yuma asami : This Is An Un Official Fan Site Tribute
yuma asami
Porn Queen Actress Superstar


yuma asami

Asami's career took a sharp turn in 2013 when she was diagnosed with ovarian cancer. Despite making a full recovery, Asami choose not to return to the AV industry and retired in May 2015.[4] Currently she is an independent singer-songwriter.
Yuma Asami (Japanese: ?? ??, Hepburn: Asami Yuma) is a Japanese actress, singer, and a former adult video (AV) actress and model. Starring in more than 600 adult films between 2005 and 2013,[2] Asami was widely recognized as one of Japan's most famous and acclaimed adult film actresses with her popularity resulting in mainstream media appearances as well. A leading actress of two major Japanese AV studios, Alice Japan and S1 No.1 Style, Asami was known her youthful looks, large bust[3] and her natural onscreen charisma which was largely credited in helping her establish herself as Japan's top adult performer. Between 2008 and 2013, she was also a member of the idol group Ebisu Muscats, where she performed with numerous other famous AV actresses like Sola Aoi, Akiho Yoshizawa, Tina Yuzuki (Rio) and Aino Kishi.



Contents 1 Life and career 1.1 AV career - S1 and Alice Japan (2005 – 2013) 1.2 Non-AV appearances 1.3 Other activities 2 Personal life 2.1 Cancer, retirement from the industry, and post AV activities 3 Filmography 3.1 Theatrical films 3.2 Gravure videos 3.3 Adult videos (AV) 4 Notes 5 Sources 6 External links Life and career AV career - S1 and Alice Japan (2005 – 2013) Asami was born in Gunma prefecture on March 24, 1987, and made her AV debut in October 2005 at the age of 18.[5] Since the start of her career she was under contract with two large Japanese AV studios, Alice Japan[6] and S1 No. 1 Style.[7] and like most studio-exclusive AV actresses she made one film with each studio every month. Most of her videos with S1 have been with director Hideto Aki while her Alice Japan videos have been primarily directed by Yuji Sakamoto. Both studios specialize in the "softer" type of pornography with straight sex scenes involving a solo actress, with little or no storyline, and an avoidance of the more extreme activities of Japanese porn.[8] Asami has quickly became one of the most popular AV actresses in Japan since her debut and has regularly placed at the very top in DVD sales and rentals.[9][10] The DMM website listing of the top 100 AV actresses by sales ranked her as number 1 in both 2006 and 2007.[11][12] Asami has been involved with a number of unusual projects for Alice Japan, mostly with director KENGO. Among these are Amateur Actor Audition – Yuma Asami,[13] released in 2007, with a plot where she supposedly interviews 10 potential AV actors between the ages of 19 and 41 and tests their abilities. On the opposite side of the coin, in the 2008 video AV Actress Audition – Yuma Asami,[14] the storyline has her acting as the company rep interviewing and coaching 10 aspiring AV actresses. In another video from 2008 (Number One Idol Yuma Asami Produce Real Virgins)[15] she meets specially selected "virgin" fans who are gently initiated by the actress. Asami was recognized by AV fans for her work by winning the Grand Prix award at the 2006 AV Actress Grand Prix.[16] In 2007 her S1 video Hyper Risky Mosaic – Special Bath House Tsubaki made with 11 other S1 actresses won the First Place Award at the 2007 AV Open competition.[17][18] In addition, at the annual 2008 Adult Broadcasting Awards, a competition among adult TV channels on satellite broadcaster SKY PerfecTV!, Asami won the award for "Most Appearances" in 2007. She "wowed the crowd" by bending over several times to expose the tops of her breasts.[19][20] Her November 2008 video Double Risky Mosaic, Rio & Yuma was the S1 entry in the 2009 AV GrandPrix where it won the top GrandPrix Award as well as taking the prizes for DVD Sales and Package Design, the Retailers Award, and the Best Featured Actress Video Award.[21] During her tenure at S1, Asami was also a part of several large-scale and acclaimed projects, like Maison Esuwan Annex, the sequel to her 2007 video, Tsubaki,[22] or S1 TV - Showbusiness Broadcast Goes To The Extreme!, released in January 2010 and directed by Hideto Aki.