweorice in Beowulf — literally means Kingdom of the Swedes , excluding the Geats in Götaland Variations of the name Sweden are used in most languages, with the exception of Danish and Norwegian using Sverige, Faroese Svøríki, Icelandic Svíþjóð, and the more notable exception of some Finnic languages where Ruotsi Finnish and Rootsi Estonian are used, names commonly considered etymologically related to the English name for Russia, referring to the people, Rus', originally from the coastal areas of Roslagen, Uppland The etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto Germanic Swihoniz meaning one's own , referring to one's own Germanic tribe History This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed May Main article History of Sweden Prehistory Main article Prehistoric Sweden A Vendel era helmet, at the Swedish Museum of National Antiquities Sweden's prehistory begins in the Allerød oscillation, according to whom a warm period around , BC, with Late Palaeolithic reindeer hunting camps of the Bromme culture at the edge of the ice in what is now the country's southernmost province, Scania This period was characterised by small bands of hunter gatherer fishers using flint technology Sweden is first described in a written source in Germania by Tacitus in AD In Germania and he mentions the Swedes Suiones as a powerful tribe distinguished not merely for their arms and men, but for their powerful fleets with ships that had a prow at each end longships Which kings kuningaz ruled these Suiones is unknown, but Norse mythology presents a long line of legendary and semi legendary kings going back to the last centuries BC As for literacy in Sweden itself, the runic script was in use among the south Scandinavian elite by at least the nd century AD, but all that has come down to the present from the Roman Period is curt inscriptions on artefacts, mainly of male names, demonstrating that the people of south Scandinavia spoke Proto Norse at the time, a language ancestral to Swedish and other North Germanic languages non primary source needed In the th century Jordanes named two tribes he calls the Suehans and the Suetidi who lived in Scandza These two names are both considered to refer to the same tribe The Suehans, he says, have very fine horses just as the Thyringi tribe alia vero gens ibi moratur Suehans, quae velud Thyringi equis utuntur eximiis Snorri Sturluson wrote that the contemporary Swedish king Adils Eadgils had the finest horses of his day The Suehans were the suppliers of black fox skins for the Roman market Then Jordanes names the Suetidi, which is considered to be the Latin form of Svíþjóð, the Old Norse name for the Swedes He writes that the Suetidi are the tallest of men together with the Dani who were of the same stock Later he mentions other Scandinavian tribes for being of the same height non primary source needed The Vikings See also Early Swedish history, Foundation of Modern Sweden and Varangians Viking expeditions blue going into Russia were Swedish Vikings The Swedish Viking Age lasted roughly from the th century to the th century It is believed that Swedish Vikings and Gutar mainly travelled east and south, going to Finland, the Baltic countries, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, the Black Sea and even as far as Baghdad Their routes passed through the Dnieper south to Constantinople, on which they carried out numerous raids The Byzantine Emperor Theophilos noticed their great skills in war, and invited them to serve as his personal bodyguard, known as the Varangian Guard The Swedish Vikings, called Rus are believed to be the founding fathers of Kievan Rus' The Arab traveller Ibn Fadlan described these Vikings as follows I have seen the Rus as they came on their merchant journeys and encamped by the Itil I have never seen more perfect physical specimens, tall as date palms, blond and ruddy they wear neither tunics nor caftans, but the men wear a garment which covers one side of the body and leaves a hand free Each man has an axe, a sword, and a knife, and keeps each by him at all times The swords are broad and grooved, of Frankish sort The actions of these Swedish Vikings are commemorated on many runestones in Sweden, such as the Greece runestones and the Varangian runestones There was also considerable participation in expeditions westwards, which are commemorated on stones such as the England runestones The last major Swedish Viking expedition appears to have been the ill fated expedition of Ingvar the Far Travelled to Serkland, the region south east of the Caspian Sea Its members are commemorated on the Ingvar runestones, none of which mentions any survivor What happened to the crew is unknown, but it is believed that they died of sickness The Kingdom of Sweden Ambox question svg This section possibly contains previously unpublished synthesis of published material that conveys ideas not attributable to the original sources Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page May It is not known when and how the kingdom of Sweden was born, but the list of Swedish monarchs is drawn from the first kings known to have ruled both Svealand Sweden and Götaland Gothia as one province, beginning with Eric the Victorious Sweden and Gothia were two separate nations long before that into antiquity It is not known how long they existed the epic poem Beowulf describes semi legendary Swedish Geatish wars in the th century Götaland in this sense mainly includes the provinces of Östergötland East Gothia and Västergötland West Gothia The island of Gotland was disputed by other than Swedes, at this time Danish, Hanseatic, and Gotland domestic Småland was at that time of little interest to anyone due to the deep pine forests, and only city of Kalmar with its castle was of importance The south west parts of the Scandinavian peninsula consisted of three Danish provinces Scania, Blekinge and Halland North of Halland Denmark had a direct border to Norway and its province Bohuslän But there were Swedish settlements in south west Finland, and along the southern coastline of Norrland Gamla Uppsala, Old Uppsala , a site of religious and political importance in the early days of Sweden During the early stages of the Scandinavian Viking Age, Ystad in Danish province Scania and Paviken on Gotland, were flourishing centres of trade, but they were not parts of the early Swedish Kingdom Remains of what is believed to have been a large market dating from – AD have been found in Ystad In Paviken, an important centre of trade in the Baltic region during the th and th century, remains have been found of a large Viking Age harbour with shipbuilding yards and handicraft industries Between and , trade brought an abundance of silver to