[23] With a length of nearly four hours, the film featured Asami and several other S1 actresses in an unusually detailed storyline and with a satirical outlook on Japanese television and idol culture mixed with numerous explicit sex scenes. During these years Asami also formed a partnership with fellow famous AV actress Akiho Yoshizawa. The pair had several collaborative projects during their career and remained close friends even after their retirements from the adult film industry. In June 2010, Asami starred in one of the first two AV's made in 3D, the S1 produced Attracting The Best Stereoscopic 3D Yuma Asami Sex BODY. The release of the two videos matched the introduction of 3D televisions by Sony and Panasonic and were expected to increase sales of the TVs.[24] When the major Japanese adult video distributor DMM held a poll of its customers in 2012 to choose the 100 all-time best AV actresses to celebrate the 30th anniversary of adult videos in Japan, Asami took second place.[25] While she mainly worked with Alice Japan and S1 throughout her AV career, Asami made occasional appearances at other studios like Attackers,[26] Premium[27] or E-Body.[28] Asami's last regular adult film Young Wife Under Aphrodisiacs Yuma Asami, by S1 was released in June 15, 2013 shortly after her announcement that she was fighting with cancer.[29] Her last (non-sex) appearance before her retirement was in December 2014, on the extra disc of S1's "Memorial Box Set", which detailed her recovery from the illness, and her self-discovery during a vacation on the southern islands.[30] Non-AV appearances In addition to her hardcore video activities, Asami has also made several "gravure" videos, which are essentially glamour films which may include nudity but no sexual acts.[31] She was the star of the softcore direct-to-video (V-Cinema) erotic action flick Ninja She Devil (?????? ~???, Yoen kunoichi den tsubame hen) directed by Yoshikazu Kato. The video, released by GP Museum in October 2006, also featured AV and pink film actress Lemon Hanazawa.[32][33] Asami also worked in television, performing in the J-dorama Shimokita GLORY DAYS (??GLORY DAYS) along with fellow S1 actresses Sora Aoi and Honoka and singer-actress Aya Sugimoto. The 12-week series aired on TV Tokyo beginning in April 2006. She played the character Komori Miha in the series which was based on the manga of the same name and revolved about a ronin student moving to Tokyo and sharing a house with several beautiful women.[34] In 2007 she appeared in Episode 5 of the late night TV Asahi erotic drama Shinjuku swan (????? ?????????????, Shinjuku suwan kabukichou sukauto sabaibaru).[35][36] Asami also had a role in the 2009 sequel to the manga-based TV Tokyo series Joo Virgin (?? Virgin). The series about kyabakura hostesses also featured AV actresses Sora Aoi, Akiho Yoshizawa and Saori Hara.[37] In another genre, she was also in an erotic horror pink film, Siren X (?????????X~?????~, Yojo Densetsu Seiren X – Masho no Yuwaku), directed by Hideo Jojo and co-starring Japanese AV actress Yuria Hidaka. In the movie, which premiered in Osaka April 2008, Asami is the mysterious and deadly proprietess of an inn.[38][39] The film was released as a DVD in October 2008.[40] In October 2010, Asami starred in Shinshaku: Yojohan fusuma no shitabari (?? ????????), a "new interpretation" (Shinshaku) of the 1973 pink film The World of Geisha based on the novel by Kafu Nagai. The film was directed by former AV actress Kyoko Aizome and also featured Kyoko Hayami who had appeared in the 2003 cult hit The Glamorous Life of Sachiko Hanai.[41][42] The film was released as a DVD in January 2011.[43] She also starred in two more pink films for Shintoho Eiga directed by Kyoko Aizome, the June 2011 Abe Sada: Saigo no nanokakan (??? ~??????~) in the role of Sada Abe,[44] and the December 2012 Captive Market (???, Dorei ichi) based on a novel by Oniroku Dan.[45] Asami played the role of Oshichi in the mainstream erotic period drama Princess Sakura: Forbidden Pleasures (??, Sakura Hime). The film, directed by Hajime Hashimoto and released in June 2013, was based on the kabuki play Sakura Hime Azuma Bunsho with a modern twist.[46] Other activities In 2006, Asami was featured as a Cabaret Club hostess in the PlayStation 2 videogame Yakuza 2.[47] She debuted as a singer with the J-pop CD, Resolution, in January 2008. The CD was packaged with a bonus DVD which includes images, a making-of video and a music video.[48][49] Between 2008 and 2013, Asami was a member of the Ebisu Muscats and in 2018 she returned as a PTA member for the newly reformed, second generation Muscats, alongside with Rio and Sola Aoi.[50] She has also been active in advertising making promotional videos for the adult website Tospo.jp with the QR Code for their site covering her breasts.[51] She also appears on a T-shirt marketed in a collaboration between Cex Work, a new company started up by photographer Yasumasa Yonehara, and the apparel label THE MASK. The T-shirt, released in October 2007, featured a semi-nude photo of Asami taken by Yonehara.[52] Personal life Cancer, retirement from the industry, and post AV activities Asami announced on June 6, 2013, that she had had surgery in February 2013 to remove an ovarian tumor and was currently undergoing treatment and chemotherapy. The tumor was discovered when Asami had an MRI scan because of stomach problems. After removing her uterus and ovaries, the doctors described the cancer as borderline malignant and classified the tumor as Stage 3 (out of 4) as to development.[53][54] An update from August 2013 reported that she had undergone six chemotherapy treatments and was "on the road to recovery."[55] In a February 2014 interview, Asami said she wanted to continue with her music career and was writing an autobiography.[56] The autobiographical work Re Start ~???????????~ (ISBN 978-4062185486), (the Japanese in the title translates as "Always Believe In Yourself") describing her early life and her battle with cancer, was published by Kodansha (???:???) in May 2014.[57] She was also working with a non-profit group "Cancer Net Japan" to promote awareness of ovarian cancer.[56][58] On May 20, 2015, Asami announced her retirement from the AV industry. Since her AV retirement, she fully dedicated her career as a musician and singer, making frequent concerts and other live appearances.[59] Filmography Theatrical films Siren X (?????????X~?????~, Yojo Densetsu Seiren X – Masho no Yuwaku) (April 2008) Pink film Shinshaku: Yojohan fusuma no shitabari (?? ????????) (October 2010) Pink film Abe Sada: Saigo no nanokakan (??? ~??????~) (June 2011) Pink film Captive Market (???, Dorei ichi) (December 2012) Pink film Phone Call to the Bar 2 (???BAR???2 ????????, Tantei wa bar ni iru 2: Susukino daikosaten) (May 2013) Princess Sakura: Forbidden Pleasures (??, Sakura Hime) (June 2013) Gravure videos Release Date[60] Video Title Company & ID Director Notes 2006-04-21 Rabupara Yuma Asami ???? ???? Happinet TSVD-41045 2006-06-25 Naked Venus Yuma Asami ????????? ???? BM.3 TJCA-10004 2006-06-25 Ratai Yuma Asami ?? ???? Happinet SFLB-47 2006-09-13 Kireina Sex ???????? Happinet CON-8 2007-03-08 Premium Honey Yuma Asami PREMIUM HONEY ???? SOD CHD-019 2007-05-29 Juicy Honey ???????? Happinet JYH-1 2007-09-06 Premium Honey Yuma Asami Second Impact PREMIUM HONEY ???? SECOND IMPACT SOD CHD-026 2008-01-25 X Jikan (Ecstasy) 1 Yuma Asami X?? (??????) (1) ???? Happinet GBIL-803 Includes a song 2008-06-25 X Jikan (Ecstasy) 12 Yuma Asami X?? (??????) (12) ???? Happinet GBIL-821 Includes a song Economic and xenophobic reasons In the twenties, many German cigarette firms went bankrupt, and the market was increasingly dominated by a few large, highly automated manufacturers. By 1933, with high unemployment, the Nazi party was attacking the tobacco industry for having foreign and Jewish connections,[38] and for competing with the Nazi party's own cigarette company.[39] Reproductive and health policies The Nazi reproductive policies were a significant factor behind their anti-tobacco campaign.[18] The Nazi leadership wanted German women to have as many children as possible.[40] Articles and a major medical book published in the 1930s observed an association between smoking (in both men and women) and lower fertility, including more miscarriages.[3] The idea that male fertility was also affected by smoking was not a new one at that time.[3] An article published in a German gynecology journal in 1943 stated that women smoking three or more cigarettes per day were more likely to remain childless compared to nonsmoking women.