Gotland, and according to some scholars, the Gotlanders of this era hoarded more silver than the rest of the population of Scandinavia combined St Ansgar is usually credited with introducing Christianity in , but the new religion did not begin to fully replace paganism until the th century During the th century, Christianity became the most prevalent religion, and from Sweden is counted as a Christian nation The period between and was characterised by internal power struggles and competition among the Nordic kingdoms Swedish kings began to expand the Swedish controlled territory in Finland, creating conflicts with the Rus who no longer had any connection with Sweden Except for the provinces of Scania, Blekinge and Halland, in the south west of the Scandinavian peninsula which were parts of the Kingdom of Denmark during this time, feudalism never developed in Sweden as it did in the rest of Europe The peasantry therefore remained largely a class of free farmers throughout most of Swedish history Slavery also called thralldom was not common in Sweden, and what slavery there was tended to be driven out of existence by the spread of Christianity, the difficulty in obtaining slaves from the lands east of the Baltic Sea, and by the development of cities before the th century Indeed, both slavery and serfdom were abolished altogether by a decree of King Magnus IV in Former slaves tended to be absorbed into the peasantry, and some became labourers in the towns Still, Sweden remained a poor and economically backward country in which barter was the means of exchange For instance, the farmers of the province of Dalsland would transport their butter to the mining districts of Sweden and exchange it there for iron, which they would then take to the coast and trade for fish, which they consumed, while the iron would be shipped abroad A romantic nationalist interpretation of Valdemar IV taking control over Gotland The final battle outside the walls of Visby in ended with a massacre of , defenders of the city In the middle of th century, Sweden was struck by the Black Death The population of Sweden and most of Europe was seriously decimated And the population at same territory as existed by did not reach the same numbers again until the beginning of the th century One third of the population died during – During this period, the Swedish cities began to acquire greater rights and were strongly influenced by German merchants of the Hanseatic League, active especially at Visby In , Sweden and Norway were united under King Magnus Eriksson, and in Queen Margaret I of Denmark effected the personal union of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark through the Kalmar Union However, Margaret's successors, whose rule was also centred in Denmark, were unable to control the Swedish nobility A large number of children inherited the Swedish crown over the course of the kingdom's existence consequently real power was held for long periods by regents notably those of the Sture family chosen by the Swedish parliament King Christian II of Denmark, who asserted his claim to Sweden by force of arms, ordered a massacre in of Swedish nobles in Stockholm This came to be known as the Stockholm blood bath and stirred the Swedish nobility to new resistance and, on June now Sweden's national holiday in , they made Gustav Vasa their king This is sometimes considered as the foundation of modern Sweden Shortly afterwards he rejected Catholicism and led Sweden into the Protestant Reformation The Hanseatic League had been officially formed at Lübeck on the Baltic coast of Northern Germany in The Hanseatic League sought civil and commercial privileges from the princes and royalty of the countries and cities along the coasts of the Baltic Sea In exchange, they offered a certain amount of protection Having their own navy, the Hansa were able to sweep the Baltic Sea free of pirates The privileges obtained by the Hansa included assurances that only Hansa citizens would be allowed to trade from the ports where they were located They sought agreement to be free of all customs and taxes With these concessions, Lübeck merchants flocked to Stockholm, where they soon came to dominate the city's economic life and made the port city of Stockholm into the leading commercial and industrial city of Sweden Under the Hanseatic trade, two thirds of Stockholm's imports consisted of textiles and one third of salt The main exports from Sweden were iron and copper However, the Swedes began to resent the monopoly trading position of the Hansa mostly German citizens , and to resent the income they felt they lost to the Hansa Consequently, when Gustav Vasa or Gustav I broke the monopoly power of the Hanseatic League he was regarded as a hero by the Swedish people History now views Gustav I as the father of the modern Swedish nation The foundations laid by Gustav would take time to develop Furthermore, when Sweden did develop, freed itself from the Hanseatic League, and entered its golden era, the fact that the peasantry had traditionally been free meant that more of the economic benefits flowed back to them rather than going to a feudal landowning class Swedish Empire The Swedish Empire between and See also History of Sweden – , Swedish Empire, Swedish overseas colonies, Sweden and the Great Northern War, Absolute Monarchy in Sweden, Sweden Finland and Union between Sweden and Norway During the th century Sweden emerged as a European great power Before the emergence of the Swedish Empire, Sweden was a poor and scarcely populated country on the fringe of European civilisation, with no significant power or reputation Sweden rose to prominence on a continental scale during the tenure of king Gustavus Adolphus, seizing territories from Russia and Poland–Lithuania in multiple conflicts, including the Thirty Years' War During the Thirty Years' War, Sweden conquered approximately half of the Holy Roman states Gustav Adolphus planned to become the new Holy Roman Emperor, ruling over a united Scandinavia and the Holy Roman states, but he died at the Battle of Lützen in After the Battle of Nördlingen, Sweden's only significant military defeat of the war, pro Swedish sentiment among the German states faded These German provinces excluded themselves from Swedish power one by one, leaving Sweden with only a few northern German territories Swedish Pomerania, Bremen Verden and Wismar Stockholm in mid th century In the middle of the th century Sweden was the third largest country in Europe by land area, only surpassed by Russia and Spain Sweden reached its largest territorial extent under the rule of Charles X after the treaty of Roskilde in The foundation of Sweden's success during this period is credited to Gustav I's