[40] Martin Staemmler [de], a prominent physician during the Third Reich, said that smoking by pregnant women resulted in a higher rate of stillbirths and miscarriages (a claim supported by modern research, for nicotine-using mothers, fathers, and their offspring[41][42]). This view was also promoted in a 1936 book by well-known female racial hygienist Agnes Bluhm.[40] Women who smoked were viewed as unsuitable to be wives and mothers in a German family. Werner Huttig of the Nazi Party's Rassenpolitisches Amt (Office of Racial Politics) said that a smoking mother's breast milk contained nicotine,[32] a claim that modern research has proven correct.[43][44][45][46] Smoking women were also considered to be vulnerable to premature aging and loss of physical attractiveness[32] (smoking's effects on the skin were studied at the time;[3] smoking does make the skin age faster[47] and was known by 1940 to be linked to earlier death[12]). There was also concern that mutations caused by cigarette smoking would have irreversible long-term effects on the genetics of the population.[3] Tobacco was described as a "genetic poison" (see epigenetic effects of smoking for modern research).[48] In Nazi rhetoric, these concerns were connected to racist theories about the "German germ plasm".[49] Measures protecting non-smokers (especially children and mothers) from passive smoking were tied to the Nazi's desire for healthy young soldiers[36] and workers.[16] They were tied to the concepts of Volksgesundheit (People's Health) and Gesundheitspflicht (Duty to be Healthy). Physical fitness was promoted, and tobacco use was discouraged as incompatible with physical fitness.[9] Antismoking campaigns were accompanied by other health campaigns, such as discouraging the consumption of alcohol (especially during pregnancy) and encouraging the eating of fruit, vegetables, and whole-wheat bread.[18] Measures Reine Luft, the main journal of the anti-tobacco movement, used puns and cartoons in its propaganda, such as stating that smoking was a thing of the devil (a "Teufelszeug [de]"). There was never a coherent Nazi policy to impede smoking. Mostly, measures were based on pre-existing policies. Although in some places some stern measures were taken, tobacco control policy was incoherent and ineffective, and obvious measures were not taken. Tobacco controls were often not enforced.[50] Smoking bans were widely ignored.[9] Measures reached their peak in 1939-1941,[1] after which some were rolled back or actively prevented.[9] There was great regional variation in tobacco policies, making it possible to find wildly contradictory individual examples. Almost no anti-smoking efforts were made in Nazi Austria, for instance.[51] In Jena, Thuringia, very strong anti-smoking measures were enacted, due to the power of Karl Astel there and his support from Fritz Sauckel (the Gauleiter of Thuringia) and Leonardo Conti (the Reich Health Leader). These measures included the first 20th-century university campus smoking ban.[9][16] There were many small, local anti-tobacco measures, which were often unapproved and indeed viewed negatively by the Nazi Party.[9] The Nazi anti-tobacco policies were not free of contradictions. For example, the Volksgesundheit (People's Health) and Gesundheitspflicht (Duty to be Healthy) policies were enforced in parallel with the active distribution of cigarettes to people who the Nazis saw as "deserving" groups (e.g. frontline soldiers, members of the Hitler Youth). On the other hand, "undeserving" and stigmatized groups (Jews, war prisoners) were denied access to tobacco.[9] Propaganda The Nazis used several public relations tactics to convince the general population of Germany not to smoke, and gave variable support to non-officially-approved propaganda. National and local government organizations, party-controlled organizations, voluntary organizations, and medical organizations were all involved. The messages differed; propaganda by Nazi Party organizations generally described tobacco as harmful to women or young people, while publications by medical professionals tended to describe the health hazards of smoking.[9] In 1941, the propaganda ministry issued orders to "completely cease any anti-tobacco propaganda in the public", with minor exceptions, which had to be submitted for censorship.[9] The Public Health Office issued repeatedly made precise public statements about the health harms of smoking (under both Gerhard Wagner and his successor, Leonardo Conti). The Reich Health Office also issued warnings, and the Reich Bureau Against the Dangers of Alcohol and Tobacco was founded.[52] In 1939, a Bureau against the Dangers of Alcohol and Tobacco was formed.[18] The anti-smoking campaign undertaken by the Nazis also included health education.[clarification needed][19][30][53] The Deutsche Arbeitsfront (the government monopoly union) also ran anti-smoking campaigns.[52] An anti-smoking speech by its head met with official disapproval.[9] Anti-smoking messages were sent to the people in their workplaces,[34] often with the help of the Hitler-Jugend (HJ) and the Bund Deutscher Mädel (BDM).[18][34][54] Well-known health magazines like the Gesundes Volk (Healthy People),[34] Volksgesundheit (People's Health) and Gesundes Leben (Healthy Life)[54] also published warnings about the health consequences of smoking[34][54] and posters showing the harmful effects of tobacco were displayed.[34] Some anti-smoking posters were unapproved and indeed censured by the government.[9] Editorials discussing the issue of smoking and its effects were published in newspapers.[55] Articles advocating nonsmoking were also published in the magazines Die Genussgifte (The Recreational Stimulants), Auf der Wacht (On the Guard) and Reine Luft (Clean Air).[56] Out of these magazines, Reine Luft was the main journal of the anti-tobacco movement.[1][8] Karl Astel's Institute for Tobacco Hazards Research at Jena University purchased and distributed hundreds of reprints from Reine Luft.[8] The magazine was published by tobacco control activists; it was later, in 1941, ordered by the propaganda ministry to moderate its tone and submit all material for pre-approval.[9] Restrictions were imposed on the advertisement of tobacco products,[57] enacted on 7 December 1941 and signed by Heinrich Hunke, the President of the Advertising Council. Advertisements trying to depict smoking as harmless or as an expression of masculinity were banned. Ridiculing anti-tobacco activists was also outlawed,[58] as was the use of advertising posters along rail tracks, in rural regions, stadiums and racing tracks. Advertising by loudspeakers and mail was also prohibited.[59] A ban on tobacco advertising was decided against by Max Amann (Hitler's secretary, Reich Leader for the Press, and Leader of the Party Publishing Company, Eher Verlag). However, advertising restrictions remained in place, even after 1941, and there was a plan to tighten them, although proposals to restrict tobacco ads to statements of manufacturer, brand, and price were explicitly rejected by the party.[9] Nichtraucherschutz (the protection of non-smokers) Nichtraucherschutz (the protection of non-smokers [from passive smoking]) was the principle behind some bans.[36] In 1941, tobacco smoking in trams was outlawed in sixty German cities.[60] In 1944, smoking in buses and city trains was made illegal,[21] on the personal initiative of Hitler, who feared female ticket collectors might be the victims of passive smoking.[1] Smoking was also banned not only in health care institutions, but also in several public offices and in rest homes.[1] Midwives were restricted from smoking while on duty. Smoking was also outlawed in bomb shelters; however, some shelters had separate rooms for smoking.[1] In 1939, the Nazi Party outlawed smoking in all of its offices premises, and Heinrich Himmler, the then chief of the Schutzstaffel (SS), restricted police personnel from smoking while they were on duty.[60] In 1938, the Reichspost imposed a ban on smoking.[1] Women and children Special care was taken to discourage pregnant women and youth from smoking.[36] The president of the Medical Association in Germany[clarification needed] announced, "German women don't smoke".[61] Pregnant women, and women below the age of 25 and over the age of 55, were not given tobacco ration cards during World War II. Restrictions on selling tobacco products to women were imposed[by whom?] on the hospitality and food retailing industry,[60] though restrictions on women smoking in restaurants were officially rejected by the Nazi party.[9] Anti-tobacco films aimed at women were publicly shown. Some local measures were quite strict; for instance, one district department of the National Socialist Factory Cell Organization (NSBO) announced that it would expel female members who smoked publicly.[55] Some women working in arms factories, however, were given special cigarette rations.[9] Smoking was also banned inside many schools.[18][34] In July 1943, public smoking for persons under the age of 18 was outlawed,[18][54][60] although under-18s were still allowed to purchase and privately smoke tobacco[9] (the US and UK had less lenient regulations[11][12]). Military regulations A Wehrmacht soldier smokes in a trench in Romania, 1944. Restrictions on smoking were also introduced in the Wehrmacht. Soldiers were not issued with more than six free cigarettes per day. Extra cigarettes were often sold to the soldiers, especially when there was no military advance or retreat in the battleground; however, these were restricted to 50 for each person per month.[1] Non-smokers could receive alternative rations, such as food and chocolate.[1] Teenaged soldiers serving in the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend, composed of Hitler Youth members, were given confectionery instead of tobacco products,[62] although other Hitler Youth members were given cigarettes.[9] The Wehrmacht's female auxiliary personnel were not given cigarette rations.[1] Medical lectures were arranged to persuade military personnel to quit smoking.[1] In 1938, the Luftwaffe imposed a ban on smoking.[clarification needed][1] In 1939, Heinrich Himmler, the then chief of the Schutzstaffel (SS), restricted police personnel and SS officers from smoking while they were on duty.[60] The JAMA also reported that Hermann Göring had banned soldiers from smoking when on the streets, on marches, or only briefly off-duty.[1] Countermeasures and obstacles Cigarettes are present as propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels meets with the heads of military propaganda units, January 1941. Later the same year, the ministry issued orders to "completely cease any anti-tobacco propaganda in the public" (with minor exceptions).[9] Tobacco companies represented themselves as strong and early supporters of the Nazi cause.[1] They made unparalleled financial contributions to Nazi causes; the Sturmabteilung and other party organizations were repeatedly given six-figure sums, and the Hitler Youth were given an aircraft.[63] One cigarette company paid over 12.3 million reichsmarks in bribes to Hermann Göring.[38] The Nazi SA founded its own cigarette company, and violently promoted its own brands.[39] Some senior Nazi officials were opposed to anti-tobacco measures. Hermann Goering publicly smoked cigars, despite Hitler's opposition.[17] Joseph Goebbels felt that cigarettes were essential to the war effort,[36] and (as propaganda minister) restricted anti-tobacco propaganda, arguing that anti-smoking campaigns were incompatible with free cigarettes being issued to millions serving in the military, legal tobacco advertising, and authority figures who smoked and denied the dangers of smoking.[9] Despite government regulations, many women in Germany regularly smoked, including the wives of many high-ranking Nazi officials. For instance, Magda Goebbels smoked even while she was being interviewed by a journalist.[55] Eva Braun also smoked.[9] The tobacco industry worked to counter the government campaign to prevent women from smoking and used smoking models in their advertisements.[61] Fashion illustrations displaying women with cigarettes were often published in prominent publications such as the Beyers Mode für Alle (Beyers Fashion For All). The cover of the popular song Lili Marleen featured singer Lale Andersen holding a cigarette.[55] The cigarette manufacturing companies in Germany made several attempts to weaken the scientific credibility of the anti-tobacco campaign. They tried to depict the anti-tobacco movement as "fanatic" and "unscientific".[1] They published new journals (with titles such as Chronica Nicotiana[2] and Der Tabak: Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Internationalen Tabakwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft,[1] or "Tobacco: the scientific journal of the International Tobacco Scientific Society"). One industry-funded tobacco counter-research institute, the Tabacologia medicinalis, was shut down by Reich Health Leader Leonardo Conti.[8] Another such "academy" was called Academia Nicotiana Internationalis.[2] While some cigarette ads had been banned from Nazi party publications due to Jewish ownership, the publications lost money, and the early party needed money for election campaigning. In June 1932, Hitler personally made a deal for half a million marks worth of cigarette advertising.[38] Economic pressures The Nazi Sturmabteilung was funded by royalties from its own cigarette company, with which it is strongly associated in this ad. The Nazi paramilitary SA was funded by cigarette royalties.[39] After the Night of the Long Knives, the Reemtsma cigarette company paid a fixed fee (a quarter-million marks for the first year) to produce the SA's permitted cigarettes.[38] A plan to establish a state tobacco monopoly was not carried out.[64][63] Efforts were made to keep cigarettes freely available. In the inter-war period, cigarettes were made with tobacco from Greece, Bulgaria, and Turkey. Pipe tobacco and cigar tobacco often came from overseas, so the war disrupted their availability.[36] The tobacco industry worked closely with occupying forces in the Crimea, where forced labour, including child labour, was used to harvest tobacco.[64] Forced labour was used in cigarette manufacture, with prison camps set up at some locations.[63] More cigarettes were made with less tobacco, to stretch the supply.[64] Demand was also controlled; "undeserving" groups were forbidden to enter tobacconists, and later from buying tobacco.[36][9] An ordinance enacted on 3 November 1941 raised tobacco taxes by approximately 80–95% of the retail price. It would be the highest rise in tobacco taxes in Germany until more than 25 years after the collapse of the Nazi regime.[1] By 1941, tobacco taxes made up about a twelfth of state income, and antismoking efforts were being discouraged.[9] Despite these efforts, in 1942 there was a shortage of tobacco, and 2/3 of all German tobacco factories were shut down,[63] some to be converted into armaments factories. Tobacco went on the ration: smokers were not allowed to buy more than a limited amount. Cigarette consumption stopped rising rapidly[38] and fell rapidly, although the number of smokers continued to rise.[9] Effectiveness The early anti-smoking campaign was considered a failure, and from 1933 to 1937 there was a rapid increase in tobacco consumption in Germany.[20] The rate of smoking in the nation increased faster even than in neighboring France, where the anti-tobacco movement was tiny and far less influential. Between 1932 and 1939, per capita cigarette consumption in Germany increased from 570 to 900 per year, while the corresponding numbers for France were from 570 to 630.[1][65] After 1938, the war prevented the publication of sales figures.[12] Tobacco consumption rose until 1942, when tobacco went on the ration, due to supply shortages. The number of smokers continued to rise, but smokers could not buy as many cigarettes, so total tobacco consumption fell.[9] Free and subsidized branded cigarettes were distributed to soldiers on both sides during World War II, as part of rations.[23][66] Smoking rates rose more rapidly during war than in peacetime, including among women.[11][67][68][69][70] Serving in the military, participating in military deployments, and physical and mental disability all make people more likely to smoke.[71][72] Generally, people who are already stressed, anxious, depressed, or otherwise suffering from poor moods become addicted more easily and find quitting more difficult. This is thought to be because nicotine withdrawal worsens mood in smokers, with a nicotine hit briefly bringing mood back to baseline; if, due to pre-existing mood problems, the baseline is lower, then the withdrawal is worse still.[73][74] Cigarette consumption per capita per year in Germany & the US[20] Year 1930 1935 1940 1944 Germany 490 510 1,022 743 United States 1,485 1,564 1,976 3,039 Smoking was common in the Wehrmacht; a 1944 survey found that 87% of servicemen smoked. 10% of servicemen had begun smoking while in the military, and only seven servicemen of the thousand surveyed (0.7%) had given it up.[1] However, as in the general population, the number of smokers rose while the number of cigarettes smoked fell. As a result of the anti-tobacco measures implemented in the Wehrmacht (supply restriction, taxes, and propaganda),[1] the total tobacco consumption by soldiers decreased between 1939 and 1945.[21] Average tobacco consumption per person among military personnel declined by 23.4% compared to the immediate pre-World War II years. The number of servicemen who smoked 30 or more cigarettes per day (well above the theoretical maximum military ration of 7.7 cigarettes per day)[75] declined from 4.4% to 0.3%.[1] Association with antisemitism and racism Apart from public health concerns, the Nazis were heavily influenced by ideology;[34] specifically, the movement was influenced by concepts of "racial hygiene" and bodily purity.[48] Some Nazi leaders believed that it was wrong for the "master race" to smoke[34] and that tobacco consumption was equal to "racial degeneracy".[76] Tobacco-caused infertility[40] and hereditary damage (described in now-obsolete terms as "corrupt[ion]" of the "germ plasm") were considered problematic by the Nazis on the grounds that they harmed German "racial hygiene".[49] Nazi anti-tobacco activists often tried to depict tobacco as a vice of "the degenerate Negroes".[48] The Nazis claimed that Jews were responsible for introducing tobacco and its harmful effects. The Seventh-day Adventist Church in Germany announced that smoking was an unhealthy vice spread by Jews.[49] During the opening ceremony of the aforementioned Wissenschaftliches Institut zur Erforschung der Tabakgefahren in 1941, Johann von Leers, editor of the Nordische Welt (Nordic World), proclaimed that "Jewish capitalism" was responsible for the spread of tobacco use across Europe. He said that the first tobacco on German soil was brought by the Jews and that they controlled the tobacco industry in Amsterdam, the principal European entry point of Nicotiana.[77] After World War II At the end of WWII, a Dutch child celebrates liberation by smoking a cigarette After the collapse of Nazi Germany at the end of World War II, illegal smuggling of tobacco became prevalent,[78] and the anti-smoking campaign started by the Nazis ceased to exist after the fall of the Third Reich.[14] In 1949, approximately 400 million cigarettes manufactured in the United States entered Germany illegally every month. In 1954, nearly two billion Swiss cigarettes were smuggled into Germany and Italy. As part of the Marshall Plan, the United States paid to send tobacco to Germany free of charge; the amount of tobacco shipped into Germany in 1948 was 24,000 tons and was as high as 69,000 tons in 1949. Post-war consumption in Germany remained initially low, due to poverty.[1] Per capita yearly cigarette consumption in post-war Germany steadily rose from 460 in 1950 to 1,523 in 1963. Nazi-related rhetoric associating anti-smoking measures with fascism has been fairly widely used in nicotine marketing[9] (except in Germany, where such comparisons have brought strong reactions).[10] Historical research has been quoted in a selective manner, which has been criticized by the quoted historians.[9] In the early 21st century, this Nazi rhetoric may be being supplanted by Taliban-related rhetoric associating anti-smoking measures with theocracy.[10] It has been argued that the Nazi anti-tobacco campaigns delayed effective nicotine addiction reduction measures by decades.[8] At the end of the 20th century, the anti-tobacco campaign in Germany was unable to approach the level of the Nazi-era climax in the years 1939–41, and German tobacco health research was described by Robert N. Proctor as "muted".[20] Modern Germany has some of Europe's least restrictive tobacco control policies,[8] and more Germans both smoke and die of it in consequence,[79][80] which also leads to higher public health costs


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